Bearing on a great circle

Average Error: 13.5 → 0.5

Time: 40.8s

Precision: 64

Math

\[\tan^{-1}_* \frac{\sin \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\]

↓

\[\tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right)}^{3}}\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

C

double f(double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
        double r120456 = lambda1;
        double r120457 = lambda2;
        double r120458 = r120456 - r120457;
        double r120459 = sin(r120458);
        double r120460 = phi2;
        double r120461 = cos(r120460);
        double r120462 = r120459 * r120461;
        double r120463 = phi1;
        double r120464 = cos(r120463);
        double r120465 = sin(r120460);
        double r120466 = r120464 * r120465;
        double r120467 = sin(r120463);
        double r120468 = r120467 * r120461;
        double r120469 = cos(r120458);
        double r120470 = r120468 * r120469;
        double r120471 = r120466 - r120470;
        double r120472 = atan2(r120462, r120471);
        return r120472;
}

↓

double f(double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
        double r120473 = lambda1;
        double r120474 = sin(r120473);
        double r120475 = lambda2;
        double r120476 = cos(r120475);
        double r120477 = r120474 * r120476;
        double r120478 = cos(r120473);
        double r120479 = -r120475;
        double r120480 = sin(r120479);
        double r120481 = r120478 * r120480;
        double r120482 = r120477 + r120481;
        double r120483 = phi2;
        double r120484 = cos(r120483);
        double r120485 = r120482 * r120484;
        double r120486 = phi1;
        double r120487 = cos(r120486);
        double r120488 = sin(r120483);
        double r120489 = r120487 * r120488;
        double r120490 = r120476 * r120478;
        double r120491 = r120490 * r120484;
        double r120492 = sin(r120486);
        double r120493 = r120491 * r120492;
        double r120494 = 3.0;
        double r120495 = pow(r120493, r120494);
        double r120496 = cbrt(r120495);
        double r120497 = pow(r120496, r120494);
        double r120498 = cbrt(r120497);
        double r120499 = sin(r120475);
        double r120500 = r120474 * r120499;
        double r120501 = r120492 * r120484;
        double r120502 = r120500 * r120501;
        double r120503 = r120498 + r120502;
        double r120504 = r120489 - r120503;
        double r120505 = atan2(r120485, r120504);
        return r120505;
}

Error

Bits error versus lambda1

Bits error versus lambda2

Bits error versus phi1

Bits error versus phi2

Derivation

1. Initial program 13.5

   \[\tan^{-1}_* \frac{\sin \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\]
2. Using strategy rm

3. Applied sub-neg 13.5

   \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\sin \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 + \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\]

4. Applied sin-sum 6.9

   \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(-\lambda_2\right) + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\]

5. Simplified 6.9

   \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\color{blue}{\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2} + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\]
6. Using strategy rm

7. Applied cos-diff 0.2

   \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right)}}\]

8. Applied distribute-lft-in 0.2

   \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) + \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right)\right)}}\]

9. Simplified 0.2

   \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\color{blue}{\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)} + \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right)\right)}\]

10. Simplified 0.2

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)}\right)}\]
11. Using strategy rm

12. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.2

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}}\right) + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

13. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}\right) + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

14. Applied cbrt-unprod 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

15. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2}}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

16. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

17. Applied cbrt-unprod 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

18. Applied cbrt-unprod 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

19. Simplified 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)\right)\right)}^{3}}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]
20. Using strategy rm

21. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2}}\right)\right)\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

22. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2}\right)\right)\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

23. Applied cbrt-unprod 0.4

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)}}\right)\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

24. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.5

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

25. Applied cbrt-unprod 0.5

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)\right)}}\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

26. Applied add-cbrt-cube 0.5

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)\right)}\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

27. Applied cbrt-unprod 0.5

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \lambda_2\right)\right)\right)}\right)}}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

28. Simplified 0.5

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{{\left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right)}^{3}}}\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

29. Final simplification 0.5

    \[\leadsto \tan^{-1}_* \frac{\left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \cos \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \left(-\lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2}{\cos \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 - \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(\left(\left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \phi_1\right)}^{3}}\right)}^{3}} + \left(\sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right)\right)}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019326 
(FPCore (lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
  :name "Bearing on a great circle"
  :precision binary64
  (atan2 (* (sin (- lambda1 lambda2)) (cos phi2)) (- (* (cos phi1) (sin phi2)) (* (* (sin phi1) (cos phi2)) (cos (- lambda1 lambda2))))))