Average Error: 16.9 → 4.0
Time: 1.3m
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\cos^{-1} \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 + \left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\]
\[\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\pi}{2}\right) \cdot R + \cos^{-1} \left((\left((\left(\sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \lambda_1\right) + \left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_1\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right) \cdot R\]

Error

Bits error versus R

Bits error versus lambda1

Bits error versus lambda2

Bits error versus phi1

Bits error versus phi2

Derivation

  1. Initial program 16.9

    \[\cos^{-1} \left(\sin \phi_1 \cdot \sin \phi_2 + \left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\]
  2. Initial simplification16.9

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \cos^{-1} \left((\left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)\]
  3. Using strategy rm
  4. Applied cos-diff4.0

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \cos^{-1} \left((\left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right)} + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)\]
  5. Using strategy rm
  6. Applied acos-asin4.1

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left((\left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)\right)}\]
  7. Using strategy rm
  8. Applied asin-acos4.0

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left((\left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)\right)}\right)\]
  9. Applied associate--r-4.0

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\pi}{2}\right) + \cos^{-1} \left((\left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)\right)}\]
  10. Applied distribute-lft-in4.0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\pi}{2}\right) + R \cdot \cos^{-1} \left((\left(\cos \phi_1 \cdot \cos \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \lambda_1 \cdot \cos \lambda_2 + \sin \lambda_1 \cdot \sin \lambda_2\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)}\]
  11. Simplified4.0

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\pi}{2}\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \cos^{-1} \left((\left((\left(\sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \lambda_1\right) + \left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_1\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right)}\]
  12. Final simplification4.0

    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\pi}{2}\right) \cdot R + \cos^{-1} \left((\left((\left(\sin \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \lambda_1\right) + \left(\cos \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \lambda_1\right))_*\right) \cdot \left(\cos \phi_2 \cdot \cos \phi_1\right) + \left(\sin \phi_2 \cdot \sin \phi_1\right))_*\right) \cdot R\]

Runtime

Time bar (total: 1.3m)Debug logProfile

BaselineHerbieOracleSpan%
Regimes4.04.03.40.60%
herbie shell --seed 2018353 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
  :name "Spherical law of cosines"
  (* (acos (+ (* (sin phi1) (sin phi2)) (* (* (cos phi1) (cos phi2)) (cos (- lambda1 lambda2))))) R))