Trowbridge-Reitz Sample, near normal, slope_x

Percentage Accurate: 99.0% → 99.0%

Time: 4.5s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

\[\left(\left(cosTheta\_i > \frac{9999}{10000} \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(\frac{2328306437}{10000000000000000000} \leq u1 \land u1 \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(\frac{2328306437}{10000000000000000000} \leq u2 \land u2 \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (* (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1))) (cos (* 314159265359/50000000000 u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1))) * cosf((6.28318530718f * u2));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1))) * cos((6.28318530718e0 * u2))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1))) * cos(Float32(Float32(6.28318530718) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1))) * cos((single(6.28318530718) * u2));
end

Initial Program: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (* (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1))) (cos (* 314159265359/50000000000 u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1))) * cosf((6.28318530718f * u2));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1))) * cos((6.28318530718e0 * u2))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1))) * cos(Float32(Float32(6.28318530718) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1))) * cos((single(6.28318530718) * u2));
end

Alternative 1: 96.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\\ \mathbf{if}\;u2 \leq \frac{8589935}{1073741824}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1)))))
  (if (<= u2 8589935/1073741824)
    (+
     t_0
     (*
      -98696044010906577398881/5000000000000000000000
      (* (* u2 t_0) u2)))
    (* (sqrt (* u1 (+ 1 u1))) (cos (* 314159265359/50000000000 u2))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
	float tmp;
	if (u2 <= 0.00800000037997961f) {
		tmp = t_0 + (-19.739208802181317f * ((u2 * t_0) * u2));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f + u1))) * cosf((6.28318530718f * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    real(4) :: t_0
    real(4) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1)))
    if (u2 <= 0.00800000037997961e0) then
        tmp = t_0 + ((-19.739208802181317e0) * ((u2 * t_0) * u2))
    else
        tmp = sqrt((u1 * (1.0e0 + u1))) * cos((6.28318530718e0 * u2))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u2 <= Float32(0.00800000037997961))
		tmp = Float32(t_0 + Float32(Float32(-19.739208802181317) * Float32(Float32(u2 * t_0) * u2)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) + u1))) * cos(Float32(Float32(6.28318530718) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (u2 <= single(0.00800000037997961))
		tmp = t_0 + (single(-19.739208802181317) * ((u2 * t_0) * u2));
	else
		tmp = sqrt((u1 * (single(1.0) + u1))) * cos((single(6.28318530718) * u2));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u2 < 0.00800000038

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      2. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      3. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      5. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      7. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      9. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      10. lower--.f32 88.0%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right)\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower-*.f32 88.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

   if 0.00800000038 < u2

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lower-+.f32 86.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 86.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 94.0% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\\ \mathbf{if}\;\cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \leq \frac{4181721}{4194304}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1)))))
  (if (<= (cos (* 314159265359/50000000000 u2)) 4181721/4194304)
    (*
     (sqrt u1)
     (sin (- (* -314159265359/50000000000 u2) (* PI -1/2))))
    (+
     t_0
     (*
      -98696044010906577398881/5000000000000000000000
      (* (* u2 t_0) u2))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
	float tmp;
	if (cosf((6.28318530718f * u2)) <= 0.996999979019165f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(u1) * sinf(((-6.28318530718f * u2) - (((float) M_PI) * -0.5f)));
	} else {
		tmp = t_0 + (-19.739208802181317f * ((u2 * t_0) * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (cos(Float32(Float32(6.28318530718) * u2)) <= Float32(0.996999979019165))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(u1) * sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(-6.28318530718) * u2) - Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(-0.5)))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(t_0 + Float32(Float32(-19.739208802181317) * Float32(Float32(u2 * t_0) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (cos((single(6.28318530718) * u2)) <= single(0.996999979019165))
		tmp = sqrt(u1) * sin(((single(-6.28318530718) * u2) - (single(pi) * single(-0.5))));
	else
		tmp = t_0 + (single(-19.739208802181317) * ((u2 * t_0) * u2));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 314159265359/50000000000 binary32) u2)) < 0.996999979

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-cos.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)} \]

      2. cos-neg-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right)} \]

      3. sin-+PI/2-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)} \]

      4. lower-sin.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)} \]

      5. add-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]

      6. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]

      7. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2}\right)\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000}\right)\right) \cdot u2} - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000}\right)\right) \cdot u2} - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000}} \cdot u2 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      11. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}}\right) \]

      12. mult-flip-rev N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}}\right) \]

      13. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}}\right) \]

      14. lower-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \color{blue}{\pi} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}\right) \]

      15. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{-2}}\right) \]

      16. metadata-eval 99.0%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right) \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 74.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 74.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{-314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2 - \pi \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right) \]

   if 0.996999979 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 314159265359/50000000000 binary32) u2))

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      2. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      3. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      5. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      7. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      9. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      10. lower--.f32 88.0%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right)\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower-*.f32 88.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 94.0% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right)\\ t_1 := \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq \frac{4181721}{4194304}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} \cdot t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1 + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (let* ((t_0 (cos (* 314159265359/50000000000 u2)))
       (t_1 (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1)))))
  (if (<= t_0 4181721/4194304)
    (* (sqrt u1) t_0)
    (+
     t_1
     (*
      -98696044010906577398881/5000000000000000000000
      (* (* u2 t_1) u2))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = cosf((6.28318530718f * u2));
	float t_1 = sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.996999979019165f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(u1) * t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_1 + (-19.739208802181317f * ((u2 * t_1) * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    real(4) :: t_0
    real(4) :: t_1
    real(4) :: tmp
    t_0 = cos((6.28318530718e0 * u2))
    t_1 = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1)))
    if (t_0 <= 0.996999979019165e0) then
        tmp = sqrt(u1) * t_0
    else
        tmp = t_1 + ((-19.739208802181317e0) * ((u2 * t_1) * u2))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = cos(Float32(Float32(6.28318530718) * u2))
	t_1 = sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(0.996999979019165))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(u1) * t_0);
	else
		tmp = Float32(t_1 + Float32(Float32(-19.739208802181317) * Float32(Float32(u2 * t_1) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = cos((single(6.28318530718) * u2));
	t_1 = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(0.996999979019165))
		tmp = sqrt(u1) * t_0;
	else
		tmp = t_1 + (single(-19.739208802181317) * ((u2 * t_1) * u2));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 314159265359/50000000000 binary32) u2)) < 0.996999979

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 74.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 74.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.996999979 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 314159265359/50000000000 binary32) u2))

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      2. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      3. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      5. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      7. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      9. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      10. lower--.f32 88.0%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right)\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower-*.f32 88.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 88.0% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\\ t\_0 + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1)))))
  (+
   t_0
   (*
    -98696044010906577398881/5000000000000000000000
    (* (* u2 t_0) u2)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
	return t_0 + (-19.739208802181317f * ((u2 * t_0) * u2));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    real(4) :: t_0
    t_0 = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1)))
    code = t_0 + ((-19.739208802181317e0) * ((u2 * t_0) * u2))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))
	return Float32(t_0 + Float32(Float32(-19.739208802181317) * Float32(Float32(u2 * t_0) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
	tmp = t_0 + (single(-19.739208802181317) * ((u2 * t_0) * u2));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.0%

   \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

   2. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   3. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

   7. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   9. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   10. lower--.f32 88.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 88.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{2}}\right) \]

   3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right)\right) \]

   5. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower-*.f32 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

6. Applied rewrites 88.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 88.0% accurate, 3.1× speedup

Math

\[\left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} - -1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (*
 (- (* (* u2 u2) -98696044010906577398881/5000000000000000000000) -1)
 (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return (((u2 * u2) * -19.739208802181317f) - -1.0f) * sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = (((u2 * u2) * (-19.739208802181317e0)) - (-1.0e0)) * sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1)))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(u2 * u2) * Float32(-19.739208802181317)) - Float32(-1.0)) * sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = (((u2 * u2) * single(-19.739208802181317)) - single(-1.0)) * sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.0%

   \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

   2. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   3. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

   7. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   9. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   10. lower--.f32 88.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 88.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

   5. lift-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

   7. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

   8. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right)} \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

   10. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)} \]

   11. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. lower-*.f32 88.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

6. Applied rewrites 88.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right)} \]

   5. rem-square-sqrt N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{u2} \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) \]

   6. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) \]

   7. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)\right) \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right)\right) \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}}\right)\right) \]

   10. associate-*l* N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}}\right) \]

   11. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right) \]

   12. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}}\right) \]

   13. associate-*r* N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right)\right)} \]

   14. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}}\right) \]

   15. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \cdot \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}}\right) \]

   16. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}} \]

8. Applied rewrites 88.0%

   \[\leadsto \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} - -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 83.0% accurate, 3.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u2 \leq \frac{3006477}{2147483648}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (if (<= u2 3006477/2147483648)
  (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1)))
  (+
   (sqrt u1)
   (*
    (* u2 (sqrt u1))
    (* -98696044010906577398881/5000000000000000000000 u2)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u2 <= 0.00139999995008111f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(u1) + ((u2 * sqrtf(u1)) * (-19.739208802181317f * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (u2 <= 0.00139999995008111e0) then
        tmp = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1)))
    else
        tmp = sqrt(u1) + ((u2 * sqrt(u1)) * ((-19.739208802181317e0) * u2))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u2 <= Float32(0.00139999995008111))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(u1) + Float32(Float32(u2 * sqrt(u1)) * Float32(Float32(-19.739208802181317) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (u2 <= single(0.00139999995008111))
		tmp = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(u1) + ((u2 * sqrt(u1)) * (single(-19.739208802181317) * u2));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u2 < 0.00139999995

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

      2. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

      3. lower--.f32 79.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 79.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]

   if 0.00139999995 < u2

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      2. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      3. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      5. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      7. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \]

      8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      9. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

      10. lower--.f32 88.0%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left({u2}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

      5. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

      7. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}\right)} \]

      9. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)} \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot u2\right) \]

      12. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000}} \cdot u2\right) \]

      13. lower-*.f32 88.0%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right)} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} + \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 67.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} + \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 67.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} + \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-sqrt.f32 67.6%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. Applied rewrites 67.6%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} + \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-98696044010906577398881}{5000000000000000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 79.6% accurate, 5.4× speedup

Math

\[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf((u1 / (1.0f - u1)));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = sqrt((u1 / (1.0e0 - u1)))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return sqrt(Float32(u1 / Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt((u1 / (single(1.0) - u1)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.0%

   \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

   2. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

   3. lower--.f32 79.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 79.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 71.3% accurate, 7.1× speedup

Math

\[\sqrt{\left(1 + u1\right) \cdot u1} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :precision binary32
  (sqrt (* (+ 1 u1) u1)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(((1.0f + u1) * u1));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = sqrt(((1.0e0 + u1) * u1))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + u1) * u1))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt(((single(1.0) + u1) * u1));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.0%

   \[\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{314159265359}{50000000000} \cdot u2\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

   2. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

   3. lower--.f32 79.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 79.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{u1}{1 - u1}} \]

   2. frac-2neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1 \cdot u1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \]

   4. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1 \cdot u1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \]

   5. sub-negate-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1 \cdot u1}{u1 - 1}} \]

   6. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1 \cdot u1}{u1 - 1}} \]

   7. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{u1 - 1} \cdot u1} \]

   8. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{u1 - 1} \cdot u1} \]

   9. lift-*.f32 79.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{u1 - 1} \cdot u1} \]

6. Applied rewrites 79.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{u1 - 1} \cdot u1} \]

7. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(1 + u1\right) \cdot u1} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 71.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(1 + u1\right) \cdot u1} \]

9. Applied rewrites 71.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(1 + u1\right) \cdot u1} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025271 -o generate:evaluate
(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :name "Trowbridge-Reitz Sample, near normal, slope_x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (> cosTheta_i 9999/10000) (<= cosTheta_i 1)) (and (<= 2328306437/10000000000000000000 u1) (<= u1 1))) (and (<= 2328306437/10000000000000000000 u2) (<= u2 1)))
  (* (sqrt (/ u1 (- 1 u1))) (cos (* 314159265359/50000000000 u2))))