a from scale-rotated-ellipse

Percentage Accurate: 2.8% → 24.5%
Time: 30.6s
Alternatives: 8
Speedup: 6.6×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\\ t_1 := \sin t\_0\\ t_2 := \cos t\_0\\ t_3 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\\ t_4 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\\ t_5 := \left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\\ t_6 := \frac{4 \cdot t\_5}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\\ \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot t\_6\right) \cdot t\_5\right) \cdot \left(\left(t\_4 + t\_3\right) + \sqrt{{\left(t\_4 - t\_3\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot t\_2}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{t\_6} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
  :precision binary64
  (let* ((t_0 (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))
       (t_1 (sin t_0))
       (t_2 (cos t_0))
       (t_3
        (/
         (/ (+ (pow (* a t_2) 2.0) (pow (* b t_1) 2.0)) y-scale)
         y-scale))
       (t_4
        (/
         (/ (+ (pow (* a t_1) 2.0) (pow (* b t_2) 2.0)) x-scale)
         x-scale))
       (t_5 (* (* b a) (* b (- a))))
       (t_6 (/ (* 4.0 t_5) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))))
  (/
   (-
    (sqrt
     (*
      (* (* 2.0 t_6) t_5)
      (+
       (+ t_4 t_3)
       (sqrt
        (+
         (pow (- t_4 t_3) 2.0)
         (pow
          (/
           (/
            (* (* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) t_1) t_2)
            x-scale)
           y-scale)
          2.0)))))))
   t_6)))
double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI);
	double t_1 = sin(t_0);
	double t_2 = cos(t_0);
	double t_3 = ((pow((a * t_2), 2.0) + pow((b * t_1), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale;
	double t_4 = ((pow((a * t_1), 2.0) + pow((b * t_2), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale;
	double t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a);
	double t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0);
	return -sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + sqrt((pow((t_4 - t_3), 2.0) + pow((((((2.0 * (pow(b, 2.0) - pow(a, 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / t_6;
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * Math.PI;
	double t_1 = Math.sin(t_0);
	double t_2 = Math.cos(t_0);
	double t_3 = ((Math.pow((a * t_2), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * t_1), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale;
	double t_4 = ((Math.pow((a * t_1), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * t_2), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale;
	double t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a);
	double t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / Math.pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0);
	return -Math.sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + Math.sqrt((Math.pow((t_4 - t_3), 2.0) + Math.pow((((((2.0 * (Math.pow(b, 2.0) - Math.pow(a, 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / t_6;
}
def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale):
	t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * math.pi
	t_1 = math.sin(t_0)
	t_2 = math.cos(t_0)
	t_3 = ((math.pow((a * t_2), 2.0) + math.pow((b * t_1), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale
	t_4 = ((math.pow((a * t_1), 2.0) + math.pow((b * t_2), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale
	t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a)
	t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / math.pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0)
	return -math.sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + math.sqrt((math.pow((t_4 - t_3), 2.0) + math.pow((((((2.0 * (math.pow(b, 2.0) - math.pow(a, 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / t_6
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi)
	t_1 = sin(t_0)
	t_2 = cos(t_0)
	t_3 = Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * t_2) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * t_1) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)
	t_4 = Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * t_1) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * t_2) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)
	t_5 = Float64(Float64(b * a) * Float64(b * Float64(-a)))
	t_6 = Float64(Float64(4.0 * t_5) / (Float64(x_45_scale * y_45_scale) ^ 2.0))
	return Float64(Float64(-sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * Float64(Float64(t_4 + t_3) + sqrt(Float64((Float64(t_4 - t_3) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) ^ 2.0))))))) / t_6)
end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * pi;
	t_1 = sin(t_0);
	t_2 = cos(t_0);
	t_3 = ((((a * t_2) ^ 2.0) + ((b * t_1) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale;
	t_4 = ((((a * t_1) ^ 2.0) + ((b * t_2) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale;
	t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a);
	t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / ((x_45_scale * y_45_scale) ^ 2.0);
	tmp = -sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + sqrt((((t_4 - t_3) ^ 2.0) + ((((((2.0 * ((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) ^ 2.0)))))) / t_6;
end
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$4 = N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$5 = N[(N[(b * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$6 = N[(N[(4.0 * t$95$5), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[N[(x$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[((-N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(2.0 * t$95$6), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$5), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(t$95$4 + t$95$3), $MachinePrecision] + N[Sqrt[N[(N[Power[N[(t$95$4 - t$95$3), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[Power[b, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]) / t$95$6), $MachinePrecision]]]]]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\\
t_1 := \sin t\_0\\
t_2 := \cos t\_0\\
t_3 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\\
t_4 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\\
t_5 := \left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\\
t_6 := \frac{4 \cdot t\_5}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\\
\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot t\_6\right) \cdot t\_5\right) \cdot \left(\left(t\_4 + t\_3\right) + \sqrt{{\left(t\_4 - t\_3\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot t\_2}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{t\_6}
\end{array}

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 8 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 2.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\\ t_1 := \sin t\_0\\ t_2 := \cos t\_0\\ t_3 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\\ t_4 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\\ t_5 := \left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\\ t_6 := \frac{4 \cdot t\_5}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\\ \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot t\_6\right) \cdot t\_5\right) \cdot \left(\left(t\_4 + t\_3\right) + \sqrt{{\left(t\_4 - t\_3\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot t\_2}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{t\_6} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
  :precision binary64
  (let* ((t_0 (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))
       (t_1 (sin t_0))
       (t_2 (cos t_0))
       (t_3
        (/
         (/ (+ (pow (* a t_2) 2.0) (pow (* b t_1) 2.0)) y-scale)
         y-scale))
       (t_4
        (/
         (/ (+ (pow (* a t_1) 2.0) (pow (* b t_2) 2.0)) x-scale)
         x-scale))
       (t_5 (* (* b a) (* b (- a))))
       (t_6 (/ (* 4.0 t_5) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))))
  (/
   (-
    (sqrt
     (*
      (* (* 2.0 t_6) t_5)
      (+
       (+ t_4 t_3)
       (sqrt
        (+
         (pow (- t_4 t_3) 2.0)
         (pow
          (/
           (/
            (* (* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) t_1) t_2)
            x-scale)
           y-scale)
          2.0)))))))
   t_6)))
double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI);
	double t_1 = sin(t_0);
	double t_2 = cos(t_0);
	double t_3 = ((pow((a * t_2), 2.0) + pow((b * t_1), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale;
	double t_4 = ((pow((a * t_1), 2.0) + pow((b * t_2), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale;
	double t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a);
	double t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0);
	return -sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + sqrt((pow((t_4 - t_3), 2.0) + pow((((((2.0 * (pow(b, 2.0) - pow(a, 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / t_6;
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * Math.PI;
	double t_1 = Math.sin(t_0);
	double t_2 = Math.cos(t_0);
	double t_3 = ((Math.pow((a * t_2), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * t_1), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale;
	double t_4 = ((Math.pow((a * t_1), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * t_2), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale;
	double t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a);
	double t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / Math.pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0);
	return -Math.sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + Math.sqrt((Math.pow((t_4 - t_3), 2.0) + Math.pow((((((2.0 * (Math.pow(b, 2.0) - Math.pow(a, 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / t_6;
}
def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale):
	t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * math.pi
	t_1 = math.sin(t_0)
	t_2 = math.cos(t_0)
	t_3 = ((math.pow((a * t_2), 2.0) + math.pow((b * t_1), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale
	t_4 = ((math.pow((a * t_1), 2.0) + math.pow((b * t_2), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale
	t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a)
	t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / math.pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0)
	return -math.sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + math.sqrt((math.pow((t_4 - t_3), 2.0) + math.pow((((((2.0 * (math.pow(b, 2.0) - math.pow(a, 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / t_6
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi)
	t_1 = sin(t_0)
	t_2 = cos(t_0)
	t_3 = Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * t_2) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * t_1) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)
	t_4 = Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * t_1) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * t_2) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)
	t_5 = Float64(Float64(b * a) * Float64(b * Float64(-a)))
	t_6 = Float64(Float64(4.0 * t_5) / (Float64(x_45_scale * y_45_scale) ^ 2.0))
	return Float64(Float64(-sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * Float64(Float64(t_4 + t_3) + sqrt(Float64((Float64(t_4 - t_3) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) ^ 2.0))))))) / t_6)
end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = (angle / 180.0) * pi;
	t_1 = sin(t_0);
	t_2 = cos(t_0);
	t_3 = ((((a * t_2) ^ 2.0) + ((b * t_1) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale;
	t_4 = ((((a * t_1) ^ 2.0) + ((b * t_2) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale;
	t_5 = (b * a) * (b * -a);
	t_6 = (4.0 * t_5) / ((x_45_scale * y_45_scale) ^ 2.0);
	tmp = -sqrt((((2.0 * t_6) * t_5) * ((t_4 + t_3) + sqrt((((t_4 - t_3) ^ 2.0) + ((((((2.0 * ((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * t_1) * t_2) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) ^ 2.0)))))) / t_6;
end
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$4 = N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$5 = N[(N[(b * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$6 = N[(N[(4.0 * t$95$5), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[N[(x$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[((-N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(2.0 * t$95$6), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$5), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(t$95$4 + t$95$3), $MachinePrecision] + N[Sqrt[N[(N[Power[N[(t$95$4 - t$95$3), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[Power[b, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]) / t$95$6), $MachinePrecision]]]]]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\\
t_1 := \sin t\_0\\
t_2 := \cos t\_0\\
t_3 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\\
t_4 := \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot t\_1\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot t\_2\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\\
t_5 := \left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\\
t_6 := \frac{4 \cdot t\_5}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\\
\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot t\_6\right) \cdot t\_5\right) \cdot \left(\left(t\_4 + t\_3\right) + \sqrt{{\left(t\_4 - t\_3\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot t\_2}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{t\_6}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 24.5% accurate, 2.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left|a\right| \cdot b\\ t_1 := \left|y-scale\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|\\ t_2 := 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\\ t_3 := \cos \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle\right) \cdot 0.011111111111111112\right)\\ t_4 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - t\_3 \cdot 0.5, \left|a\right| \cdot \left|a\right|, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_3, 0.5, 0.5\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;\left|x-scale\right| \leq 1.02 \cdot 10^{-166}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left({t\_0}^{4} \cdot \left(\left|t\_4\right| + t\_4\right)\right) \cdot 8}}{\left|t\_1\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|}}{t\_0 \cdot 4}}{t\_0} \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\left|x-scale\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|\right) \cdot \frac{\left|a\right| \cdot \left(\left|y-scale\right| \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(\sqrt{{\left(0.5 + t\_2\right)}^{2}} + t\_2\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|\left|x-scale\right| \cdot \left|y-scale\right|\right|}\right)\\ \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
  :precision binary64
  (let* ((t_0 (* (fabs a) b))
       (t_1 (* (fabs y-scale) (fabs x-scale)))
       (t_2 (* 0.5 (cos (* 0.011111111111111112 (* angle PI)))))
       (t_3 (cos (* (* PI angle) 0.011111111111111112)))
       (t_4
        (fma
         (- 0.5 (* t_3 0.5))
         (* (fabs a) (fabs a))
         (* (* b b) (fma t_3 0.5 0.5)))))
  (if (<= (fabs x-scale) 1.02e-166)
    (*
     (*
      (/
       (/
        (/
         (sqrt (* (* (pow t_0 4.0) (+ (fabs t_4) t_4)) 8.0))
         (* (fabs t_1) (fabs x-scale)))
        (* t_0 4.0))
       t_0)
      t_1)
     t_1)
    (*
     0.25
     (*
      (* (fabs x-scale) (fabs x-scale))
      (/
       (*
        (fabs a)
        (*
         (fabs y-scale)
         (sqrt (* 8.0 (+ 0.5 (+ (sqrt (pow (+ 0.5 t_2) 2.0)) t_2))))))
       (fabs (* (fabs x-scale) (fabs y-scale)))))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = fabs(a) * b;
	double t_1 = fabs(y_45_scale) * fabs(x_45_scale);
	double t_2 = 0.5 * cos((0.011111111111111112 * (angle * ((double) M_PI))));
	double t_3 = cos(((((double) M_PI) * angle) * 0.011111111111111112));
	double t_4 = fma((0.5 - (t_3 * 0.5)), (fabs(a) * fabs(a)), ((b * b) * fma(t_3, 0.5, 0.5)));
	double tmp;
	if (fabs(x_45_scale) <= 1.02e-166) {
		tmp = ((((sqrt(((pow(t_0, 4.0) * (fabs(t_4) + t_4)) * 8.0)) / (fabs(t_1) * fabs(x_45_scale))) / (t_0 * 4.0)) / t_0) * t_1) * t_1;
	} else {
		tmp = 0.25 * ((fabs(x_45_scale) * fabs(x_45_scale)) * ((fabs(a) * (fabs(y_45_scale) * sqrt((8.0 * (0.5 + (sqrt(pow((0.5 + t_2), 2.0)) + t_2)))))) / fabs((fabs(x_45_scale) * fabs(y_45_scale)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = Float64(abs(a) * b)
	t_1 = Float64(abs(y_45_scale) * abs(x_45_scale))
	t_2 = Float64(0.5 * cos(Float64(0.011111111111111112 * Float64(angle * pi))))
	t_3 = cos(Float64(Float64(pi * angle) * 0.011111111111111112))
	t_4 = fma(Float64(0.5 - Float64(t_3 * 0.5)), Float64(abs(a) * abs(a)), Float64(Float64(b * b) * fma(t_3, 0.5, 0.5)))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (abs(x_45_scale) <= 1.02e-166)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64(Float64((t_0 ^ 4.0) * Float64(abs(t_4) + t_4)) * 8.0)) / Float64(abs(t_1) * abs(x_45_scale))) / Float64(t_0 * 4.0)) / t_0) * t_1) * t_1);
	else
		tmp = Float64(0.25 * Float64(Float64(abs(x_45_scale) * abs(x_45_scale)) * Float64(Float64(abs(a) * Float64(abs(y_45_scale) * sqrt(Float64(8.0 * Float64(0.5 + Float64(sqrt((Float64(0.5 + t_2) ^ 2.0)) + t_2)))))) / abs(Float64(abs(x_45_scale) * abs(y_45_scale))))));
	end
	return tmp
end
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Abs[a], $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[Abs[y$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(0.5 * N[Cos[N[(0.011111111111111112 * N[(angle * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[Cos[N[(N[(Pi * angle), $MachinePrecision] * 0.011111111111111112), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$4 = N[(N[(0.5 - N[(t$95$3 * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Abs[a], $MachinePrecision] * N[Abs[a], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$3 * 0.5 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision], 1.02e-166], N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[Power[t$95$0, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Abs[t$95$4], $MachinePrecision] + t$95$4), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 8.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Abs[t$95$1], $MachinePrecision] * N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$0 * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.25 * N[(N[(N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[Abs[a], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Abs[y$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(8.0 * N[(0.5 + N[(N[Sqrt[N[Power[N[(0.5 + t$95$2), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + t$95$2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Abs[N[(N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * N[Abs[y$45$scale], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left|a\right| \cdot b\\
t_1 := \left|y-scale\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|\\
t_2 := 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\\
t_3 := \cos \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle\right) \cdot 0.011111111111111112\right)\\
t_4 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - t\_3 \cdot 0.5, \left|a\right| \cdot \left|a\right|, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_3, 0.5, 0.5\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;\left|x-scale\right| \leq 1.02 \cdot 10^{-166}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left({t\_0}^{4} \cdot \left(\left|t\_4\right| + t\_4\right)\right) \cdot 8}}{\left|t\_1\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|}}{t\_0 \cdot 4}}{t\_0} \cdot t\_1\right) \cdot t\_1\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\left|x-scale\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|\right) \cdot \frac{\left|a\right| \cdot \left(\left|y-scale\right| \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(\sqrt{{\left(0.5 + t\_2\right)}^{2}} + t\_2\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|\left|x-scale\right| \cdot \left|y-scale\right|\right|}\right)\\


\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x-scale < 1.0200000000000001e-166

    1. Initial program 2.8%

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
    2. Applied rewrites6.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(8 \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(-a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\frac{\left(\left(b + a\right) \cdot \left(b - a\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right)}{y-scale \cdot x-scale}, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right), a \cdot a, \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right), b \cdot b, \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right) + \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right), a \cdot a, \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right), b \cdot b, \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot angle\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(-a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot a\right)\right)}}{\left|y-scale \cdot x-scale\right|}}{\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)} \]
    3. Taylor expanded in x-scale around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left({a}^{4} \cdot \left({b}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) + {b}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) + {b}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)}}{x-scale \cdot \left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}}}{\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \]
    4. Applied rewrites1.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left({a}^{4} \cdot \left({b}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, 0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, 0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)}}{x-scale \cdot \left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}}}{\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites5.7%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left({\left(a \cdot b\right)}^{4} \cdot \left(\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - \cos \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle\right) \cdot 0.011111111111111112\right) \cdot 0.5, a \cdot a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle\right) \cdot 0.011111111111111112\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)\right)\right| + \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 - \cos \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle\right) \cdot 0.011111111111111112\right) \cdot 0.5, a \cdot a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle\right) \cdot 0.011111111111111112\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot 8}}{\left|y-scale \cdot x-scale\right| \cdot x-scale}}{\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4}}{a \cdot b}} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \]

    if 1.0200000000000001e-166 < x-scale

    1. Initial program 2.8%

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
    2. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
    3. Applied rewrites1.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}\right)} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
    4. Applied rewrites2.4%

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{4} \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right), 4, {\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}}\right) \]
    5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}\right)}{\color{blue}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}}\right) \]
    6. Applied rewrites6.5%

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{\left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}, 0.5 \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}^{2}\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}}, 0.5 \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) - 0.5 \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}\right)}{\color{blue}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}}\right) \]
    7. Taylor expanded in y-scale around 0

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}\right) \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}\right) \]
    9. Applied rewrites11.3%

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(\sqrt{{\left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}\right) \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 21.8% accurate, 5.6× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\\ 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{\left|a\right| \cdot \left(\left|y-scale\right| \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(\sqrt{{\left(0.5 + t\_0\right)}^{2}} + t\_0\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot \left|y-scale\right|\right|}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
  :precision binary64
  (let* ((t_0 (* 0.5 (cos (* 0.011111111111111112 (* angle PI))))))
  (*
   0.25
   (*
    (* x-scale x-scale)
    (/
     (*
      (fabs a)
      (*
       (fabs y-scale)
       (sqrt (* 8.0 (+ 0.5 (+ (sqrt (pow (+ 0.5 t_0) 2.0)) t_0))))))
     (fabs (* x-scale (fabs y-scale))))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = 0.5 * cos((0.011111111111111112 * (angle * ((double) M_PI))));
	return 0.25 * ((x_45_scale * x_45_scale) * ((fabs(a) * (fabs(y_45_scale) * sqrt((8.0 * (0.5 + (sqrt(pow((0.5 + t_0), 2.0)) + t_0)))))) / fabs((x_45_scale * fabs(y_45_scale)))));
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = 0.5 * Math.cos((0.011111111111111112 * (angle * Math.PI)));
	return 0.25 * ((x_45_scale * x_45_scale) * ((Math.abs(a) * (Math.abs(y_45_scale) * Math.sqrt((8.0 * (0.5 + (Math.sqrt(Math.pow((0.5 + t_0), 2.0)) + t_0)))))) / Math.abs((x_45_scale * Math.abs(y_45_scale)))));
}
def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale):
	t_0 = 0.5 * math.cos((0.011111111111111112 * (angle * math.pi)))
	return 0.25 * ((x_45_scale * x_45_scale) * ((math.fabs(a) * (math.fabs(y_45_scale) * math.sqrt((8.0 * (0.5 + (math.sqrt(math.pow((0.5 + t_0), 2.0)) + t_0)))))) / math.fabs((x_45_scale * math.fabs(y_45_scale)))))
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = Float64(0.5 * cos(Float64(0.011111111111111112 * Float64(angle * pi))))
	return Float64(0.25 * Float64(Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale) * Float64(Float64(abs(a) * Float64(abs(y_45_scale) * sqrt(Float64(8.0 * Float64(0.5 + Float64(sqrt((Float64(0.5 + t_0) ^ 2.0)) + t_0)))))) / abs(Float64(x_45_scale * abs(y_45_scale))))))
end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = 0.5 * cos((0.011111111111111112 * (angle * pi)));
	tmp = 0.25 * ((x_45_scale * x_45_scale) * ((abs(a) * (abs(y_45_scale) * sqrt((8.0 * (0.5 + (sqrt(((0.5 + t_0) ^ 2.0)) + t_0)))))) / abs((x_45_scale * abs(y_45_scale)))));
end
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(0.5 * N[Cos[N[(0.011111111111111112 * N[(angle * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(0.25 * N[(N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[Abs[a], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Abs[y$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(8.0 * N[(0.5 + N[(N[Sqrt[N[Power[N[(0.5 + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Abs[N[(x$45$scale * N[Abs[y$45$scale], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\\
0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{\left|a\right| \cdot \left(\left|y-scale\right| \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(\sqrt{{\left(0.5 + t\_0\right)}^{2}} + t\_0\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot \left|y-scale\right|\right|}\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 2.8%

    \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
  2. Taylor expanded in b around 0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
  3. Applied rewrites1.2%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}\right)} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
  4. Applied rewrites2.4%

    \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{4} \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right), 4, {\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}}\right) \]
  5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

    \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}\right)}{\color{blue}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}}\right) \]
  6. Applied rewrites6.5%

    \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{\left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}, 0.5 \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}^{2}\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{1}{{x-scale}^{2}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \frac{1}{{y-scale}^{2}}, 0.5 \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) - 0.5 \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}\right)}{\color{blue}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}}\right) \]
  7. Taylor expanded in y-scale around 0

    \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}\right) \]
  8. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lower-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{90} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}\right) \]
  9. Applied rewrites11.3%

    \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{a \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(\sqrt{{\left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(0.011111111111111112 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|}\right) \]
  10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 5.7% accurate, 5.6× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := {\left(\left|x-scale\right|\right)}^{2}\\ \mathbf{if}\;\left|x-scale\right| \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{+153}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \frac{t\_0 \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{t\_0}}}{{a}^{2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\left|x-scale\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{y-scale}^{4}}} + \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|\left|x-scale\right| \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}\right)\\ \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
  :precision binary64
  (let* ((t_0 (pow (fabs x-scale) 2.0)))
  (if (<= (fabs x-scale) 2.6e+153)
    (*
     0.25
     (/
      (*
       t_0
       (sqrt
        (*
         8.0
         (/ (* (pow a 4.0) (+ (sqrt (pow a 4.0)) (pow a 2.0))) t_0))))
      (pow a 2.0)))
    (*
     0.25
     (*
      (* (fabs x-scale) (fabs x-scale))
      (/
       (*
        (/
         (sqrt
          (*
           8.0
           (*
            (+
             (sqrt (/ (pow a 4.0) (pow y-scale 4.0)))
             (/ (pow a 2.0) (pow y-scale 2.0)))
            (pow a 4.0))))
         (fabs (* (fabs x-scale) y-scale)))
        (* y-scale y-scale))
       (* a a)))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = pow(fabs(x_45_scale), 2.0);
	double tmp;
	if (fabs(x_45_scale) <= 2.6e+153) {
		tmp = 0.25 * ((t_0 * sqrt((8.0 * ((pow(a, 4.0) * (sqrt(pow(a, 4.0)) + pow(a, 2.0))) / t_0)))) / pow(a, 2.0));
	} else {
		tmp = 0.25 * ((fabs(x_45_scale) * fabs(x_45_scale)) * (((sqrt((8.0 * ((sqrt((pow(a, 4.0) / pow(y_45_scale, 4.0))) + (pow(a, 2.0) / pow(y_45_scale, 2.0))) * pow(a, 4.0)))) / fabs((fabs(x_45_scale) * y_45_scale))) * (y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) / (a * a)));
	}
	return tmp;
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(a, b, angle, x_45scale, y_45scale)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8), intent (in) :: angle
    real(8), intent (in) :: x_45scale
    real(8), intent (in) :: y_45scale
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = abs(x_45scale) ** 2.0d0
    if (abs(x_45scale) <= 2.6d+153) then
        tmp = 0.25d0 * ((t_0 * sqrt((8.0d0 * (((a ** 4.0d0) * (sqrt((a ** 4.0d0)) + (a ** 2.0d0))) / t_0)))) / (a ** 2.0d0))
    else
        tmp = 0.25d0 * ((abs(x_45scale) * abs(x_45scale)) * (((sqrt((8.0d0 * ((sqrt(((a ** 4.0d0) / (y_45scale ** 4.0d0))) + ((a ** 2.0d0) / (y_45scale ** 2.0d0))) * (a ** 4.0d0)))) / abs((abs(x_45scale) * y_45scale))) * (y_45scale * y_45scale)) / (a * a)))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = Math.pow(Math.abs(x_45_scale), 2.0);
	double tmp;
	if (Math.abs(x_45_scale) <= 2.6e+153) {
		tmp = 0.25 * ((t_0 * Math.sqrt((8.0 * ((Math.pow(a, 4.0) * (Math.sqrt(Math.pow(a, 4.0)) + Math.pow(a, 2.0))) / t_0)))) / Math.pow(a, 2.0));
	} else {
		tmp = 0.25 * ((Math.abs(x_45_scale) * Math.abs(x_45_scale)) * (((Math.sqrt((8.0 * ((Math.sqrt((Math.pow(a, 4.0) / Math.pow(y_45_scale, 4.0))) + (Math.pow(a, 2.0) / Math.pow(y_45_scale, 2.0))) * Math.pow(a, 4.0)))) / Math.abs((Math.abs(x_45_scale) * y_45_scale))) * (y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) / (a * a)));
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale):
	t_0 = math.pow(math.fabs(x_45_scale), 2.0)
	tmp = 0
	if math.fabs(x_45_scale) <= 2.6e+153:
		tmp = 0.25 * ((t_0 * math.sqrt((8.0 * ((math.pow(a, 4.0) * (math.sqrt(math.pow(a, 4.0)) + math.pow(a, 2.0))) / t_0)))) / math.pow(a, 2.0))
	else:
		tmp = 0.25 * ((math.fabs(x_45_scale) * math.fabs(x_45_scale)) * (((math.sqrt((8.0 * ((math.sqrt((math.pow(a, 4.0) / math.pow(y_45_scale, 4.0))) + (math.pow(a, 2.0) / math.pow(y_45_scale, 2.0))) * math.pow(a, 4.0)))) / math.fabs((math.fabs(x_45_scale) * y_45_scale))) * (y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) / (a * a)))
	return tmp
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = abs(x_45_scale) ^ 2.0
	tmp = 0.0
	if (abs(x_45_scale) <= 2.6e+153)
		tmp = Float64(0.25 * Float64(Float64(t_0 * sqrt(Float64(8.0 * Float64(Float64((a ^ 4.0) * Float64(sqrt((a ^ 4.0)) + (a ^ 2.0))) / t_0)))) / (a ^ 2.0)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(0.25 * Float64(Float64(abs(x_45_scale) * abs(x_45_scale)) * Float64(Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64(8.0 * Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64((a ^ 4.0) / (y_45_scale ^ 4.0))) + Float64((a ^ 2.0) / (y_45_scale ^ 2.0))) * (a ^ 4.0)))) / abs(Float64(abs(x_45_scale) * y_45_scale))) * Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) / Float64(a * a))));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = abs(x_45_scale) ^ 2.0;
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (abs(x_45_scale) <= 2.6e+153)
		tmp = 0.25 * ((t_0 * sqrt((8.0 * (((a ^ 4.0) * (sqrt((a ^ 4.0)) + (a ^ 2.0))) / t_0)))) / (a ^ 2.0));
	else
		tmp = 0.25 * ((abs(x_45_scale) * abs(x_45_scale)) * (((sqrt((8.0 * ((sqrt(((a ^ 4.0) / (y_45_scale ^ 4.0))) + ((a ^ 2.0) / (y_45_scale ^ 2.0))) * (a ^ 4.0)))) / abs((abs(x_45_scale) * y_45_scale))) * (y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) / (a * a)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Power[N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision], 2.6e+153], N[(0.25 * N[(N[(t$95$0 * N[Sqrt[N[(8.0 * N[(N[(N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Sqrt[N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.25 * N[(N[(N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(8.0 * N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[y$45$scale, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[y$45$scale, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Abs[N[(N[Abs[x$45$scale], $MachinePrecision] * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := {\left(\left|x-scale\right|\right)}^{2}\\
\mathbf{if}\;\left|x-scale\right| \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{+153}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \frac{t\_0 \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{t\_0}}}{{a}^{2}}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\left|x-scale\right| \cdot \left|x-scale\right|\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{y-scale}^{4}}} + \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|\left|x-scale\right| \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}\right)\\


\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x-scale < 2.5999999999999999e153

    1. Initial program 2.8%

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
    2. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
    3. Applied rewrites1.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}\right)} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
    4. Taylor expanded in y-scale around 0

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{4}} + {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites4.2%

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{4}} + {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lower-+.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
        2. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
        3. lower-pow.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
        4. lower-pow.f644.2%

          \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites4.2%

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]

      if 2.5999999999999999e153 < x-scale

      1. Initial program 2.8%

        \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in b around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
      3. Applied rewrites1.2%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}\right)} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites2.4%

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{4} \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right), 4, {\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{0.5 - \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right), 0.5, 0.5\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}}\right) \]
      5. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{y-scale}^{4}}} + \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}\right) \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lower-+.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{y-scale}^{4}}} + \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}\right) \]
      7. Applied rewrites2.7%

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{8 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{y-scale}^{4}}} + \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)}}{\left|x-scale \cdot y-scale\right|} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}{a \cdot a}\right) \]
    6. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
    7. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 4: 4.9% accurate, 6.2× speedup?

    \[0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
    (FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
      :precision binary64
      (*
     0.25
     (/
      (*
       (pow x-scale 2.0)
       (sqrt
        (*
         8.0
         (/
          (* (pow a 4.0) (+ (sqrt (pow a 4.0)) (pow a 2.0)))
          (pow x-scale 2.0)))))
      (pow a 2.0))))
    double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
    	return 0.25 * ((pow(x_45_scale, 2.0) * sqrt((8.0 * ((pow(a, 4.0) * (sqrt(pow(a, 4.0)) + pow(a, 2.0))) / pow(x_45_scale, 2.0))))) / pow(a, 2.0));
    }
    
    module fmin_fmax_functions
        implicit none
        private
        public fmax
        public fmin
    
        interface fmax
            module procedure fmax88
            module procedure fmax44
            module procedure fmax84
            module procedure fmax48
        end interface
        interface fmin
            module procedure fmin88
            module procedure fmin44
            module procedure fmin84
            module procedure fmin48
        end interface
    contains
        real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
            real(4), intent (in) :: x
            real(4), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(4), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
            real(4), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
            real(4), intent (in) :: x
            real(4), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(4), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
        real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
            real(4), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
        end function
    end module
    
    real(8) function code(a, b, angle, x_45scale, y_45scale)
    use fmin_fmax_functions
        real(8), intent (in) :: a
        real(8), intent (in) :: b
        real(8), intent (in) :: angle
        real(8), intent (in) :: x_45scale
        real(8), intent (in) :: y_45scale
        code = 0.25d0 * (((x_45scale ** 2.0d0) * sqrt((8.0d0 * (((a ** 4.0d0) * (sqrt((a ** 4.0d0)) + (a ** 2.0d0))) / (x_45scale ** 2.0d0))))) / (a ** 2.0d0))
    end function
    
    public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
    	return 0.25 * ((Math.pow(x_45_scale, 2.0) * Math.sqrt((8.0 * ((Math.pow(a, 4.0) * (Math.sqrt(Math.pow(a, 4.0)) + Math.pow(a, 2.0))) / Math.pow(x_45_scale, 2.0))))) / Math.pow(a, 2.0));
    }
    
    def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale):
    	return 0.25 * ((math.pow(x_45_scale, 2.0) * math.sqrt((8.0 * ((math.pow(a, 4.0) * (math.sqrt(math.pow(a, 4.0)) + math.pow(a, 2.0))) / math.pow(x_45_scale, 2.0))))) / math.pow(a, 2.0))
    
    function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
    	return Float64(0.25 * Float64(Float64((x_45_scale ^ 2.0) * sqrt(Float64(8.0 * Float64(Float64((a ^ 4.0) * Float64(sqrt((a ^ 4.0)) + (a ^ 2.0))) / (x_45_scale ^ 2.0))))) / (a ^ 2.0)))
    end
    
    function tmp = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
    	tmp = 0.25 * (((x_45_scale ^ 2.0) * sqrt((8.0 * (((a ^ 4.0) * (sqrt((a ^ 4.0)) + (a ^ 2.0))) / (x_45_scale ^ 2.0))))) / (a ^ 2.0));
    end
    
    code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := N[(0.25 * N[(N[(N[Power[x$45$scale, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(8.0 * N[(N[(N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Sqrt[N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[x$45$scale, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
    
    0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 2.8%

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
    2. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}} + {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
    3. Applied rewrites1.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \left({y-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left({\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}, {\left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}\right)} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]
    4. Taylor expanded in y-scale around 0

      \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{4}} + {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{180} \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites4.2%

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{4}} + {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lower-+.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
        2. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
        3. lower-pow.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
        4. lower-pow.f644.2%

          \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites4.2%

        \[\leadsto 0.25 \cdot \frac{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{8 \cdot \frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{{a}^{4}} + {a}^{2}\right)}{{x-scale}^{2}}}}{{a}^{2}} \]
      5. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 5: 4.2% accurate, 6.4× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(-a\right) \cdot b\\ t_1 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\ t_2 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\ t_3 := \left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\\ \frac{\frac{-\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, t\_1, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, t\_2, \left|a \cdot t\_1 - b \cdot t\_2\right|\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(t\_0 \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\left(t\_3 \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \cdot 2\right)\right)}}{t\_3}}{t\_0} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right) \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
        :precision binary64
        (let* ((t_0 (* (- a) b))
             (t_1 (/ a (* y-scale y-scale)))
             (t_2 (/ b (* x-scale x-scale)))
             (t_3 (* (* a b) 4.0)))
        (*
         (/
          (/
           (-
            (sqrt
             (*
              (fma a t_1 (fma b t_2 (fabs (- (* a t_1) (* b t_2)))))
              (*
               (* t_0 (* a b))
               (*
                (/
                 (* (* t_3 b) (- a))
                 (* (* (* y-scale y-scale) x-scale) x-scale))
                2.0)))))
           t_3)
          t_0)
         (* (* y-scale y-scale) (* x-scale x-scale)))))
      double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
      	double t_0 = -a * b;
      	double t_1 = a / (y_45_scale * y_45_scale);
      	double t_2 = b / (x_45_scale * x_45_scale);
      	double t_3 = (a * b) * 4.0;
      	return ((-sqrt((fma(a, t_1, fma(b, t_2, fabs(((a * t_1) - (b * t_2))))) * ((t_0 * (a * b)) * ((((t_3 * b) * -a) / (((y_45_scale * y_45_scale) * x_45_scale) * x_45_scale)) * 2.0)))) / t_3) / t_0) * ((y_45_scale * y_45_scale) * (x_45_scale * x_45_scale));
      }
      
      function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
      	t_0 = Float64(Float64(-a) * b)
      	t_1 = Float64(a / Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale))
      	t_2 = Float64(b / Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale))
      	t_3 = Float64(Float64(a * b) * 4.0)
      	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(-sqrt(Float64(fma(a, t_1, fma(b, t_2, abs(Float64(Float64(a * t_1) - Float64(b * t_2))))) * Float64(Float64(t_0 * Float64(a * b)) * Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(t_3 * b) * Float64(-a)) / Float64(Float64(Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale) * x_45_scale) * x_45_scale)) * 2.0))))) / t_3) / t_0) * Float64(Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale) * Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale)))
      end
      
      code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[((-a) * b), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(a / N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(b / N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[((-N[Sqrt[N[(N[(a * t$95$1 + N[(b * t$95$2 + N[Abs[N[(N[(a * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] - N[(b * t$95$2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(t$95$0 * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(N[(t$95$3 * b), $MachinePrecision] * (-a)), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]) / t$95$3), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      t_0 := \left(-a\right) \cdot b\\
      t_1 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\
      t_2 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\
      t_3 := \left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\\
      \frac{\frac{-\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, t\_1, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, t\_2, \left|a \cdot t\_1 - b \cdot t\_2\right|\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(t\_0 \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\left(t\_3 \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \cdot 2\right)\right)}}{t\_3}}{t\_0} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right)
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 2.8%

        \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

        \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites4.3%

          \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
        2. Applied rewrites2.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(\frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} + \frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \left|\frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right|\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(4 \cdot \frac{\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}}{\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right)} \]
        3. Applied rewrites3.8%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, \left|a \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} - b \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right|\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(-a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \cdot 2\right)\right)}}{\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot b}} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right) \]
        4. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 6: 3.8% accurate, 6.6× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\\ t_1 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\ t_2 := \left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\\ t_3 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\ \frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(t\_2 \cdot \frac{-a}{t\_0}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_3, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_1, b, \left|t\_1 \cdot b - t\_3 \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{t\_2 \cdot a} \cdot t\_0 \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
          :precision binary64
          (let* ((t_0 (* (* y-scale x-scale) (* y-scale x-scale)))
               (t_1 (/ b (* x-scale x-scale)))
               (t_2 (* (* (* a b) 4.0) b))
               (t_3 (/ a (* y-scale y-scale))))
          (*
           (/
            (sqrt
             (*
              (* (* (* t_2 (/ (- a) t_0)) 2.0) (* (* (* a b) b) (- a)))
              (fma t_3 a (fma t_1 b (fabs (- (* t_1 b) (* t_3 a)))))))
            (* t_2 a))
           t_0)))
        double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
        	double t_0 = (y_45_scale * x_45_scale) * (y_45_scale * x_45_scale);
        	double t_1 = b / (x_45_scale * x_45_scale);
        	double t_2 = ((a * b) * 4.0) * b;
        	double t_3 = a / (y_45_scale * y_45_scale);
        	return (sqrt(((((t_2 * (-a / t_0)) * 2.0) * (((a * b) * b) * -a)) * fma(t_3, a, fma(t_1, b, fabs(((t_1 * b) - (t_3 * a))))))) / (t_2 * a)) * t_0;
        }
        
        function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
        	t_0 = Float64(Float64(y_45_scale * x_45_scale) * Float64(y_45_scale * x_45_scale))
        	t_1 = Float64(b / Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale))
        	t_2 = Float64(Float64(Float64(a * b) * 4.0) * b)
        	t_3 = Float64(a / Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale))
        	return Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(t_2 * Float64(Float64(-a) / t_0)) * 2.0) * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * b) * b) * Float64(-a))) * fma(t_3, a, fma(t_1, b, abs(Float64(Float64(t_1 * b) - Float64(t_3 * a))))))) / Float64(t_2 * a)) * t_0)
        end
        
        code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(y$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(y$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(b / N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[(a / N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(N[(t$95$2 * N[((-a) / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$3 * a + N[(t$95$1 * b + N[Abs[N[(N[(t$95$1 * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(t$95$3 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$2 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]]]]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        t_0 := \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\\
        t_1 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\
        t_2 := \left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\\
        t_3 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\
        \frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(t\_2 \cdot \frac{-a}{t\_0}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_3, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_1, b, \left|t\_1 \cdot b - t\_3 \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{t\_2 \cdot a} \cdot t\_0
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Initial program 2.8%

          \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
        2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

          \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
        3. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites4.3%

            \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
          2. Applied rewrites2.0%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(\frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} + \frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \left|\frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right|\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(4 \cdot \frac{\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}}{\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right)} \]
          3. Applied rewrites2.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, \left|a \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} - b \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right|\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(-a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \cdot 2\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)} \]
          4. Applied rewrites4.9%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, b, \left|\frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} \cdot b - \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot a} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right)} \]
          5. Add Preprocessing

          Alternative 7: 3.7% accurate, 6.6× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\ t_1 := \left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\\ t_2 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\ \left(\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(t\_1 \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_2, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, b, \left|t\_0 \cdot b - t\_2 \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{t\_1 \cdot a} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale \end{array} \]
          (FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
            :precision binary64
            (let* ((t_0 (/ b (* x-scale x-scale)))
                 (t_1 (* (* (* a b) 4.0) b))
                 (t_2 (/ a (* y-scale y-scale))))
            (*
             (*
              (*
               (/
                (sqrt
                 (*
                  (*
                   (*
                    (*
                     t_1
                     (/ (- a) (* (* y-scale x-scale) (* y-scale x-scale))))
                    2.0)
                   (* (* (* a b) b) (- a)))
                  (fma t_2 a (fma t_0 b (fabs (- (* t_0 b) (* t_2 a)))))))
                (* t_1 a))
               (* y-scale y-scale))
              x-scale)
             x-scale)))
          double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
          	double t_0 = b / (x_45_scale * x_45_scale);
          	double t_1 = ((a * b) * 4.0) * b;
          	double t_2 = a / (y_45_scale * y_45_scale);
          	return (((sqrt(((((t_1 * (-a / ((y_45_scale * x_45_scale) * (y_45_scale * x_45_scale)))) * 2.0) * (((a * b) * b) * -a)) * fma(t_2, a, fma(t_0, b, fabs(((t_0 * b) - (t_2 * a))))))) / (t_1 * a)) * (y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) * x_45_scale) * x_45_scale;
          }
          
          function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
          	t_0 = Float64(b / Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale))
          	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(a * b) * 4.0) * b)
          	t_2 = Float64(a / Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale))
          	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(t_1 * Float64(Float64(-a) / Float64(Float64(y_45_scale * x_45_scale) * Float64(y_45_scale * x_45_scale)))) * 2.0) * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * b) * b) * Float64(-a))) * fma(t_2, a, fma(t_0, b, abs(Float64(Float64(t_0 * b) - Float64(t_2 * a))))))) / Float64(t_1 * a)) * Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale)) * x_45_scale) * x_45_scale)
          end
          
          code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(b / N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(a / N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(N[(t$95$1 * N[((-a) / N[(N[(y$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(y$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$2 * a + N[(t$95$0 * b + N[Abs[N[(N[(t$95$0 * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(t$95$2 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$1 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]]]]
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          t_0 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\
          t_1 := \left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\\
          t_2 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\
          \left(\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(t\_1 \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_2, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, b, \left|t\_0 \cdot b - t\_2 \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{t\_1 \cdot a} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale
          \end{array}
          
          Derivation
          1. Initial program 2.8%

            \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
          2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

            \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
          3. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites4.3%

              \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
            2. Applied rewrites2.0%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(\frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} + \frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \left|\frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right|\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(4 \cdot \frac{\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}}{\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right)} \]
            3. Applied rewrites2.1%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, \left|a \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} - b \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right|\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(-a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \cdot 2\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)} \]
            4. Applied rewrites3.7%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, b, \left|\frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} \cdot b - \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot a} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \]
            5. Add Preprocessing

            Alternative 8: 3.7% accurate, 6.6× speedup?

            \[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\ t_1 := \left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\\ t_2 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\ \left(\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(t\_1 \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_2, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, b, \left|t\_0 \cdot b - t\_2 \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{t\_1 \cdot a} \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \end{array} \]
            (FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
              :precision binary64
              (let* ((t_0 (/ b (* x-scale x-scale)))
                   (t_1 (* (* (* a b) 4.0) b))
                   (t_2 (/ a (* y-scale y-scale))))
              (*
               (*
                (*
                 (/
                  (sqrt
                   (*
                    (*
                     (*
                      (*
                       t_1
                       (/ (- a) (* (* y-scale x-scale) (* y-scale x-scale))))
                      2.0)
                     (* (* (* a b) b) (- a)))
                    (fma t_2 a (fma t_0 b (fabs (- (* t_0 b) (* t_2 a)))))))
                  (* t_1 a))
                 y-scale)
                y-scale)
               (* x-scale x-scale))))
            double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
            	double t_0 = b / (x_45_scale * x_45_scale);
            	double t_1 = ((a * b) * 4.0) * b;
            	double t_2 = a / (y_45_scale * y_45_scale);
            	return (((sqrt(((((t_1 * (-a / ((y_45_scale * x_45_scale) * (y_45_scale * x_45_scale)))) * 2.0) * (((a * b) * b) * -a)) * fma(t_2, a, fma(t_0, b, fabs(((t_0 * b) - (t_2 * a))))))) / (t_1 * a)) * y_45_scale) * y_45_scale) * (x_45_scale * x_45_scale);
            }
            
            function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
            	t_0 = Float64(b / Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale))
            	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(a * b) * 4.0) * b)
            	t_2 = Float64(a / Float64(y_45_scale * y_45_scale))
            	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(t_1 * Float64(Float64(-a) / Float64(Float64(y_45_scale * x_45_scale) * Float64(y_45_scale * x_45_scale)))) * 2.0) * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * b) * b) * Float64(-a))) * fma(t_2, a, fma(t_0, b, abs(Float64(Float64(t_0 * b) - Float64(t_2 * a))))))) / Float64(t_1 * a)) * y_45_scale) * y_45_scale) * Float64(x_45_scale * x_45_scale))
            end
            
            code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(b / N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(a / N[(y$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(N[(t$95$1 * N[((-a) / N[(N[(y$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(y$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$2 * a + N[(t$95$0 * b + N[Abs[N[(N[(t$95$0 * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(t$95$2 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$1 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x$45$scale * x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]
            
            \begin{array}{l}
            t_0 := \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\\
            t_1 := \left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\\
            t_2 := \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\\
            \left(\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(t\_1 \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_2, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, b, \left|t\_0 \cdot b - t\_2 \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{t\_1 \cdot a} \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)
            \end{array}
            
            Derivation
            1. Initial program 2.8%

              \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
            2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0

              \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
            3. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites4.3%

                \[\leadsto \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} - \frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}^{2}} + \left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]
              2. Applied rewrites2.0%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(\frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} + \frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right) + \left|\frac{b \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \frac{a \cdot a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right|\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(4 \cdot \frac{\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}}{\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)\right)} \]
              3. Applied rewrites2.1%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, \left|a \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} - b \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right|\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(-a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot x-scale} \cdot 2\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot y-scale\right)\right) \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right)} \]
              4. Applied rewrites3.7%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{-a}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}, b, \left|\frac{b}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} \cdot b - \frac{a}{y-scale \cdot y-scale} \cdot a\right|\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot a} \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot y-scale\right)} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \]
              5. Add Preprocessing

              Reproduce

              ?
              herbie shell --seed 2025214 
              (FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
                :name "a from scale-rotated-ellipse"
                :precision binary64
                (/ (- (sqrt (* (* (* 2.0 (/ (* 4.0 (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))) (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (+ (+ (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) x-scale) x-scale) (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) y-scale) y-scale)) (sqrt (+ (pow (- (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) x-scale) x-scale) (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) y-scale) y-scale)) 2.0) (pow (/ (/ (* (* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) x-scale) y-scale) 2.0))))))) (/ (* 4.0 (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))))