Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_y

Percentage Accurate: 58.0% → 98.3%

Time: 4.9s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 4.7×

Specification

\[\left(\left(cosTheta\_i > 0.9999 \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u1 \land u1 \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u2 \land u2 \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-logf((1.0f - u1))) * sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt(-log((single(1.0) - u1))) * sin(((single(2.0) * single(pi)) * u2));
end

Initial Program: 58.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-logf((1.0f - u1))) * sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt(-log((single(1.0) - u1))) * sin(((single(2.0) * single(pi)) * u2));
end

Alternative 1: 98.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (sin (* 6.2831854820251465 u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * sinf((6.2831854820251465f * u2));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. sub-flip N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 96.8% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \log \left(1 - u1\right)\\ t_1 := \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -0.0031999999191612005:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-t\_0} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot t\_1\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (log (- 1.0 u1))) (t_1 (sin (* 6.2831854820251465 u2))))
   (if (<= t_0 -0.0031999999191612005)
     (* (sqrt (- t_0)) t_1)
     (* (sqrt (* u1 (+ 1.0 (* 0.5 u1)))) t_1))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = logf((1.0f - u1));
	float t_1 = sinf((6.2831854820251465f * u2));
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -0.0031999999191612005f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(-t_0) * t_1;
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f + (0.5f * u1)))) * t_1;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    real(4) :: t_0
    real(4) :: t_1
    real(4) :: tmp
    t_0 = log((1.0e0 - u1))
    t_1 = sin((6.2831854820251465e0 * u2))
    if (t_0 <= (-0.0031999999191612005e0)) then
        tmp = sqrt(-t_0) * t_1
    else
        tmp = sqrt((u1 * (1.0e0 + (0.5e0 * u1)))) * t_1
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1))
	t_1 = sin(Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-0.0031999999191612005))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-t_0)) * t_1);
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * u1)))) * t_1);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = log((single(1.0) - u1));
	t_1 = sin((single(6.2831854820251465) * u2));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-0.0031999999191612005))
		tmp = sqrt(-t_0) * t_1;
	else
		tmp = sqrt((u1 * (single(1.0) + (single(0.5) * u1)))) * t_1;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)) < -0.00319999992

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Evaluated real constant 58.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   if -0.00319999992 < (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1))

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f32 87.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 87.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Evaluated real constant 87.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 96.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u2 \leq 0.013500000350177288:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 + -41.341705691712875 \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u2 0.013500000350177288)
   (*
    (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1))))
    (* u2 (+ 6.2831854820251465 (* -41.341705691712875 (pow u2 2.0)))))
   (* (sqrt (* u1 (+ 1.0 (* 0.5 u1)))) (sin (* 6.2831854820251465 u2)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u2 <= 0.013500000350177288f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (u2 * (6.2831854820251465f + (-41.341705691712875f * powf(u2, 2.0f))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f + (0.5f * u1)))) * sinf((6.2831854820251465f * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u2 <= Float32(0.013500000350177288))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(u2 * Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) + Float32(Float32(-41.341705691712875) * (u2 ^ Float32(2.0))))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u2 < 0.0135000004

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

      2. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \color{blue}{\frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot {u2}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      4. lower-pow.f32 89.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 + -41.341705691712875 \cdot {u2}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 89.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 + -41.341705691712875 \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   if 0.0135000004 < u2

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f32 87.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 87.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Evaluated real constant 87.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 94.1% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u2 \leq 0.013500000350177288:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 + -41.341705691712875 \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u2 0.013500000350177288)
   (*
    (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1))))
    (* u2 (+ 6.2831854820251465 (* -41.341705691712875 (pow u2 2.0)))))
   (* (sqrt u1) (sin (* 6.2831854820251465 u2)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u2 <= 0.013500000350177288f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (u2 * (6.2831854820251465f + (-41.341705691712875f * powf(u2, 2.0f))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(u1) * sinf((6.2831854820251465f * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u2 <= Float32(0.013500000350177288))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(u2 * Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) + Float32(Float32(-41.341705691712875) * (u2 ^ Float32(2.0))))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(u1) * sin(Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u2 < 0.0135000004

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

      2. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \color{blue}{\frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot {u2}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} + \frac{-762619864465648886625}{18446744073709551616} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      4. lower-pow.f32 89.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 + -41.341705691712875 \cdot {u2}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 89.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 + -41.341705691712875 \cdot {u2}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   if 0.0135000004 < u2

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 90.3% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u2 \leq 0.005799999926239252:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u2 0.005799999926239252)
   (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (* 6.2831854820251465 u2))
   (* (sqrt u1) (sin (* 6.2831854820251465 u2)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u2 <= 0.005799999926239252f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (6.2831854820251465f * u2);
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(u1) * sinf((6.2831854820251465f * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u2 <= Float32(0.005799999926239252))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(u1) * sin(Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u2 < 0.00579999993

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot u2\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 81.4%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 81.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)} \]

   if 0.00579999993 < u2

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 81.4% accurate, 2.6× speedup

Math

\[\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (* 6.2831854820251465 u2)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (6.2831854820251465f * u2);
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * u2))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. sub-flip N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot u2\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 81.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot \color{blue}{u2}\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 81.4%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(6.2831854820251465 \cdot u2\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 80.5% accurate, 2.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u1 \leq 0.0026420000940561295:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;6.2831854820251465 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u1 0.0026420000940561295)
   (* (sqrt (* u1 (+ 1.0 (* 0.5 u1)))) (* 2.0 (* u2 PI)))
   (* 6.2831854820251465 (* u2 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u1 <= 0.0026420000940561295f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f + (0.5f * u1)))) * (2.0f * (u2 * ((float) M_PI)));
	} else {
		tmp = 6.2831854820251465f * (u2 * sqrtf(-logf((1.0f - u1))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u1 <= Float32(0.0026420000940561295))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * u1)))) * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(u2 * Float32(pi))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * Float32(u2 * sqrt(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (u1 <= single(0.0026420000940561295))
		tmp = sqrt((u1 * (single(1.0) + (single(0.5) * u1)))) * (single(2.0) * (u2 * single(pi)));
	else
		tmp = single(6.2831854820251465) * (u2 * sqrt(-log((single(1.0) - u1))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u1 < 0.00264200009

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f32 87.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 87.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right) \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      3. lower-PI.f32 74.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 74.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + 0.5 \cdot u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]

   if 0.00264200009 < u1

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right) \]

      5. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right) \]

      6. lower--.f32 50.9%

         \[\leadsto 6.2831854820251465 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 50.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{6.2831854820251465 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 76.8% accurate, 2.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u1 \leq 0.00011999999696854502:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;6.2831854820251465 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u1 0.00011999999696854502)
   (* (+ u2 u2) (* (sqrt u1) PI))
   (* 6.2831854820251465 (* u2 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u1 <= 0.00011999999696854502f) {
		tmp = (u2 + u2) * (sqrtf(u1) * ((float) M_PI));
	} else {
		tmp = 6.2831854820251465f * (u2 * sqrtf(-logf((1.0f - u1))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u1 <= Float32(0.00011999999696854502))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(u2 + u2) * Float32(sqrt(u1) * Float32(pi)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(6.2831854820251465) * Float32(u2 * sqrt(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (u1 <= single(0.00011999999696854502))
		tmp = (u2 + u2) * (sqrt(u1) * single(pi));
	else
		tmp = single(6.2831854820251465) * (u2 * sqrt(-log((single(1.0) - u1))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u1 < 1.19999997e-4

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)\right)} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}}\right)\right) \]

      4. lower-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}}\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right) \]

      8. lower--.f32 50.9%

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 50.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]

      2. lower-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f32 65.8%

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 65.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right)\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

      5. count-2-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \]

      6. lower-+.f32 65.8%

         \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f32 65.8%

         \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 65.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right)} \]

   if 1.19999997e-4 < u1

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-u1}\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Evaluated real constant 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{6.2831854820251465} \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right) \]

      5. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{13176795}{2097152} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right) \]

      6. lower--.f32 50.9%

         \[\leadsto 6.2831854820251465 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 50.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{6.2831854820251465 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 65.8% accurate, 4.7× speedup

Math

\[\left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2) :precision binary32 (* (+ u2 u2) (* (sqrt u1) PI)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return (u2 + u2) * (sqrtf(u1) * ((float) M_PI));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(Float32(u2 + u2) * Float32(sqrt(u1) * Float32(pi)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = (u2 + u2) * (sqrt(u1) * single(pi));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-PI.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}}\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right) \]

   7. lower-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right) \]

   8. lower--.f32 50.9%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 50.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]

   2. lower-PI.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]

   3. lower-sqrt.f32 65.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 65.8%

   \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right)\right) \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)}\right) \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

   5. count-2-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \]

   6. lower-+.f32 65.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \]

   7. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f32 65.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right) \]

9. Applied rewrites 65.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(u2 + u2\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \pi\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025188 
(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_y"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (> cosTheta_i 0.9999) (<= cosTheta_i 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u1) (<= u1 1.0))) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u2) (<= u2 1.0)))
  (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))