Beckmann Sample, normalization factor

Percentage Accurate: 97.9% → 98.7%

Time: 7.0s

Alternatives: 13

Speedup: 1.2×

Specification

\[\left(0 < cosTheta \land cosTheta < 0.9999\right) \land \left(-1 < c \land c < 1\right)\]

Math

\[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt PI)) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((1.0f + c) + (((1.0f / sqrtf(((float) M_PI))) * (sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * expf((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + c) + Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / sqrt(Float32(pi))) * Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp(Float32(Float32(-cosTheta) * cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(1.0) + c) + (((single(1.0) / sqrt(single(pi))) * (sqrt(((single(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
end

Initial Program: 97.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt PI)) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((1.0f + c) + (((1.0f / sqrtf(((float) M_PI))) * (sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * expf((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + c) + Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / sqrt(Float32(pi))) * Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp(Float32(Float32(-cosTheta) * cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(1.0) + c) + (((single(1.0) / sqrt(single(pi))) * (sqrt(((single(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
end

Alternative 1: 98.7% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot cosTheta\\ \frac{t\_0}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, c - -1, \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (* (* (exp (* cosTheta cosTheta)) 1.7724539041519165) cosTheta)))
   (/ t_0 (fma t_0 (- c -1.0) (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	float t_0 = (expf((cosTheta * cosTheta)) * 1.7724539041519165f) * cosTheta;
	return t_0 / fmaf(t_0, (c - -1.0f), sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(exp(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta)) * Float32(1.7724539041519165)) * cosTheta)
	return Float32(t_0 / fma(t_0, Float32(c - Float32(-1.0)), sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-exp.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   9. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}} \]

   11. exp-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   12. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   14. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{1.7724539041519165}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   2. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   4. add-to-fraction N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   5. div-flip-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}} \]

   7. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)} \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

   9. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right)}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

   10. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot cosTheta}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot cosTheta}}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

   12. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)} \cdot cosTheta}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

   13. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)} \cdot cosTheta}{\left(1 + c\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) + \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot cosTheta}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot cosTheta, c - -1, \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}\right)}} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.5% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot 1.7724539041519165}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (/
    (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta))
    (* (* (exp (* cosTheta cosTheta)) cosTheta) 1.7724539041519165)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((1.0f + c) + (sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / ((expf((cosTheta * cosTheta)) * cosTheta) * 1.7724539041519165f)));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0 / ((1.0e0 + c) + (sqrt(((1.0e0 - costheta) - costheta)) / ((exp((costheta * costheta)) * costheta) * 1.7724539041519165e0)))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + c) + Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / Float32(Float32(exp(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta)) * cosTheta) * Float32(1.7724539041519165)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(1.0) + c) + (sqrt(((single(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / ((exp((cosTheta * cosTheta)) * cosTheta) * single(1.7724539041519165))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-exp.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   9. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}} \]

   11. exp-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   12. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   14. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{1.7724539041519165}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)}}} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)}}} \]

   4. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}}}} \]

   5. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta\right)} \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot 1.7724539041519165}}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot 1.7724539041519165}}} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.5% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot 1.7724539041519165}\right)} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (-
   c
   (-
    -1.0
    (/
     (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta))
     (* (* cosTheta (exp (* cosTheta cosTheta))) 1.7724539041519165))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (c - (-1.0f - (sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / ((cosTheta * expf((cosTheta * cosTheta))) * 1.7724539041519165f))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0 / (c - ((-1.0e0) - (sqrt(((1.0e0 - costheta) - costheta)) / ((costheta * exp((costheta * costheta))) * 1.7724539041519165e0))))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(c - Float32(Float32(-1.0) - Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / Float32(Float32(cosTheta * exp(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta))) * Float32(1.7724539041519165))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (c - (single(-1.0) - (sqrt(((single(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / ((cosTheta * exp((cosTheta * cosTheta))) * single(1.7724539041519165)))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-exp.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   9. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}} \]

   11. exp-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   12. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   14. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{1.7724539041519165}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + 1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   3. add-flip-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c - \color{blue}{-1}\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   5. lower--.f32 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   3. associate-+l- N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}\right)}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}\right)}} \]

   5. lower--.f32 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \color{blue}{\left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}\right)}} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}\right)} \]

   7. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)} \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right)}}\right)} \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)}}\right)} \]

   10. associate-*r* N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}}}\right)} \]

   11. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}}}\right)} \]

   12. lower-*.f32 98.5%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right)} \cdot 1.7724539041519165}\right)} \]

8. Applied rewrites 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{c - \left(-1 - \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot 1.7724539041519165}\right)}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 97.9% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}, 0.5641895665989011, 1\right) + c} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (fma
    (/
     (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta))
     (* cosTheta (exp (* cosTheta cosTheta))))
    0.5641895665989011
    1.0)
   c)))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (fmaf((sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / (cosTheta * expf((cosTheta * cosTheta)))), 0.5641895665989011f, 1.0f) + c);
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(fma(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / Float32(cosTheta * exp(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta)))), Float32(0.5641895665989011), Float32(1.0)) + c))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-exp.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   9. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}} \]

   11. exp-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   12. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   14. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{1.7724539041519165}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + 1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   3. add-flip-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c - \color{blue}{-1}\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   5. lower--.f32 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + \left(c - -1\right)}} \]

   3. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + \color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)}} \]

   4. sub-flip N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + \color{blue}{\left(c + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + \left(c + \color{blue}{1}\right)} \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + \color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)}} \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + 1\right) + c}} \]

   8. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + 1\right) + c}} \]

8. Applied rewrites 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}, 0.5641895665989011, 1\right) + c}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 97.9% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta}, 0.5641895665989011, c - -1\right)} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (fma
   (/
    (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta))
    (* (exp (* cosTheta cosTheta)) cosTheta))
   0.5641895665989011
   (- c -1.0))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / fmaf((sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / (expf((cosTheta * cosTheta)) * cosTheta)), 0.5641895665989011f, (c - -1.0f));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / fma(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / Float32(exp(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta)) * cosTheta)), Float32(0.5641895665989011), Float32(c - Float32(-1.0))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-exp.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   9. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}} \]

   11. exp-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   12. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   14. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{1.7724539041519165}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + 1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   3. add-flip-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c - \color{blue}{-1}\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   5. lower--.f32 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot 1.7724539041519165\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} + \left(c - -1\right)}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   4. mult-flip N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   5. associate-*r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}\right)}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   9. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \frac{14868421}{8388608}}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   10. times-frac N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{14868421}{8388608}}} + \left(c - -1\right)} \]

   11. lift--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{14868421}{8388608}} + \color{blue}{\left(c - -1\right)}} \]

   12. sub-flip N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{14868421}{8388608}} + \color{blue}{\left(c + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{14868421}{8388608}} + \left(c + \color{blue}{1}\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{14868421}{8388608}} + \color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)}} \]

   15. lower-fma.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta}, \frac{1}{\frac{14868421}{8388608}}, 1 + c\right)}} \]

8. Applied rewrites 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta} \cdot cosTheta}, 0.5641895665989011, c - -1\right)}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 97.1% accurate, 1.7× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.282094806432724 \cdot cosTheta - 0.846284419298172\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (/
   (+
    0.564189612865448
    (*
     cosTheta
     (+
      0.435810387134552
      (+
       c
       (* cosTheta (- (* 0.282094806432724 cosTheta) 0.846284419298172))))))
   cosTheta)))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((0.564189612865448f + (cosTheta * (0.435810387134552f + (c + (cosTheta * ((0.282094806432724f * cosTheta) - 0.846284419298172f)))))) / cosTheta);
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0 / ((0.564189612865448e0 + (costheta * (0.435810387134552e0 + (c + (costheta * ((0.282094806432724e0 * costheta) - 0.846284419298172e0)))))) / costheta)
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(0.564189612865448) + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(0.435810387134552) + Float32(c + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(Float32(0.282094806432724) * cosTheta) - Float32(0.846284419298172))))))) / cosTheta))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(0.564189612865448) + (cosTheta * (single(0.435810387134552) + (c + (cosTheta * ((single(0.282094806432724) * cosTheta) - single(0.846284419298172))))))) / cosTheta);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{9465531}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta - \frac{28396593}{33554432}\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 97.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.282094806432724 \cdot cosTheta - 0.846284419298172\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 97.1%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.282094806432724 \cdot cosTheta - 0.846284419298172\right)\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 96.5% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.846284419298172, cosTheta, c\right) - -0.435810387134552, cosTheta, 0.564189612865448\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (*
   (fma
    (- (fma -0.846284419298172 cosTheta c) -0.435810387134552)
    cosTheta
    0.564189612865448)
   (/ 1.0 cosTheta))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (fmaf((fmaf(-0.846284419298172f, cosTheta, c) - -0.435810387134552f), cosTheta, 0.564189612865448f) * (1.0f / cosTheta));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(fma(Float32(fma(Float32(-0.846284419298172), cosTheta, c) - Float32(-0.435810387134552)), cosTheta, Float32(0.564189612865448)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / cosTheta)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. mult-flip N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{cosTheta}}} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{cosTheta}}} \]

   4. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) \cdot cosTheta + \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{cosTheta}} \]

   9. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   10. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) + \frac{7311685}{16777216}, cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   11. add-flip N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   13. lift-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   14. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta + c\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   15. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta + c\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   16. lower-fma.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432}, cosTheta, c\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right), cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   17. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432}, cosTheta, c\right) - \frac{-7311685}{16777216}, cosTheta, \frac{9465531}{16777216}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}} \]

   18. lower-/.f32 96.4%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.846284419298172, cosTheta, c\right) - -0.435810387134552, cosTheta, 0.564189612865448\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 96.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.846284419298172, cosTheta, c\right) - -0.435810387134552, cosTheta, 0.564189612865448\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{cosTheta}}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 96.5% accurate, 2.1× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (/
   (+
    0.564189612865448
    (* cosTheta (+ 0.435810387134552 (+ c (* -0.846284419298172 cosTheta)))))
   cosTheta)))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((0.564189612865448f + (cosTheta * (0.435810387134552f + (c + (-0.846284419298172f * cosTheta))))) / cosTheta);
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0 / ((0.564189612865448e0 + (costheta * (0.435810387134552e0 + (c + ((-0.846284419298172e0) * costheta))))) / costheta)
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(0.564189612865448) + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(0.435810387134552) + Float32(c + Float32(Float32(-0.846284419298172) * cosTheta))))) / cosTheta))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(0.564189612865448) + (cosTheta * (single(0.435810387134552) + (c + (single(-0.846284419298172) * cosTheta))))) / cosTheta);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 96.4% accurate, 2.5× speedup

Math

\[\frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.846284419298172, cosTheta, c\right) - -0.435810387134552\right) + \frac{0.564189612865448}{cosTheta}} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (- (fma -0.846284419298172 cosTheta c) -0.435810387134552)
   (/ 0.564189612865448 cosTheta))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((fmaf(-0.846284419298172f, cosTheta, c) - -0.435810387134552f) + (0.564189612865448f / cosTheta));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(fma(Float32(-0.846284419298172), cosTheta, c) - Float32(-0.435810387134552)) + Float32(Float32(0.564189612865448) / cosTheta)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{0.564189612865448 + cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \left(c + -0.846284419298172 \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216} + cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right)}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) \cdot cosTheta + \frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. add-to-fraction-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}}} \]

   7. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + \left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right)\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   9. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) + \frac{7311685}{16777216}\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   10. add-flip N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right)\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right)\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   12. lift-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(c + \frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right)\right) + \frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   13. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta + c\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right)\right) + \frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   14. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432} \cdot cosTheta + c\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right)\right) + \frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   15. lower-fma.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432}, cosTheta, c\right) - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216}\right)\right)\right) + \frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   16. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-28396593}{33554432}, cosTheta, c\right) - \frac{-7311685}{16777216}\right) + \frac{\frac{9465531}{16777216}}{cosTheta}} \]

   17. lower-/.f32 96.5%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.846284419298172, cosTheta, c\right) - -0.435810387134552\right) + \frac{0.564189612865448}{\color{blue}{cosTheta}}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.846284419298172, cosTheta, c\right) - -0.435810387134552\right) + \frac{0.564189612865448}{cosTheta}}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 95.8% accurate, 3.1× speedup

Math

\[cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724539041519165 + -3.141592842343371 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.4358104334010989 + c\right)\right)\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta
  (+
   1.7724539041519165
   (* -3.141592842343371 (* cosTheta (+ 0.4358104334010989 c))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return cosTheta * (1.7724539041519165f + (-3.141592842343371f * (cosTheta * (0.4358104334010989f + c))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = costheta * (1.7724539041519165e0 + ((-3.141592842343371e0) * (costheta * (0.4358104334010989e0 + c))))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(1.7724539041519165) + Float32(Float32(-3.141592842343371) * Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(0.4358104334010989) + c)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = cosTheta * (single(1.7724539041519165) + (single(-3.141592842343371) * (cosTheta * (single(0.4358104334010989) + c))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-exp.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   9. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}} \]

   11. exp-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   12. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   14. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

3. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}}} \]

4. Evaluated real constant 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{1.7724539041519165}\right) \cdot e^{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} + \frac{-221069943033241}{70368744177664} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{6479813}{14868421} + c\right)\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} + \frac{-221069943033241}{70368744177664} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{6479813}{14868421} + c\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} + \color{blue}{\frac{-221069943033241}{70368744177664} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{6479813}{14868421} + c\right)\right)}\right) \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} + \frac{-221069943033241}{70368744177664} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{6479813}{14868421} + c\right)\right)}\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{14868421}{8388608} + \frac{-221069943033241}{70368744177664} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6479813}{14868421} + c\right)}\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-+.f32 95.8%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724539041519165 + -3.141592842343371 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.4358104334010989 + \color{blue}{c}\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 95.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724539041519165 + -3.141592842343371 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.4358104334010989 + c\right)\right)\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 95.5% accurate, 3.1× speedup

Math

\[cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -3.141592327088772 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + c\right)\right)\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta
  (+
   1.7724537588012759
   (* -3.141592327088772 (* cosTheta (+ 0.435810387134552 c))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return cosTheta * (1.7724537588012759f + (-3.141592327088772f * (cosTheta * (0.435810387134552f + c))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = costheta * (1.7724537588012759e0 + ((-3.141592327088772e0) * (costheta * (0.435810387134552e0 + c))))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(1.7724537588012759) + Float32(Float32(-3.141592327088772) * Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(0.435810387134552) + c)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = cosTheta * (single(1.7724537588012759) + (single(-3.141592327088772) * (cosTheta * (single(0.435810387134552) + c))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \color{blue}{\frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)}\right) \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)}\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)}\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-+.f32 95.5%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -3.141592327088772 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \color{blue}{c}\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 95.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -3.141592327088772 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + c\right)\right)\right)} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 95.4% accurate, 4.9× speedup

Math

\[cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -1.3691385682874957 \cdot cosTheta\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (* cosTheta (+ 1.7724537588012759 (* -1.3691385682874957 cosTheta))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return cosTheta * (1.7724537588012759f + (-1.3691385682874957f * cosTheta));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = costheta * (1.7724537588012759e0 + ((-1.3691385682874957e0) * costheta))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(cosTheta * Float32(Float32(1.7724537588012759) + Float32(Float32(-1.3691385682874957) * cosTheta)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = cosTheta * (single(1.7724537588012759) + (single(-1.3691385682874957) * cosTheta));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \color{blue}{\frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)}\right) \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)\right)}\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\frac{16777216}{9465531} + \frac{-281474976710656}{89596277111961} \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{7311685}{16777216} + c\right)}\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-+.f32 95.5%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -3.141592327088772 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + \color{blue}{c}\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 95.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -3.141592327088772 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(0.435810387134552 + c\right)\right)\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in c around 0

   \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + \frac{-122669718568960}{89596277111961} \cdot \color{blue}{cosTheta}\right) \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -1.3691385682874957 \cdot cosTheta\right) \]

8. Applied rewrites 95.4%

   \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(1.7724537588012759 + -1.3691385682874957 \cdot \color{blue}{cosTheta}\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 92.9% accurate, 11.7× speedup

Math

\[1.7724537588012759 \cdot cosTheta \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 (* 1.7724537588012759 cosTheta))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.7724537588012759f * cosTheta;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.7724537588012759e0 * costheta
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.7724537588012759) * cosTheta)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.7724537588012759) * cosTheta;
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

2. Evaluated real constant 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{0.564189612865448} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{16777216}{9465531} \cdot cosTheta} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 92.9%

      \[\leadsto 1.7724537588012759 \cdot \color{blue}{cosTheta} \]

5. Applied rewrites 92.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1.7724537588012759 \cdot cosTheta} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025183 
(FPCore (cosTheta c)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, normalization factor"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (< 0.0 cosTheta) (< cosTheta 0.9999)) (and (< -1.0 c) (< c 1.0)))
  (/ 1.0 (+ (+ 1.0 c) (* (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt PI)) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta)) (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))