UniformSampleCone, x

Percentage Accurate: 57.4% → 99.2%

Time: 8.2s

Alternatives: 18

Speedup: 11.2×

Specification

\[\left(\left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq ux \land ux \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq uy \land uy \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(0 \leq maxCos \land maxCos \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Initial Program: 57.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Alternative 1: 99.2% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \pi + \pi, \pi \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sin (fma (- uy) (+ PI PI) (* PI 0.5)))
  (sqrt
   (fma
    ux
    2.0
    (*
     ux
     (- (- (* (- ux) (* (- 1.0 maxCos) (- 1.0 maxCos))) maxCos) maxCos))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sinf(fmaf(-uy, (((float) M_PI) + ((float) M_PI)), (((float) M_PI) * 0.5f))) * sqrtf(fmaf(ux, 2.0f, (ux * (((-ux * ((1.0f - maxCos) * (1.0f - maxCos))) - maxCos) - maxCos))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(sin(fma(Float32(-uy), Float32(Float32(pi) + Float32(pi)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(0.5)))) * sqrt(fma(ux, Float32(2.0), Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(-ux) * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos))) - maxCos) - maxCos)))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. associate--l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\right)} \]

   5. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2 + \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{2}, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   9. count-2-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \left(maxCos + maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. associate--r+ N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   11. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{2}, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-cos.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   2. cos-neg-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   3. sin-+PI/2-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower-sin.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   5. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi}\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \pi\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(uy\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)} + \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(uy\right), 2 \cdot \pi, \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-uy}, 2 \cdot \pi, \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   11. count-2-rev N/A

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \color{blue}{\pi + \pi}, \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   12. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \color{blue}{\pi + \pi}, \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   13. lift-PI.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \pi + \pi, \frac{\color{blue}{\pi}}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   14. mult-flip N/A

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \pi + \pi, \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   15. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \pi + \pi, \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 99.2

       \[\leadsto \sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \pi + \pi, \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

8. Applied rewrites 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-uy, \pi + \pi, \pi \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt
   (fma
    ux
    2.0
    (*
     ux
     (- (- (* (- ux) (* (- 1.0 maxCos) (- 1.0 maxCos))) maxCos) maxCos))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf(fmaf(ux, 2.0f, (ux * (((-ux * ((1.0f - maxCos) * (1.0f - maxCos))) - maxCos) - maxCos))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(fma(ux, Float32(2.0), Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(-ux) * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos))) - maxCos) - maxCos)))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. associate--l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\right)} \]

   5. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2 + \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{2}, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   9. count-2-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \left(maxCos + maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. associate--r+ N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   11. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{2}, ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(-ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\left(2 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right), maxCos - 1, maxCos + maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux} \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(uy + uy\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt
   (* (- 2.0 (fma (* ux (- maxCos 1.0)) (- maxCos 1.0) (+ maxCos maxCos))) ux))
  (cos (* PI (+ uy uy)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf(((2.0f - fmaf((ux * (maxCos - 1.0f)), (maxCos - 1.0f), (maxCos + maxCos))) * ux)) * cosf((((float) M_PI) * (uy + uy)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) - fma(Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0))), Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)), Float32(maxCos + maxCos))) * ux)) * cos(Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(uy + uy))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(2 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right), maxCos - 1, maxCos + maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux} \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(uy + uy\right)\right)} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 98.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\left(\left(2 - \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot ux, maxCos - 1, maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot ux} \cdot \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(\pi + \pi\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt
   (* (- (- 2.0 (fma (* (- maxCos 1.0) ux) (- maxCos 1.0) maxCos)) maxCos) ux))
  (cos (* uy (+ PI PI)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((((2.0f - fmaf(((maxCos - 1.0f) * ux), (maxCos - 1.0f), maxCos)) - maxCos) * ux)) * cosf((uy * (((float) M_PI) + ((float) M_PI))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) - fma(Float32(Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)) * ux), Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)), maxCos)) - maxCos) * ux)) * cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(pi) + Float32(pi)))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. count-2-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   4. associate--r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 - \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 - \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 - \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 98.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 - \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

8. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(2 - \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot ux, maxCos - 1, maxCos\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot ux} \cdot \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(\pi + \pi\right)\right)} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 98.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt (* ux (+ 2.0 (fma -1.0 ux (* maxCos (- (* 2.0 ux) 2.0))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f + fmaf(-1.0f, ux, (maxCos * ((2.0f * ux) - 2.0f))))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + fma(Float32(-1.0), ux, Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux) - Float32(2.0))))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux + maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-1 \cdot ux + \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 98.3

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt (* ux (- (- (- (+ 2.0 (* 2.0 (* maxCos ux))) ux) maxCos) maxCos)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * ((((2.0f + (2.0f * (maxCos * ux))) - ux) - maxCos) - maxCos)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(maxCos * ux))) - ux) - maxCos) - maxCos))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((ux * ((((single(2.0) + (single(2.0) * (maxCos * ux))) - ux) - maxCos) - maxCos)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. count-2-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   4. associate--r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 - \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   2. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 98.3

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

9. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\left(2 + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) - ux\right) - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 96.1% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;maxCos \leq 1.9999999494757503 \cdot 10^{-5}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= maxCos 1.9999999494757503e-5)
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 ux))))
   (sqrt
    (*
     ux
     (-
      (* -1.0 (* maxCos (* ux (* (- 1.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)) (- maxCos 1.0)))))
      (* maxCos (- 2.0 (* 2.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (maxCos <= 1.9999999494757503e-5f) {
		tmp = cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - ux)));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((ux * ((-1.0f * (maxCos * (ux * ((1.0f - (1.0f / maxCos)) * (maxCos - 1.0f))))) - (maxCos * (2.0f - (2.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (maxCos <= Float32(1.9999999494757503e-5))
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(-1.0) * Float32(maxCos * Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)) * Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)))))) - Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (maxCos <= single(1.9999999494757503e-5))
		tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) - ux)));
	else
		tmp = sqrt((ux * ((single(-1.0) * (maxCos * (ux * ((single(1.0) - (single(1.0) / maxCos)) * (maxCos - single(1.0)))))) - (maxCos * (single(2.0) - (single(2.0) * (single(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if maxCos < 1.99999995e-5

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

      3. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      8. lower-*.f32 99.0

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

      2. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

      3. count-2-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      4. associate--r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 - \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) - \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - \color{blue}{ux}\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f32 92.9

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 92.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - \color{blue}{ux}\right)} \]

   if 1.99999995e-5 < maxCos

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + ux \cdot maxCos\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      7. associate-+r- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      8. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      9. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      10. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \]

      11. lift-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \]

      12. sum-to-mult N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + \frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \]

      13. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      14. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      16. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      17. lower-/.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      19. lift-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

      20. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      21. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

      22. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

      23. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 44.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      5. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-/.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      9. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 79.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 79.5% accurate, 1.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (*
   ux
   (-
    (* -1.0 (* maxCos (* ux (* (- 1.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)) (- maxCos 1.0)))))
    (* maxCos (- 2.0 (* 2.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * ((-1.0f * (maxCos * (ux * ((1.0f - (1.0f / maxCos)) * (maxCos - 1.0f))))) - (maxCos * (2.0f - (2.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((ux * (((-1.0e0) * (maxcos * (ux * ((1.0e0 - (1.0e0 / maxcos)) * (maxcos - 1.0e0))))) - (maxcos * (2.0e0 - (2.0e0 * (1.0e0 / maxcos)))))))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(-1.0) * Float32(maxCos * Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)) * Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)))))) - Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((ux * ((single(-1.0) * (maxCos * (ux * ((single(1.0) - (single(1.0) / maxCos)) * (maxCos - single(1.0)))))) - (maxCos * (single(2.0) - (single(2.0) * (single(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 49.3

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + ux \cdot maxCos\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   7. associate-+r- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

   8. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

   9. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

   10. pow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \]

   11. lift-fma.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \]

   12. sum-to-mult N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + \frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \]

   13. associate-*l* N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   14. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   16. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   17. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{ux \cdot maxCos} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   18. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   19. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)} \]

   20. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   21. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

   22. associate-*r* N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   23. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 44.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{1 - ux}{maxCos \cdot ux} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   9. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]

9. Applied rewrites 79.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - \frac{1}{maxCos}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - maxCos \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 75.1% accurate, 1.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;ux \leq 0.00010650000331224874:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\left(1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)\right) - ux \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= ux 0.00010650000331224874)
   (sqrt (* -0.5 (* ux (* maxCos (- 4.0 (* 4.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)))))))
   (sqrt
    (-
     (-
      1.0
      (fma
       (fma maxCos ux 1.0)
       (fma maxCos ux 1.0)
       (* -2.0 (* (fma maxCos ux 1.0) ux))))
     (* ux ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (ux <= 0.00010650000331224874f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((-0.5f * (ux * (maxCos * (4.0f - (4.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(((1.0f - fmaf(fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f), fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f), (-2.0f * (fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f) * ux)))) - (ux * ux)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (ux <= Float32(0.00010650000331224874))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(Float32(4.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - fma(fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0)), fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0)), Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0)) * ux)))) - Float32(ux * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if ux < 1.06500003e-4

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around inf

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       2. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       4. lower-/.f32 64.4

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 64.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   if 1.06500003e-4 < ux

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. sub-square-pow N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left({\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)}^{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux\right)\right) + {ux}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left({\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)}^{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux\right)\right) + ux \cdot ux\right)} \]

      6. associate--r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(1 - \left({\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)}^{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)\right) - ux \cdot ux} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(1 - \left({\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)}^{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)\right) - ux \cdot ux} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 50.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)\right) - ux \cdot ux} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 75.0% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\\ \mathbf{if}\;ux \leq 0.00019999999494757503:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(t\_0 + t\_0 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (- (fma maxCos ux 1.0) ux)))
   (if (<= ux 0.00019999999494757503)
     (sqrt (* -0.5 (* ux (* maxCos (- 4.0 (* 4.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)))))))
     (sqrt (- 1.0 (+ t_0 (* t_0 (- (* maxCos ux) ux))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f) - ux;
	float tmp;
	if (ux <= 0.00019999999494757503f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((-0.5f * (ux * (maxCos * (4.0f - (4.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 + (t_0 * ((maxCos * ux) - ux)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0)) - ux)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (ux <= Float32(0.00019999999494757503))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(Float32(4.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 + Float32(t_0 * Float32(Float32(maxCos * ux) - ux)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if ux < 1.99999995e-4

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around inf

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       2. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       4. lower-/.f32 64.4

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 64.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   if 1.99999995e-4 < ux

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      3. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      4. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      5. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 + ux \cdot maxCos\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      8. associate-+r- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      9. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      10. lift-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      11. lift--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      12. lift-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)} \]

      13. associate--l+ N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)} \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot 1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right) + \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 74.7% accurate, 1.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_0 \leq 0.9997000098228455:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - \left(maxCos - \frac{-1}{ux}\right), ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right), 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_0) 0.9997000098228455)
     (sqrt
      (fma
       (- 1.0 (- maxCos (/ -1.0 ux)))
       (* ux (- (fma maxCos ux 1.0) ux))
       1.0))
     (sqrt (* -0.5 (* ux (* maxCos (- 4.0 (* 4.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos))))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	float tmp;
	if ((t_0 * t_0) <= 0.9997000098228455f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf((1.0f - (maxCos - (-1.0f / ux))), (ux * (fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f) - ux)), 1.0f));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((-0.5f * (ux * (maxCos * (4.0f - (4.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(t_0 * t_0) <= Float32(0.9997000098228455))
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(maxCos - Float32(Float32(-1.0) / ux))), Float32(ux * Float32(fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0)) - ux)), Float32(1.0)));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(Float32(4.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos))) < 0.99970001

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   8. Applied rewrites 50.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - \left(maxCos - \frac{-1}{ux}\right), ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right), 1\right)} \]

   if 0.99970001 < (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)))

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around inf

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       2. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       4. lower-/.f32 64.4

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 64.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 74.7% accurate, 2.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;ux \leq 0.0001500000071246177:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= ux 0.0001500000071246177)
   (sqrt (* -0.5 (* ux (* maxCos (- 4.0 (* 4.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)))))))
   (sqrt (fma (- (fma maxCos ux 1.0) ux) (- ux (fma maxCos ux 1.0)) 1.0))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (ux <= 0.0001500000071246177f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((-0.5f * (ux * (maxCos * (4.0f - (4.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf((fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f) - ux), (ux - fmaf(maxCos, ux, 1.0f)), 1.0f));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (ux <= Float32(0.0001500000071246177))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(Float32(4.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float32(fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0)) - ux), Float32(ux - fma(maxCos, ux, Float32(1.0))), Float32(1.0)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if ux < 1.50000007e-4

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around inf

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       2. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       4. lower-/.f32 64.4

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 64.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   if 1.50000007e-4 < ux

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. sub-flip N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      5. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      6. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 + \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      7. add-flip-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      8. sub-negate-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      9. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - \left(ux - ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      11. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      12. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

      13. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      14. lift--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      16. lift-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      17. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} \]

      18. lift-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 73.9% accurate, 2.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;ux \leq 0.0003150000120513141:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= ux 0.0003150000120513141)
   (sqrt (* -0.5 (* ux (* maxCos (- 4.0 (* 4.0 (/ 1.0 maxCos)))))))
   (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (- ux 1.0) (- ux 1.0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (ux <= 0.0003150000120513141f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((-0.5f * (ux * (maxCos * (4.0f - (4.0f * (1.0f / maxCos)))))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - ((ux - 1.0f) * (ux - 1.0f))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (ux <= 0.0003150000120513141e0) then
        tmp = sqrt(((-0.5e0) * (ux * (maxcos * (4.0e0 - (4.0e0 * (1.0e0 / maxcos)))))))
    else
        tmp = sqrt((1.0e0 - ((ux - 1.0e0) * (ux - 1.0e0))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (ux <= Float32(0.0003150000120513141))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(Float32(4.0) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)) * Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (ux <= single(0.0003150000120513141))
		tmp = sqrt((single(-0.5) * (ux * (maxCos * (single(4.0) - (single(4.0) * (single(1.0) / maxCos)))))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - ((ux - single(1.0)) * (ux - single(1.0)))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if ux < 3.15000012e-4

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around inf

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       2. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

       4. lower-/.f32 64.4

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 64.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(4 - 4 \cdot \frac{1}{maxCos}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   if 3.15000012e-4 < ux

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      7. add-flip-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      8. sub-negate-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      9. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      11. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}} \]

      12. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. sqr-neg-rev N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 48.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right)\right) \]

   7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f32 47.4

         \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 47.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lift-sin.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       2. lift-acos.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       3. sin-acos N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       4. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       5. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 47.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 47.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 14: 73.8% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_0 \leq 0.9993799924850464:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_0) 0.9993799924850464)
     (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (- ux 1.0) (- ux 1.0))))
     (sqrt (fma -2.0 (* maxCos ux) (* 2.0 ux))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	float tmp;
	if ((t_0 * t_0) <= 0.9993799924850464f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - ((ux - 1.0f) * (ux - 1.0f))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(-2.0f, (maxCos * ux), (2.0f * ux)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(t_0 * t_0) <= Float32(0.9993799924850464))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)) * Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float32(-2.0), Float32(maxCos * ux), Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos))) < 0.999379992

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      7. add-flip-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      8. sub-negate-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      9. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      11. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}} \]

      12. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. sqr-neg-rev N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 48.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right)\right) \]

   7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f32 47.4

         \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 47.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lift-sin.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       2. lift-acos.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       3. sin-acos N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       4. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       5. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 47.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 47.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}} \]

   if 0.999379992 < (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)))

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

       2. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 64.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 64.9%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 15: 73.5% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_0 \leq 0.9993799924850464:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(4, maxCos, -4\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot -0.5}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_0) 0.9993799924850464)
     (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (- ux 1.0) (- ux 1.0))))
     (sqrt (* (* (fma 4.0 maxCos -4.0) ux) -0.5)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	float tmp;
	if ((t_0 * t_0) <= 0.9993799924850464f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - ((ux - 1.0f) * (ux - 1.0f))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(((fmaf(4.0f, maxCos, -4.0f) * ux) * -0.5f));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(t_0 * t_0) <= Float32(0.9993799924850464))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)) * Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(fma(Float32(4.0), maxCos, Float32(-4.0)) * ux) * Float32(-0.5)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos))) < 0.999379992

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      7. add-flip-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      8. sub-negate-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      9. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      11. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}} \]

      12. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. sqr-neg-rev N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 48.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right)\right) \]

   7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f32 47.4

         \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 47.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lift-sin.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       2. lift-acos.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       3. sin-acos N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       4. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       5. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 47.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 47.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}} \]

   if 0.999379992 < (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)))

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lift-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

       2. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       3. lower-*.f32 64.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right) \cdot -0.5} \]

       4. lift-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       5. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 64.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot -0.5} \]

       7. lift--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       8. sub-flip N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\left(4 \cdot maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(4\right)\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       9. lift-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\left(4 \cdot maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(4\right)\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       10. lower-fma.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(4, maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(4\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} \]

       11. metadata-eval 64.9

           \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(4, maxCos, -4\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot -0.5} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 64.9%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(4, maxCos, -4\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot -0.5} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 16: 71.6% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_0 \leq 0.9995999932289124:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_0) 0.9995999932289124)
     (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (- ux 1.0) (- ux 1.0))))
     (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	float tmp;
	if ((t_0 * t_0) <= 0.9995999932289124f) {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - ((ux - 1.0f) * (ux - 1.0f))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    real(4) :: t_0
    real(4) :: tmp
    t_0 = (1.0e0 - ux) + (ux * maxcos)
    if ((t_0 * t_0) <= 0.9995999932289124e0) then
        tmp = sqrt((1.0e0 - ((ux - 1.0e0) * (ux - 1.0e0))))
    else
        tmp = sqrt((2.0e0 * ux))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(t_0 * t_0) <= Float32(0.9995999932289124))
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)) * Float32(ux - Float32(1.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if ((t_0 * t_0) <= single(0.9995999932289124))
		tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - ((ux - single(1.0)) * (ux - single(1.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt((single(2.0) * ux));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos))) < 0.999599993

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + \left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      7. add-flip-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos \cdot ux - ux\right)\right)\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      8. sub-negate-rev N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      9. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - \left(ux - ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

      11. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}} \]

      12. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. sqr-neg-rev N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 48.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right)\right) \]

   7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f32 47.4

         \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 47.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lift-sin.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       2. lift-acos.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin \cos^{-1} \left(ux - 1\right) \]

       3. sin-acos N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       4. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       5. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 47.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 47.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \left(ux - 1\right) \cdot \left(ux - 1\right)}} \]

   if 0.999599993 < (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)))

   1. Initial program 57.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 49.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 64.9

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-*.f32 62.3

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]

   12. Applied rewrites 62.3%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 17: 62.3% accurate, 11.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((2.0e0 * ux))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(2.0) * ux));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 49.3

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 49.1%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)} - \frac{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right) - ux\right)}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, ux, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 64.9

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

9. Applied rewrites 64.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-0.5 \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(4 \cdot maxCos - 4\right)\right)} \]

10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. lower-*.f32 62.3

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]

12. Applied rewrites 62.3%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 18: 6.6% accurate, 12.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - 1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (- 1.0 1.0)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - 1.0f));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((1.0e0 - 1.0e0))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(1.0)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - single(1.0)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 57.4%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 49.3

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 49.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - 1} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 6.6%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - 1} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025156 
(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
  :name "UniformSampleCone, x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 ux) (<= ux 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 uy) (<= uy 1.0))) (and (<= 0.0 maxCos) (<= maxCos 1.0)))
  (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)) (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)))))))