Given's Rotation SVD example

Percentage Accurate: 78.7% → 99.9%

Time: 5.1s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 0.8×

Specification

\[10^{-150} < \left|x\right| \land \left|x\right| < 10^{+150}\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x))))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	return sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(p, x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = sqrt((0.5d0 * (1.0d0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0d0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double p, double x) {
	return Math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / Math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
}

Python

def code(p, x):
	return math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))))

Julia

function code(p, x)
	return sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(p, x)
	tmp = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 78.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x))))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	return sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(p, x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = sqrt((0.5d0 * (1.0d0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0d0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double p, double x) {
	return Math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / Math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
}

Python

def code(p, x):
	return math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))))

Julia

function code(p, x)
	return sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(p, x)
	tmp = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.9% accurate, 0.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}\\ \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \frac{{t\_0}^{3} + {1}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, t\_0, 1 \cdot 1 - t\_0\right)}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ x (sqrt (fma (* p 4.0) p (* x x))))))
   (if (<=
        (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x)))))))
        2e-6)
     (fabs (/ p x))
     (sqrt
      (*
       0.5
       (/
        (+ (pow t_0 3.0) (pow 1.0 3.0))
        (fma t_0 t_0 (- (* 1.0 1.0) t_0))))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double t_0 = x / sqrt(fma((p * 4.0), p, (x * x)));
	double tmp;
	if (sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 2e-6) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt((0.5 * ((pow(t_0, 3.0) + pow(1.0, 3.0)) / fma(t_0, t_0, ((1.0 * 1.0) - t_0)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(p, x)
	t_0 = Float64(x / sqrt(fma(Float64(p * 4.0), p, Float64(x * x))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x))))))) <= 2e-6)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(Float64((t_0 ^ 3.0) + (1.0 ^ 3.0)) / fma(t_0, t_0, Float64(Float64(1.0 * 1.0) - t_0)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(p * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * p + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 2e-6], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(N[(N[Power[t$95$0, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[1.0, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0 + N[(N[(1.0 * 1.0), $MachinePrecision] - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 1.99999999999999991e-6

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 1.99999999999999991e-6 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} + 1\right)}} \]

      3. flip3-+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}^{3} + {1}^{3}}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} + \left(1 \cdot 1 - \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot 1\right)}}} \]

      4. lower-unsound-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}^{3} + {1}^{3}}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} + \left(1 \cdot 1 - \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot 1\right)}}} \]

   3. Applied rewrites 78.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}\right)}^{3} + {1}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, \frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, 1 \cdot 1 - \frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}\right)}}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.9% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p\\ \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{t\_0 + x \cdot x}}\right)} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, t\_0\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (* 4.0 p) p)))
   (if (<= (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ t_0 (* x x))))))) 2e-6)
     (fabs (/ p x))
     (sqrt (fma (/ x (sqrt (fma x x t_0))) 0.5 0.5)))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double t_0 = (4.0 * p) * p;
	double tmp;
	if (sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((t_0 + (x * x))))))) <= 2e-6) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt(fma((x / sqrt(fma(x, x, t_0))), 0.5, 0.5));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(p, x)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(t_0 + Float64(x * x))))))) <= 2e-6)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float64(x / sqrt(fma(x, x, t_0))), 0.5, 0.5));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(t$95$0 + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 2e-6], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(x * x + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 1.99999999999999991e-6

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 1.99999999999999991e-6 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}} \]

      2. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} + 1\right)}} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}}} \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 78.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]

      7. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      8. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p} + x \cdot x}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 78.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot p, p, x \cdot x\right)}}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]

      10. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{4 \cdot p}, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{p \cdot 4}, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      12. lower-*.f64 78.7

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{p \cdot 4}, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]

   3. Applied rewrites 78.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}\right)}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      2. lift-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(p \cdot 4\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot x + \left(p \cdot 4\right) \cdot p}}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      4. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \left(p \cdot 4\right) \cdot p\right)}}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      5. lower-*.f64 78.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \color{blue}{\left(p \cdot 4\right) \cdot p}\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]

      6. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \color{blue}{\left(p \cdot 4\right)} \cdot p\right)}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot p\right)} \cdot p\right)}}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

      8. lower-*.f64 78.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot p\right)} \cdot p\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 78.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p\right)}}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.9% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, x, 0.5\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x))))))) 2e-6)
   (fabs (/ p x))
   (sqrt (fma (/ 0.5 (sqrt (fma (* p 4.0) p (* x x)))) x 0.5))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 2e-6) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt(fma((0.5 / sqrt(fma((p * 4.0), p, (x * x)))), x, 0.5));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(p, x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x))))))) <= 2e-6)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float64(0.5 / sqrt(fma(Float64(p * 4.0), p, Float64(x * x)))), x, 0.5));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 2e-6], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(0.5 / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(p * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * p + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 1.99999999999999991e-6

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 1.99999999999999991e-6 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}} \]

      2. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} + 1\right)}} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}}} \]

      5. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]

      6. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{x \cdot \frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]

      7. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}} \cdot x + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}, x, \frac{1}{2}\right)}} \]

   3. Applied rewrites 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(p \cdot 4, p, x \cdot x\right)}}, x, 0.5\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 98.7% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.02:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.8:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, p, 0.25 \cdot x\right)}{p}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot 2}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x)))))))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.02)
     (fabs (/ p x))
     (if (<= t_0 0.8)
       (sqrt (/ (fma 0.5 p (* 0.25 x)) p))
       (sqrt (* 0.5 2.0))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
	double tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.02) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.8) {
		tmp = sqrt((fma(0.5, p, (0.25 * x)) / p));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt((0.5 * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(p, x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x)))))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_0 <= 0.02)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	elseif (t_0 <= 0.8)
		tmp = sqrt(Float64(fma(0.5, p, Float64(0.25 * x)) / p));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.02], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.8], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(0.5 * p + N[(0.25 * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / p), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.0200000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 0.0200000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.80000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in p around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{p}}} \]

      3. lower-/.f64 50.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.5 + 0.25 \cdot \frac{x}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 50.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5 + 0.25 \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{p}}} \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

      4. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\frac{1}{4} \cdot x}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

      5. add-to-fraction N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot p + \frac{1}{4} \cdot x}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

      6. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot p + \frac{1}{4} \cdot x}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

      7. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, p, \frac{1}{4} \cdot x\right)}{p}} \]

      8. lower-*.f64 50.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, p, 0.25 \cdot x\right)}{p}} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 50.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, p, 0.25 \cdot x\right)}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

   if 0.80000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

   4. Applied rewrites 35.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 98.7% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.02:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.8:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{p}, 0.25, 0.5\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot 2}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x)))))))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.02)
     (fabs (/ p x))
     (if (<= t_0 0.8) (sqrt (fma (/ x p) 0.25 0.5)) (sqrt (* 0.5 2.0))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
	double tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.02) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.8) {
		tmp = sqrt(fma((x / p), 0.25, 0.5));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt((0.5 * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(p, x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x)))))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_0 <= 0.02)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	elseif (t_0 <= 0.8)
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float64(x / p), 0.25, 0.5));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.02], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.8], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x / p), $MachinePrecision] * 0.25 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.0200000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 0.0200000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.80000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in p around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{p}}} \]

      3. lower-/.f64 50.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.5 + 0.25 \cdot \frac{x}{\color{blue}{p}}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 50.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5 + 0.25 \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p}}} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]

      3. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{p} + \frac{1}{2}} \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{x}{p} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2}} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 50.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{p}, \color{blue}{0.25}, 0.5\right)} \]

   6. Applied rewrites 50.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{p}, 0.25, 0.5\right)}} \]

   if 0.80000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

   4. Applied rewrites 35.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.4% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.02:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.8:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot 2}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x)))))))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.02)
     (fabs (/ p x))
     (if (<= t_0 0.8) (sqrt 0.5) (sqrt (* 0.5 2.0))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
	double tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.02) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.8) {
		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt((0.5 * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(p, x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt((0.5d0 * (1.0d0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0d0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))))
    if (t_0 <= 0.02d0) then
        tmp = abs((p / x))
    else if (t_0 <= 0.8d0) then
        tmp = sqrt(0.5d0)
    else
        tmp = sqrt((0.5d0 * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double p, double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / Math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
	double tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.02) {
		tmp = Math.abs((p / x));
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.8) {
		tmp = Math.sqrt(0.5);
	} else {
		tmp = Math.sqrt((0.5 * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(p, x):
	t_0 = math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))))
	tmp = 0
	if t_0 <= 0.02:
		tmp = math.fabs((p / x))
	elif t_0 <= 0.8:
		tmp = math.sqrt(0.5)
	else:
		tmp = math.sqrt((0.5 * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(p, x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x)))))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_0 <= 0.02)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	elseif (t_0 <= 0.8)
		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(p, x)
	t_0 = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x)))))));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (t_0 <= 0.02)
		tmp = abs((p / x));
	elseif (t_0 <= 0.8)
		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
	else
		tmp = sqrt((0.5 * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.02], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.8], N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.0200000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 0.0200000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.80000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in p around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

   4. Applied rewrites 55.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5}} \]

   if 0.80000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

   4. Applied rewrites 35.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 79.2% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \leq 0.02:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|\frac{p}{x}\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x))))))) 0.02)
   (fabs (/ p x))
   (sqrt 0.5)))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 0.02) {
		tmp = fabs((p / x));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(p, x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (sqrt((0.5d0 * (1.0d0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0d0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 0.02d0) then
        tmp = abs((p / x))
    else
        tmp = sqrt(0.5d0)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double p, double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (Math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / Math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 0.02) {
		tmp = Math.abs((p / x));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.sqrt(0.5);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(p, x):
	tmp = 0
	if math.sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / math.sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 0.02:
		tmp = math.fabs((p / x))
	else:
		tmp = math.sqrt(0.5)
	return tmp

Julia

function code(p, x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(x / sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * p) * p) + Float64(x * x))))))) <= 0.02)
		tmp = abs(Float64(p / x));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(p, x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 + (x / sqrt((((4.0 * p) * p) + (x * x))))))) <= 0.02)
		tmp = abs((p / x));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 + N[(x / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(4.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] * p), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 0.02], N[Abs[N[(p / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x))))))) < 0.0200000000000000004

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{x}} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

      4. lower-pow.f64 18.6

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      4. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}} \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      6. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{{p}^{2}}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{p \cdot p}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)} \]

      8. rem-sqrt-square N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right)} \]

      9. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{-x} \]

      10. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      11. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{e^{\log \left(-x\right)}} \]

      12. exp-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      13. lift-log.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|e^{\log \left(-x\right)}\right|} \]

      14. rem-exp-log N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|-x\right|} \]

      15. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right|} \]

      16. neg-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left|p\right|}{\left|x\right|} \]

      17. div-fabs N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      18. lower-fabs.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

      19. lower-/.f64 29.4

          \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   6. Applied rewrites 29.4%

      \[\leadsto \left|\frac{p}{x}\right| \]

   if 0.0200000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 1/2 binary64) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) p) p) (*.f64 x x)))))))

   1. Initial program 78.7%

      \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in p around inf

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

   4. Applied rewrites 55.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 55.2% accurate, 9.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{0.5} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x) :precision binary64 (sqrt 0.5))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	return sqrt(0.5);
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(p, x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = sqrt(0.5d0)
end function

Java

public static double code(double p, double x) {
	return Math.sqrt(0.5);
}

Python

def code(p, x):
	return math.sqrt(0.5)

Julia

function code(p, x)
	return sqrt(0.5)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(p, x)
	tmp = sqrt(0.5);
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 78.7%

   \[\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x}{\sqrt{\left(4 \cdot p\right) \cdot p + x \cdot x}}\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in p around inf

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

4. Applied rewrites 55.2%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5}} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 78.7% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{0.5 + \frac{\mathsf{copysign}\left(0.5, x\right)}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \frac{2 \cdot p}{x}\right)}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (p x)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt (+ 0.5 (/ (copysign 0.5 x) (hypot 1.0 (/ (* 2.0 p) x))))))

C

double code(double p, double x) {
	return sqrt((0.5 + (copysign(0.5, x) / hypot(1.0, ((2.0 * p) / x)))));
}

Java

public static double code(double p, double x) {
	return Math.sqrt((0.5 + (Math.copySign(0.5, x) / Math.hypot(1.0, ((2.0 * p) / x)))));
}

Python

def code(p, x):
	return math.sqrt((0.5 + (math.copysign(0.5, x) / math.hypot(1.0, ((2.0 * p) / x)))))

Julia

function code(p, x)
	return sqrt(Float64(0.5 + Float64(copysign(0.5, x) / hypot(1.0, Float64(Float64(2.0 * p) / x)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(p, x)
	tmp = sqrt((0.5 + ((sign(x) * abs(0.5)) / hypot(1.0, ((2.0 * p) / x)))));
end

Wolfram

code[p_, x_] := N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 + N[(N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[0.5], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + N[(N[(2.0 * p), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025154 
(FPCore (p x)
  :name "Given's Rotation SVD example"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (< 1e-150 (fabs x)) (< (fabs x) 1e+150))

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform c (sqrt (+ 1/2 (/ (copysign 1/2 x) (hypot 1 (/ (* 2 p) x))))))

  (sqrt (* 0.5 (+ 1.0 (/ x (sqrt (+ (* (* 4.0 p) p) (* x x))))))))