UniformSampleCone, x

Percentage Accurate: 56.8% → 99.0%

Time: 4.1s

Alternatives: 13

Speedup: 1.2×

Specification

\[\left(\left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq ux \land ux \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq uy \land uy \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(0 \leq maxCos \land maxCos \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Initial Program: 56.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt
   (*
    ux
    (+
     2.0
     (fma -2.0 maxCos (* ux (- (* maxCos (+ 2.0 (* -1.0 maxCos))) 1.0))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f + fmaf(-2.0f, maxCos, (ux * ((maxCos * (2.0f + (-1.0f * maxCos))) - 1.0f))))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + fma(Float32(-2.0), maxCos, Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(Float32(-1.0) * maxCos))) - Float32(1.0))))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux + maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-1 \cdot ux + \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)}\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

10. Applied rewrites 99.0%

    \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, ux \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt (* ux (+ 2.0 (fma -1.0 ux (* maxCos (- (* 2.0 ux) 2.0))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f + fmaf(-1.0f, ux, (maxCos * ((2.0f * ux) - 2.0f))))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + fma(Float32(-1.0), ux, Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux) - Float32(2.0))))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux + maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-1 \cdot ux + \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 98.3

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.5% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot -2\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt (* ux (+ 2.0 (fma -1.0 ux (* maxCos -2.0)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f + fmaf(-1.0f, ux, (maxCos * -2.0f)))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + fma(Float32(-1.0), ux, Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0)))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux + maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-1 \cdot ux + \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right) + 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, maxCos \cdot ux, 2 \cdot ux\right) - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot -2\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 97.5%

    \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, ux, maxCos \cdot -2\right)\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 92.9% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (* ux (+ 2.0 (* -1.0 ux))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f + (-1.0f * ux))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(Float32(-1.0) * ux)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) + (single(-1.0) * ux))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

   3. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - \color{blue}{2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   6. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 99.0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot ux}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{ux}\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 92.9

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 92.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot ux}\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 86.9% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \leq 0.02500000037252903:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1 \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))) (t_1 (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))))
   (if (<= (* t_1 (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0)))) 0.02500000037252903)
     (* t_1 (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 (* 2.0 maxCos)))))
     (sqrt
      (-
       1.0
       (+
        1.0
        (* ux (- (fma 2.0 maxCos (* ux (pow (- maxCos 1.0) 2.0))) 2.0))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	float t_1 = cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI)));
	float tmp;
	if ((t_1 * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)))) <= 0.02500000037252903f) {
		tmp = t_1 * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - (2.0f * maxCos))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + (ux * (fmaf(2.0f, maxCos, (ux * powf((maxCos - 1.0f), 2.0f))) - 2.0f)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	t_1 = cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(t_1 * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0)))) <= Float32(0.02500000037252903))
		tmp = Float32(t_1 * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(Float32(2.0) * maxCos)))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(fma(Float32(2.0), maxCos, Float32(ux * (Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)) ^ Float32(2.0)))) - Float32(2.0))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32))) (sqrt.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)))))) < 0.0250000004

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - \color{blue}{2 \cdot maxCos}\right)} \]

      3. lower-*.f32 77.0

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{maxCos}\right)} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 77.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   if 0.0250000004 < (*.f32 (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32))) (sqrt.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) (*.f32 (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos)) (+.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) ux) (*.f32 ux maxCos))))))

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 48.8

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      5. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      6. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      7. lift-*.f32 51.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 51.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 54.9% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.9991999864578247:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot -2\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.9991999864578247)
     (* t_0 (sqrt (- 1.0 (+ 1.0 (* ux -2.0)))))
     (sqrt
      (-
       1.0
       (+
        1.0
        (* ux (- (fma 2.0 maxCos (* ux (pow (- maxCos 1.0) 2.0))) 2.0))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI)));
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.9991999864578247f) {
		tmp = t_0 * sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + (ux * -2.0f))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + (ux * (fmaf(2.0f, maxCos, (ux * powf((maxCos - 1.0f), 2.0f))) - 2.0f)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(0.9991999864578247))
		tmp = Float32(t_0 * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(-2.0))))));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(fma(Float32(2.0), maxCos, Float32(ux * (Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)) ^ Float32(2.0)))) - Float32(2.0))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32))) < 0.999199986

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)}\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - \color{blue}{2}\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 44.6

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 44.6%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot -2\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 43.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot -2\right)} \]

   if 0.999199986 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32)))

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      2. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      5. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 48.8

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      5. lift-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      6. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

      7. lift-*.f32 51.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 51.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 51.3% accurate, 1.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (-
   1.0
   (+ 1.0 (* ux (- (fma 2.0 maxCos (* ux (pow (- maxCos 1.0) 2.0))) 2.0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + (ux * (fmaf(2.0f, maxCos, (ux * powf((maxCos - 1.0f), 2.0f))) - 2.0f)))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(fma(Float32(2.0), maxCos, Float32(ux * (Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)) ^ Float32(2.0)))) - Float32(2.0))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   5. lift-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

   7. lift-*.f32 51.3

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 51.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, maxCos, ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - 2\right)\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 48.9% accurate, 2.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}^{2}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt (- 1.0 (pow (+ 1.0 (* ux (- maxCos 1.0))) 2.0))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - powf((1.0f + (ux * (maxCos - 1.0f))), 2.0f)));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((1.0e0 - ((1.0e0 + (ux * (maxcos - 1.0e0))) ** 2.0e0)))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - (Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(maxCos - Float32(1.0)))) ^ Float32(2.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - ((single(1.0) + (ux * (maxCos - single(1.0)))) ^ single(2.0))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}^{2}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lift--.f32 48.9

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}^{2}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 48.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 + ux \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}^{2}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 47.4% accurate, 2.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (- 1.0 (pow (- 1.0 ux) 2.0))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - powf((1.0f - ux), 2.0f)));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((1.0e0 - ((1.0e0 - ux) ** 2.0e0)))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - (Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) ^ Float32(2.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - ((single(1.0) - ux) ^ single(2.0))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower--.f32 47.4

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 47.4%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 40.5% accurate, 3.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, ux, 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt (- 1.0 (+ 1.0 (fma -2.0 ux (* 2.0 (* maxCos ux)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + fmaf(-2.0f, ux, (2.0f * (maxCos * ux))))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + fma(Float32(-2.0), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(maxCos * ux))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lift-+.f32 40.5

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 40.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \left(-2 \cdot ux + 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, ux, 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, ux, 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 40.5

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, ux, 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)} \]

10. Applied rewrites 40.5%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, ux, 2 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 40.5% accurate, 4.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt (- 1.0 (+ 1.0 (* ux (- (* 2.0 maxCos) 2.0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + (ux * ((2.0f * maxCos) - 2.0f)))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((1.0e0 - (1.0e0 + (ux * ((2.0e0 * maxcos) - 2.0e0)))))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * maxCos) - Float32(2.0))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - (single(1.0) + (ux * ((single(2.0) * maxCos) - single(2.0))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lift-+.f32 40.5

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 40.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 39.9% accurate, 6.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot -2\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (- 1.0 (+ 1.0 (* ux -2.0)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - (1.0f + (ux * -2.0f))));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((1.0e0 - (1.0e0 + (ux * (-2.0e0)))))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(ux * Float32(-2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - (single(1.0) + (ux * single(-2.0)))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lift-+.f32 40.5

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 40.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right)\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot -2\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 39.9%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left(1 + ux \cdot -2\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 6.6% accurate, 12.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - 1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (- 1.0 1.0)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((1.0f - 1.0f));
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((1.0e0 - 1.0e0))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(1.0)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(1.0) - single(1.0)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.8%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

2. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   3. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 48.8

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - 1} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 6.6%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - 1} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025129 
(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
  :name "UniformSampleCone, x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 ux) (<= ux 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 uy) (<= uy 1.0))) (and (<= 0.0 maxCos) (<= maxCos 1.0)))
  (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)) (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)))))))