Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle

Percentage Accurate: 60.1% → 96.0%
Time: 6.4s
Alternatives: 15
Speedup: 1.9×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\ R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))))
   (* R (sqrt (+ (* t_0 t_0) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2)))))))
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0d0))
    code = r * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
end function
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))
	return R * math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))
	return Float64(R * sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + Float64(Float64(phi1 - phi2) * Float64(phi1 - phi2)))))
end
function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	tmp = R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
end
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\
R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 15 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 60.1% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\ R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))))
   (* R (sqrt (+ (* t_0 t_0) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2)))))))
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0d0))
    code = r * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
end function
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))
	return R * math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))
	return Float64(R * sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + Float64(Float64(phi1 - phi2) * Float64(phi1 - phi2)))))
end
function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	tmp = R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
end
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\
R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 96.0% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.3 \cdot 10^{-5}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= phi1 -1.3e-5)
   (* (hypot (- phi1 phi2) (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)
   (* (hypot (- phi1 phi2) (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)))
assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi1 <= -1.3e-5) {
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	} else {
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	}
	return tmp;
}
assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi1 <= -1.3e-5) {
		tmp = Math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	}
	return tmp;
}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	tmp = 0
	if phi1 <= -1.3e-5:
		tmp = math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
	else:
		tmp = math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
	return tmp
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (phi1 <= -1.3e-5)
		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(phi1 - phi2), Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
	else
		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(phi1 - phi2), Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
	end
	return tmp
end
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (phi1 <= -1.3e-5)
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	else
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi1, -1.3e-5], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.3 \cdot 10^{-5}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if phi1 < -1.29999999999999992e-5

    1. Initial program 54.8%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
    2. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      3. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
    3. Applied rewrites93.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
    4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f6493.1

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    6. Applied rewrites93.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]

    if -1.29999999999999992e-5 < phi1

    1. Initial program 64.4%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
    2. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      3. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
    3. Applied rewrites98.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
    4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f6498.2

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    6. Applied rewrites98.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 95.9% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \end{array} \]
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (hypot (- phi1 phi2) (* (cos (/ (+ phi2 phi1) 2.0)) (- lambda1 lambda2)))
  R))
assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
}
assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return Math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (Math.cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (math.cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(hypot(Float64(phi1 - phi2), Float64(cos(Float64(Float64(phi2 + phi1) / 2.0)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R)
end
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
end
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(N[Sqrt[N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(N[(phi2 + phi1), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
\\
\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 60.1%

    \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
    2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
    3. lift-+.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
  3. Applied rewrites96.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 90.4% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+172}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= lambda1 -2e+172)
   (* (hypot (- phi1 phi2) (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) lambda1)) R)
   (* (hypot (- phi1 phi2) (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)))
assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (lambda1 <= -2e+172) {
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R;
	} else {
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	}
	return tmp;
}
assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (lambda1 <= -2e+172) {
		tmp = Math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	}
	return tmp;
}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	tmp = 0
	if lambda1 <= -2e+172:
		tmp = math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R
	else:
		tmp = math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
	return tmp
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (lambda1 <= -2e+172)
		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(phi1 - phi2), Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R);
	else
		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(phi1 - phi2), Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
	end
	return tmp
end
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (lambda1 <= -2e+172)
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R;
	else
		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[lambda1, -2e+172], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda1), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+172}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot R\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if lambda1 < -2.0000000000000002e172

    1. Initial program 45.3%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
    2. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      3. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
    3. Applied rewrites91.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
    4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f6481.2

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    6. Applied rewrites81.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    7. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right) \cdot R \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites77.5%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right) \cdot R \]

      if -2.0000000000000002e172 < lambda1

      1. Initial program 62.0%

        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
        2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
        3. lift-+.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      3. Applied rewrites96.5%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
      4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lower-*.f6491.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
      6. Applied rewrites91.9%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
    9. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
    10. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 4: 90.3% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 0.00045:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
     :precision binary64
     (if (<= phi2 0.00045)
       (* (hypot phi1 (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)
       (* (hypot (- phi1 phi2) (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) lambda1)) R)))
    assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
    double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
    	double tmp;
    	if (phi2 <= 0.00045) {
    		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
    	} else {
    		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R;
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
    public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
    	double tmp;
    	if (phi2 <= 0.00045) {
    		tmp = Math.hypot(phi1, (Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
    	} else {
    		tmp = Math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R;
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
    def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
    	tmp = 0
    	if phi2 <= 0.00045:
    		tmp = math.hypot(phi1, (math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
    	else:
    		tmp = math.hypot((phi1 - phi2), (math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R
    	return tmp
    
    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
    function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    	tmp = 0.0
    	if (phi2 <= 0.00045)
    		tmp = Float64(hypot(phi1, Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
    	else
    		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(phi1 - phi2), Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R);
    	end
    	return tmp
    end
    
    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
    function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    	tmp = 0.0;
    	if (phi2 <= 0.00045)
    		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
    	else
    		tmp = hypot((phi1 - phi2), (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda1)) * R;
    	end
    	tmp_2 = tmp;
    end
    
    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 0.00045], N[(N[Sqrt[phi1 ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda1), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 0.00045:\\
    \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\
    
    \mathbf{else}:\\
    \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot R\\
    
    
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Split input into 2 regimes
    2. if phi2 < 4.4999999999999999e-4

      1. Initial program 63.9%

        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
        2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
        3. lift-+.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      3. Applied rewrites98.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
      4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lower-*.f6497.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
      6. Applied rewrites97.9%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
      7. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
      8. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites95.2%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]

        if 4.4999999999999999e-4 < phi2

        1. Initial program 54.9%

          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
        2. Step-by-step derivation
          1. lift-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
          2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
          3. lift-+.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
        3. Applied rewrites93.2%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
        4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
        5. Step-by-step derivation
          1. lower-*.f6493.1

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
        6. Applied rewrites93.1%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
        7. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around inf

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right) \cdot R \]
        8. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites83.7%

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right) \cdot R \]
        9. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        10. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 5: 87.4% accurate, 1.6× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 3.6 \cdot 10^{-70}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.2 \cdot 10^{+97}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= phi2 3.6e-70)
           (* (hypot phi1 (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)
           (if (<= phi2 2.2e+97)
             (* (hypot phi1 (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)
             (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1))))))
        assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
        double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (phi2 <= 3.6e-70) {
        		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
        	} else if (phi2 <= 2.2e+97) {
        		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
        	} else {
        		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
        public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (phi2 <= 3.6e-70) {
        		tmp = Math.hypot(phi1, (Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
        	} else if (phi2 <= 2.2e+97) {
        		tmp = Math.hypot(phi1, (Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
        	} else {
        		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
        def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
        	tmp = 0
        	if phi2 <= 3.6e-70:
        		tmp = math.hypot(phi1, (math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
        	elif phi2 <= 2.2e+97:
        		tmp = math.hypot(phi1, (math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
        	else:
        		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1))
        	return tmp
        
        R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
        function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (phi2 <= 3.6e-70)
        		tmp = Float64(hypot(phi1, Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
        	elseif (phi2 <= 2.2e+97)
        		tmp = Float64(hypot(phi1, Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
        	else
        		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)));
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
        function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if (phi2 <= 3.6e-70)
        		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
        	elseif (phi2 <= 2.2e+97)
        		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
        	else
        		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 3.6e-70], N[(N[Sqrt[phi1 ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[phi2, 2.2e+97], N[(N[Sqrt[phi1 ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 3.6 \cdot 10^{-70}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\
        
        \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.2 \cdot 10^{+97}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 3 regimes
        2. if phi2 < 3.6000000000000002e-70

          1. Initial program 63.3%

            \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
          2. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lift-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
            2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
            3. lift-+.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
          3. Applied rewrites97.8%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
          4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
          5. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lower-*.f6497.8

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
          6. Applied rewrites97.8%

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
          7. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
          8. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites96.3%

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]

            if 3.6000000000000002e-70 < phi2 < 2.2000000000000001e97

            1. Initial program 68.1%

              \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
            2. Step-by-step derivation
              1. lift-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
              2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
              3. lift-+.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
            3. Applied rewrites94.1%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
            4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
            5. Step-by-step derivation
              1. lower-*.f6491.2

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
            6. Applied rewrites91.2%

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
            7. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
            8. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites73.0%

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]

              if 2.2000000000000001e97 < phi2

              1. Initial program 49.5%

                \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
              2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
              3. Step-by-step derivation
                1. associate-*r*N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                2. mul-1-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                3. lower-*.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                5. +-commutativeN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                6. lower-+.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                7. associate-*r/N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                8. mul-1-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                9. lower-/.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                10. lower-neg.f6466.6

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
              4. Applied rewrites66.6%

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
              5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
              6. Step-by-step derivation
                1. lower-+.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                2. lower-*.f6482.2

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
              7. Applied rewrites82.2%

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
            9. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
            10. Add Preprocessing

            Alternative 6: 85.9% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

            \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 12.5:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
            (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
             :precision binary64
             (if (<= phi2 12.5)
               (* (hypot phi1 (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (- lambda1 lambda2))) R)
               (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1)))))
            assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
            double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
            	double tmp;
            	if (phi2 <= 12.5) {
            		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
            	} else {
            		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
            	}
            	return tmp;
            }
            
            assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
            public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
            	double tmp;
            	if (phi2 <= 12.5) {
            		tmp = Math.hypot(phi1, (Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
            	} else {
            		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
            	}
            	return tmp;
            }
            
            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
            def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
            	tmp = 0
            	if phi2 <= 12.5:
            		tmp = math.hypot(phi1, (math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R
            	else:
            		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1))
            	return tmp
            
            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
            function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
            	tmp = 0.0
            	if (phi2 <= 12.5)
            		tmp = Float64(hypot(phi1, Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2))) * R);
            	else
            		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)));
            	end
            	return tmp
            end
            
            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
            function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
            	tmp = 0.0;
            	if (phi2 <= 12.5)
            		tmp = hypot(phi1, (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * (lambda1 - lambda2))) * R;
            	else
            		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
            	end
            	tmp_2 = tmp;
            end
            
            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
            code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 12.5], N[(N[Sqrt[phi1 ^ 2 + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
            
            \begin{array}{l}
            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
            \\
            \begin{array}{l}
            \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 12.5:\\
            \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R\\
            
            \mathbf{else}:\\
            \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
            
            
            \end{array}
            \end{array}
            
            Derivation
            1. Split input into 2 regimes
            2. if phi2 < 12.5

              1. Initial program 64.0%

                \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
              2. Step-by-step derivation
                1. lift-*.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                2. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                3. lift-+.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
              3. Applied rewrites97.9%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R} \]
              4. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
              5. Step-by-step derivation
                1. lower-*.f6497.6

                  \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
              6. Applied rewrites97.6%

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
              7. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]
              8. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites94.8%

                  \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot R \]

                if 12.5 < phi2

                1. Initial program 54.7%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  2. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  7. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  8. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  9. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  10. lower-neg.f6461.7

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites61.7%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                  2. lower-*.f6473.5

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
                7. Applied rewrites73.5%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
              9. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              10. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 7: 63.5% accurate, 1.9× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 \leq -4.3 \cdot 10^{+105}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{0.5 - -0.5 \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= lambda1 -4.3e+105)
                 (* -1.0 (* (* R lambda1) (sqrt (- 0.5 (* -0.5 (cos (+ phi1 phi2)))))))
                 (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1)))))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda1 <= -4.3e+105) {
              		tmp = -1.0 * ((R * lambda1) * sqrt((0.5 - (-0.5 * cos((phi1 + phi2))))));
              	} else {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (lambda1 <= (-4.3d+105)) then
                      tmp = (-1.0d0) * ((r * lambda1) * sqrt((0.5d0 - ((-0.5d0) * cos((phi1 + phi2))))))
                  else
                      tmp = r * (phi2 + ((-1.0d0) * phi1))
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda1 <= -4.3e+105) {
              		tmp = -1.0 * ((R * lambda1) * Math.sqrt((0.5 - (-0.5 * Math.cos((phi1 + phi2))))));
              	} else {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	tmp = 0
              	if lambda1 <= -4.3e+105:
              		tmp = -1.0 * ((R * lambda1) * math.sqrt((0.5 - (-0.5 * math.cos((phi1 + phi2))))))
              	else:
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1))
              	return tmp
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (lambda1 <= -4.3e+105)
              		tmp = Float64(-1.0 * Float64(Float64(R * lambda1) * sqrt(Float64(0.5 - Float64(-0.5 * cos(Float64(phi1 + phi2)))))));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)));
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (lambda1 <= -4.3e+105)
              		tmp = -1.0 * ((R * lambda1) * sqrt((0.5 - (-0.5 * cos((phi1 + phi2))))));
              	else
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[lambda1, -4.3e+105], N[(-1.0 * N[(N[(R * lambda1), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 - N[(-0.5 * N[Cos[N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 \leq -4.3 \cdot 10^{+105}:\\
              \;\;\;\;-1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{0.5 - -0.5 \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right)\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if lambda1 < -4.3000000000000002e105

                1. Initial program 50.5%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                  2. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)} + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  3. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  4. lift--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  5. lift-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  6. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_1 + \phi_2}}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  7. lift-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  8. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)} + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  9. lift--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  10. lift-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  11. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_1 + \phi_2}}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  12. lift-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  13. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                  14. lift--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  15. lift--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                3. Applied rewrites50.4%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2, \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right)\right)\right)}} \]
                4. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}} \]
                5. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}} \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}} \]
                  3. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)} \]
                  4. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)} \]
                  5. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)} \]
                  6. lower-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)} \]
                  7. lower-+.f640.6

                    \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)} \]
                6. Applied rewrites0.6%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}} \]
                7. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right)} \]
                8. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right)} \]
                  2. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}}\right) \]
                  3. lift-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  5. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  6. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  7. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  8. lift-*.f6469.9

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}}\right) \]
                  9. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  10. lift-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  11. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  12. lift-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                  13. fp-cancel-sign-sub-invN/A

                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right) \]
                9. Applied rewrites69.9%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \sqrt{0.5 - -0.5 \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)}\right)} \]

                if -4.3000000000000002e105 < lambda1

                1. Initial program 62.0%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  2. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  7. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  8. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  9. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  10. lower-neg.f6456.6

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites56.6%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                  2. lower-*.f6462.2

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
                7. Applied rewrites62.2%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 8: 58.9% accurate, 2.2× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_2 \leq 8.2 \cdot 10^{+94}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= lambda2 8.2e+94)
                 (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1)))
                 (* R (* (cos (* 0.5 (+ phi2 phi1))) lambda2))))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda2 <= 8.2e+94) {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	} else {
              		tmp = R * (cos((0.5 * (phi2 + phi1))) * lambda2);
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (lambda2 <= 8.2d+94) then
                      tmp = r * (phi2 + ((-1.0d0) * phi1))
                  else
                      tmp = r * (cos((0.5d0 * (phi2 + phi1))) * lambda2)
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda2 <= 8.2e+94) {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	} else {
              		tmp = R * (Math.cos((0.5 * (phi2 + phi1))) * lambda2);
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	tmp = 0
              	if lambda2 <= 8.2e+94:
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1))
              	else:
              		tmp = R * (math.cos((0.5 * (phi2 + phi1))) * lambda2)
              	return tmp
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (lambda2 <= 8.2e+94)
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * Float64(phi2 + phi1))) * lambda2));
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (lambda2 <= 8.2e+94)
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	else
              		tmp = R * (cos((0.5 * (phi2 + phi1))) * lambda2);
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[lambda2, 8.2e+94], N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(phi2 + phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_2 \leq 8.2 \cdot 10^{+94}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right)\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if lambda2 < 8.20000000000000061e94

                1. Initial program 62.6%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  2. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  7. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  8. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  9. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  10. lower-neg.f6456.1

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites56.1%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                  2. lower-*.f6461.4

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
                7. Applied rewrites61.4%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]

                if 8.20000000000000061e94 < lambda2

                1. Initial program 48.3%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in lambda2 around inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_2}\right) \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_2}\right) \]
                  3. lower-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right) \]
                  4. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f6444.5

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites44.5%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 9: 58.7% accurate, 4.8× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_2 \leq 8.5 \cdot 10^{+69}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \frac{R}{\phi_2}, \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= lambda2 8.5e+69)
                 (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1)))
                 (* (* phi1 (fma -1.0 (/ R phi2) (/ R phi1))) phi2)))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda2 <= 8.5e+69) {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	} else {
              		tmp = (phi1 * fma(-1.0, (R / phi2), (R / phi1))) * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (lambda2 <= 8.5e+69)
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(Float64(phi1 * fma(-1.0, Float64(R / phi2), Float64(R / phi1))) * phi2);
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[lambda2, 8.5e+69], N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(phi1 * N[(-1.0 * N[(R / phi2), $MachinePrecision] + N[(R / phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * phi2), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_2 \leq 8.5 \cdot 10^{+69}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \frac{R}{\phi_2}, \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if lambda2 < 8.5000000000000002e69

                1. Initial program 62.7%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  2. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  7. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  8. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  9. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  10. lower-neg.f6456.2

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites56.2%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                  2. lower-*.f6461.6

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
                7. Applied rewrites61.6%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]

                if 8.5000000000000002e69 < lambda2

                1. Initial program 49.3%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\phi_2 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  3. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  4. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  5. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  6. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  7. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  8. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  9. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  10. lower-*.f6443.3

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                4. Applied rewrites43.3%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

                  \[\leadsto \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R}{\phi_2} + \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R}{\phi_2} + \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  2. lower-fma.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\phi_1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \frac{R}{\phi_2}, \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  3. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\phi_1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \frac{R}{\phi_2}, \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  4. lower-/.f6446.7

                    \[\leadsto \left(\phi_1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \frac{R}{\phi_2}, \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                7. Applied rewrites46.7%

                  \[\leadsto \left(\phi_1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \frac{R}{\phi_2}, \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 10: 58.5% accurate, 5.4× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -4.6 \cdot 10^{+108}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - 1\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= phi1 -4.6e+108)
                 (* R (* phi1 (- (/ phi2 phi1) 1.0)))
                 (* (* -1.0 (* R (- (/ phi1 phi2) 1.0))) phi2)))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (phi1 <= -4.6e+108) {
              		tmp = R * (phi1 * ((phi2 / phi1) - 1.0));
              	} else {
              		tmp = (-1.0 * (R * ((phi1 / phi2) - 1.0))) * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (phi1 <= (-4.6d+108)) then
                      tmp = r * (phi1 * ((phi2 / phi1) - 1.0d0))
                  else
                      tmp = ((-1.0d0) * (r * ((phi1 / phi2) - 1.0d0))) * phi2
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (phi1 <= -4.6e+108) {
              		tmp = R * (phi1 * ((phi2 / phi1) - 1.0));
              	} else {
              		tmp = (-1.0 * (R * ((phi1 / phi2) - 1.0))) * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	tmp = 0
              	if phi1 <= -4.6e+108:
              		tmp = R * (phi1 * ((phi2 / phi1) - 1.0))
              	else:
              		tmp = (-1.0 * (R * ((phi1 / phi2) - 1.0))) * phi2
              	return tmp
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (phi1 <= -4.6e+108)
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi1 * Float64(Float64(phi2 / phi1) - 1.0)));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(Float64(-1.0 * Float64(R * Float64(Float64(phi1 / phi2) - 1.0))) * phi2);
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (phi1 <= -4.6e+108)
              		tmp = R * (phi1 * ((phi2 / phi1) - 1.0));
              	else
              		tmp = (-1.0 * (R * ((phi1 / phi2) - 1.0))) * phi2;
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi1, -4.6e+108], N[(R * N[(phi1 * N[(N[(phi2 / phi1), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(-1.0 * N[(R * N[(N[(phi1 / phi2), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * phi2), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -4.6 \cdot 10^{+108}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - 1\right)\right)\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if phi1 < -4.5999999999999998e108

                1. Initial program 48.1%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  2. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  7. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  8. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  9. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  10. lower-neg.f6482.6

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites82.6%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - 1\right)}\right) \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  2. lower--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - 1\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-/.f6482.6

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - 1\right)\right) \]
                7. Applied rewrites82.6%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} - 1\right)}\right) \]

                if -4.5999999999999998e108 < phi1

                1. Initial program 65.4%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\phi_2 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  3. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  4. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  5. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  6. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  7. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  8. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  9. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  10. lower-*.f6447.6

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                4. Applied rewrites47.6%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in R around -inf

                  \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  3. lower--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  4. lower-/.f6448.5

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                7. Applied rewrites48.5%

                  \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2} - 1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 11: 58.0% accurate, 6.0× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_2 \leq 10^{-56}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= lambda2 1e-56)
                 (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1)))
                 (* (+ (/ (- (* phi1 R)) phi2) R) phi2)))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda2 <= 1e-56) {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	} else {
              		tmp = ((-(phi1 * R) / phi2) + R) * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (lambda2 <= 1d-56) then
                      tmp = r * (phi2 + ((-1.0d0) * phi1))
                  else
                      tmp = ((-(phi1 * r) / phi2) + r) * phi2
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (lambda2 <= 1e-56) {
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	} else {
              		tmp = ((-(phi1 * R) / phi2) + R) * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	tmp = 0
              	if lambda2 <= 1e-56:
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1))
              	else:
              		tmp = ((-(phi1 * R) / phi2) + R) * phi2
              	return tmp
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (lambda2 <= 1e-56)
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(-Float64(phi1 * R)) / phi2) + R) * phi2);
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (lambda2 <= 1e-56)
              		tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              	else
              		tmp = ((-(phi1 * R) / phi2) + R) * phi2;
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[lambda2, 1e-56], N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[((-N[(phi1 * R), $MachinePrecision]) / phi2), $MachinePrecision] + R), $MachinePrecision] * phi2), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_2 \leq 10^{-56}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if lambda2 < 1e-56

                1. Initial program 62.1%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  2. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  3. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                  5. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  6. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                  7. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  8. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  9. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                  10. lower-neg.f6456.0

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites56.0%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
                5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                  2. lower-*.f6461.4

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
                7. Applied rewrites61.4%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]

                if 1e-56 < lambda2

                1. Initial program 55.5%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\phi_2 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  3. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  4. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  5. associate-*r/N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  6. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  7. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \phi_1\right)}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  8. lower-neg.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  9. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                  10. lower-*.f6449.6

                    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                4. Applied rewrites49.6%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\phi_1 \cdot R}{\phi_2} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2} \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 12: 57.9% accurate, 11.1× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (* R (+ phi2 (* -1.0 phi1))))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	return R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              }
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                  code = r * (phi2 + ((-1.0d0) * phi1))
              end function
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	return R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	return R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1))
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	return Float64(R * Float64(phi2 + Float64(-1.0 * phi1)))
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = R * (phi2 + (-1.0 * phi1));
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * N[(phi2 + N[(-1.0 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right)
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Initial program 60.1%

                \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
              2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
              3. Step-by-step derivation
                1. associate-*r*N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                2. mul-1-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                3. lower-*.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} + -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]
                5. +-commutativeN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                6. lower-+.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]
                7. associate-*r/N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                8. mul-1-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                9. lower-/.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_2\right)}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
                10. lower-neg.f6453.1

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right) \]
              4. Applied rewrites53.1%

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right)\right)} \]
              5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
              6. Step-by-step derivation
                1. lower-+.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                2. lower-*.f6458.0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + -1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
              7. Applied rewrites58.0%

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \phi_1}\right) \]
              8. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 13: 52.7% accurate, 12.2× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.8 \cdot 10^{+26}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(-\phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \phi_2\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= phi1 -2.8e+26) (* R (- phi1)) (* R phi2)))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (phi1 <= -2.8e+26) {
              		tmp = R * -phi1;
              	} else {
              		tmp = R * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                  real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (phi1 <= (-2.8d+26)) then
                      tmp = r * -phi1
                  else
                      tmp = r * phi2
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (phi1 <= -2.8e+26) {
              		tmp = R * -phi1;
              	} else {
              		tmp = R * phi2;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	tmp = 0
              	if phi1 <= -2.8e+26:
              		tmp = R * -phi1
              	else:
              		tmp = R * phi2
              	return tmp
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (phi1 <= -2.8e+26)
              		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(-phi1));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(R * phi2);
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (phi1 <= -2.8e+26)
              		tmp = R * -phi1;
              	else
              		tmp = R * phi2;
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi1, -2.8e+26], N[(R * (-phi1)), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * phi2), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.8 \cdot 10^{+26}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(-\phi_1\right)\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;R \cdot \phi_2\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if phi1 < -2.8e26

                1. Initial program 53.6%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \]
                  2. lower-neg.f6467.6

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(-\phi_1\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites67.6%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \]

                if -2.8e26 < phi1

                1. Initial program 64.7%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites42.2%

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                5. Add Preprocessing

                Alternative 14: 30.8% accurate, 27.0× speedup?

                \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ R \cdot \phi_2 \end{array} \]
                NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* R phi2))
                assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                	return R * phi2;
                }
                
                NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                module fmin_fmax_functions
                    implicit none
                    private
                    public fmax
                    public fmin
                
                    interface fmax
                        module procedure fmax88
                        module procedure fmax44
                        module procedure fmax84
                        module procedure fmax48
                    end interface
                    interface fmin
                        module procedure fmin88
                        module procedure fmin44
                        module procedure fmin84
                        module procedure fmin48
                    end interface
                contains
                    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                        real(8), intent (in) :: x
                        real(8), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                        real(4), intent (in) :: x
                        real(4), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                        real(8), intent (in) :: x
                        real(4), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                        real(4), intent (in) :: x
                        real(8), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                        real(8), intent (in) :: x
                        real(8), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                        real(4), intent (in) :: x
                        real(4), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                        real(8), intent (in) :: x
                        real(4), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                        real(4), intent (in) :: x
                        real(8), intent (in) :: y
                        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                    end function
                end module
                
                real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                use fmin_fmax_functions
                    real(8), intent (in) :: r
                    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                    code = r * phi2
                end function
                
                assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                	return R * phi2;
                }
                
                [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                	return R * phi2
                
                R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                	return Float64(R * phi2)
                end
                
                R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                	tmp = R * phi2;
                end
                
                NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * phi2), $MachinePrecision]
                
                \begin{array}{l}
                [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                \\
                R \cdot \phi_2
                \end{array}
                
                Derivation
                1. Initial program 60.1%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites30.8%

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2} \]
                  2. Add Preprocessing

                  Alternative 15: 3.5% accurate, 27.0× speedup?

                  \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ R \cdot \phi_1 \end{array} \]
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* R phi1))
                  assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                  double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                  	return R * phi1;
                  }
                  
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  module fmin_fmax_functions
                      implicit none
                      private
                      public fmax
                      public fmin
                  
                      interface fmax
                          module procedure fmax88
                          module procedure fmax44
                          module procedure fmax84
                          module procedure fmax48
                      end interface
                      interface fmin
                          module procedure fmin88
                          module procedure fmin44
                          module procedure fmin84
                          module procedure fmin48
                      end interface
                  contains
                      real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                      real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                          res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                      end function
                  end module
                  
                  real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  use fmin_fmax_functions
                      real(8), intent (in) :: r
                      real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                      real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                      real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                      real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                      code = r * phi1
                  end function
                  
                  assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                  public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                  	return R * phi1;
                  }
                  
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                  	return R * phi1
                  
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  	return Float64(R * phi1)
                  end
                  
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                  function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  	tmp = R * phi1;
                  end
                  
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * phi1), $MachinePrecision]
                  
                  \begin{array}{l}
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                  \\
                  R \cdot \phi_1
                  \end{array}
                  
                  Derivation
                  1. Initial program 60.1%

                    \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1} \]
                  3. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites3.5%

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing

                    Reproduce

                    ?
                    herbie shell --seed 2025120 
                    (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                      :name "Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle"
                      :precision binary64
                      (* R (sqrt (+ (* (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0))) (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2))))))