Ian Simplification

Percentage Accurate: 6.8% → 8.3%

Time: 4.8s

Alternatives: 6

Speedup: 0.9×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 x) 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI / 2.0) - (2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - x) / 2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 6.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 x) 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI / 2.0) - (2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - x) / 2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 8.3% accurate, 0.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\\ t_1 := \sin^{-1} t\_0\\ \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} t\_0\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, 0.25, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_1 \cdot t\_1, 4, \left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(t\_1 \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (* 0.5 (- 1.0 x)))) (t_1 (asin t_0)))
   (/
    (- (pow (* PI 0.5) 3.0) (pow (* (- (/ PI 2.0) (acos t_0)) 2.0) 3.0))
    (fma (* PI PI) 0.25 (fma (* t_1 t_1) 4.0 (* (* PI 0.5) (* t_1 2.0)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt((0.5 * (1.0 - x)));
	double t_1 = asin(t_0);
	return (pow((((double) M_PI) * 0.5), 3.0) - pow((((((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - acos(t_0)) * 2.0), 3.0)) / fma((((double) M_PI) * ((double) M_PI)), 0.25, fma((t_1 * t_1), 4.0, ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) * (t_1 * 2.0))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 - x)))
	t_1 = asin(t_0)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(pi * 0.5) ^ 3.0) - (Float64(Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - acos(t_0)) * 2.0) ^ 3.0)) / fma(Float64(pi * pi), 0.25, fma(Float64(t_1 * t_1), 4.0, Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) * Float64(t_1 * 2.0)))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[ArcSin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[Power[N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[N[(N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[ArcCos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(Pi * Pi), $MachinePrecision] * 0.25 + N[(N[(t$95$1 * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$1 * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.8%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   7. sqrt-unprod N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   10. lift--.f64 6.8

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right)} \]

6. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\left(0.5 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \pi\right) - \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}} \]

8. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, 0.25, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. asin-acos-rev N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   9. lower-acos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. lift--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   11. lift-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, \frac{1}{4}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. lift-sqrt.f64 8.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, 0.25, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

10. Applied rewrites 8.3%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right)}^{3} - {\left(\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}^{3}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \pi, 0.25, \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right), 4, \left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 8.3% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma 0.5 PI (* -2.0 (- (/ PI 2.0) (acos (sqrt (fma -0.5 x 0.5)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(0.5, ((double) M_PI), (-2.0 * ((((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5))))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(0.5, pi, Float64(-2.0 * Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5))))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(0.5 * Pi + N[(-2.0 * N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[ArcCos[N[Sqrt[N[(-0.5 * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.8%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   7. sqrt-unprod N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   10. lift--.f64 6.8

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 6.8

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right) \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, x, \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

   2. asin-acos N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, x, \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. lower--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, x, \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, x, \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, x, \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-acos.f64 8.3

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

9. Applied rewrites 8.3%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 6.8% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (/ (sqrt (- 1.0 x)) (sqrt 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin((sqrt((1.0 - x)) / sqrt(2.0))));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI / 2.0) - (2.0 * Math.asin((Math.sqrt((1.0 - x)) / Math.sqrt(2.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * math.asin((math.sqrt((1.0 - x)) / math.sqrt(2.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - Float64(2.0 * asin(Float64(sqrt(Float64(1.0 - x)) / sqrt(2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin((sqrt((1.0 - x)) / sqrt(2.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[(N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.8%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right) \]

   3. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right) \]

   4. sqrt-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \]

   5. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \]

   6. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - x}}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \]

   7. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - x}}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f64 6.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}}}\right) \]

3. Applied rewrites 6.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 6.7% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma 0.5 PI (* -2.0 (asin (sqrt (fma -0.5 x 0.5))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(0.5, ((double) M_PI), (-2.0 * asin(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(0.5, pi, Float64(-2.0 * asin(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(0.5 * Pi + N[(-2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(-0.5 * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.8%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   7. sqrt-unprod N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   10. lift--.f64 6.8

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 6.8

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 4.1% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma 0.5 PI (* -2.0 (asin (/ 1.0 (sqrt 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(0.5, ((double) M_PI), (-2.0 * asin((1.0 / sqrt(2.0)))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(0.5, pi, Float64(-2.0 * asin(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(2.0)))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(0.5 * Pi + N[(-2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.8%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right) \]

   3. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right) \]

   4. sqrt-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \]

   5. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \]

   6. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - x}}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \]

   7. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - x}}}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f64 6.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}}}\right) \]

3. Applied rewrites 6.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x}}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \]

4. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]

   2. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \pi + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right) \]

   3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\pi}, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   7. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   8. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   9. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   10. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   11. lift--.f64 6.7

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

6. Applied rewrites 6.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right)} \]

7. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right) \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right) \]

   2. lift-/.f64 4.1

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right) \]

9. Applied rewrites 4.1%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right) \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 4.1% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (fma 0.5 PI (* -2.0 (asin (sqrt 0.5)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(0.5, ((double) M_PI), (-2.0 * asin(sqrt(0.5))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(0.5, pi, Float64(-2.0 * asin(sqrt(0.5))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(0.5 * Pi + N[(-2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.8%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   6. lower-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{1 - x}\right)\right) \]

   7. sqrt-unprod N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   10. lift--.f64 6.8

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 6.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5 \cdot \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 4.1%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5}\right)\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025106 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Ian Simplification"
  :precision binary64
  (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 x) 2.0))))))