Henrywood and Agarwal, Equation (13)

Percentage Accurate: 24.5% → 46.5%
Time: 8.7s
Alternatives: 5
Speedup: 7.8×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\ \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(t\_0 + \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 - M \cdot M}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (c0 w h D d M)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D)))))
   (* (/ c0 (* 2.0 w)) (+ t_0 (sqrt (- (* t_0 t_0) (* M M)))))))
double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M) {
	double t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
	return (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))));
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(c0, w, h, d, d_1, m)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: c0
    real(8), intent (in) :: w
    real(8), intent (in) :: h
    real(8), intent (in) :: d
    real(8), intent (in) :: d_1
    real(8), intent (in) :: m
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (c0 * (d_1 * d_1)) / ((w * h) * (d * d))
    code = (c0 / (2.0d0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (m * m))))
end function
public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M) {
	double t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
	return (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))));
}
def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M):
	t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D))
	return (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))))
function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(c0 * Float64(d * d)) / Float64(Float64(w * h) * Float64(D * D)))
	return Float64(Float64(c0 / Float64(2.0 * w)) * Float64(t_0 + sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) - Float64(M * M)))))
end
function tmp = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M)
	t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
	tmp = (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))));
end
code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(c0 * N[(d * d), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(w * h), $MachinePrecision] * N[(D * D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(c0 / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$0 + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(M * M), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\
\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(t\_0 + \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 - M \cdot M}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 5 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 24.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\ \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(t\_0 + \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 - M \cdot M}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (c0 w h D d M)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D)))))
   (* (/ c0 (* 2.0 w)) (+ t_0 (sqrt (- (* t_0 t_0) (* M M)))))))
double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M) {
	double t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
	return (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))));
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(c0, w, h, d, d_1, m)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: c0
    real(8), intent (in) :: w
    real(8), intent (in) :: h
    real(8), intent (in) :: d
    real(8), intent (in) :: d_1
    real(8), intent (in) :: m
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (c0 * (d_1 * d_1)) / ((w * h) * (d * d))
    code = (c0 / (2.0d0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (m * m))))
end function
public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M) {
	double t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
	return (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))));
}
def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M):
	t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D))
	return (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))))
function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(c0 * Float64(d * d)) / Float64(Float64(w * h) * Float64(D * D)))
	return Float64(Float64(c0 / Float64(2.0 * w)) * Float64(t_0 + sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) - Float64(M * M)))))
end
function tmp = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M)
	t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
	tmp = (c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M * M))));
end
code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(c0 * N[(d * d), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(w * h), $MachinePrecision] * N[(D * D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(c0 / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$0 + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(M * M), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\
\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(t\_0 + \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 - M \cdot M}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 46.5% accurate, 2.1× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} M_m = \left|M\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;M\_m \leq 9.5 \cdot 10^{-180}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
M_m = (fabs.f64 M)
(FPCore (c0 w h D d M_m)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= M_m 9.5e-180)
   (/ (* c0 0.0) (* 2.0 w))
   (/ (* c0 (* (* d (* d (/ (/ c0 (* D (* w h))) D))) 2.0)) (* w 2.0))))
M_m = fabs(M);
double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
	double tmp;
	if (M_m <= 9.5e-180) {
		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
	} else {
		tmp = (c0 * ((d * (d * ((c0 / (D * (w * h))) / D))) * 2.0)) / (w * 2.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}
M_m =     private
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(c0, w, h, d, d_1, m_m)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: c0
    real(8), intent (in) :: w
    real(8), intent (in) :: h
    real(8), intent (in) :: d
    real(8), intent (in) :: d_1
    real(8), intent (in) :: m_m
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (m_m <= 9.5d-180) then
        tmp = (c0 * 0.0d0) / (2.0d0 * w)
    else
        tmp = (c0 * ((d_1 * (d_1 * ((c0 / (d * (w * h))) / d))) * 2.0d0)) / (w * 2.0d0)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
M_m = Math.abs(M);
public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
	double tmp;
	if (M_m <= 9.5e-180) {
		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
	} else {
		tmp = (c0 * ((d * (d * ((c0 / (D * (w * h))) / D))) * 2.0)) / (w * 2.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}
M_m = math.fabs(M)
def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m):
	tmp = 0
	if M_m <= 9.5e-180:
		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w)
	else:
		tmp = (c0 * ((d * (d * ((c0 / (D * (w * h))) / D))) * 2.0)) / (w * 2.0)
	return tmp
M_m = abs(M)
function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (M_m <= 9.5e-180)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(c0 * 0.0) / Float64(2.0 * w));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(c0 * Float64(Float64(d * Float64(d * Float64(Float64(c0 / Float64(D * Float64(w * h))) / D))) * 2.0)) / Float64(w * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end
M_m = abs(M);
function tmp_2 = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (M_m <= 9.5e-180)
		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
	else
		tmp = (c0 * ((d * (d * ((c0 / (D * (w * h))) / D))) * 2.0)) / (w * 2.0);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
M_m = N[Abs[M], $MachinePrecision]
code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M$95$m_] := If[LessEqual[M$95$m, 9.5e-180], N[(N[(c0 * 0.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(c0 * N[(N[(d * N[(d * N[(N[(c0 / N[(D * N[(w * h), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(w * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
M_m = \left|M\right|

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;M\_m \leq 9.5 \cdot 10^{-180}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if M < 9.49999999999999934e-180

    1. Initial program 29.1%

      \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in c0 around -inf

      \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
      2. lower-neg.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right) \]
      3. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
      4. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites7.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\left(0 \cdot \frac{d \cdot d}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot c0\right)} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in c0 around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites31.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0} \]
      3. Applied rewrites35.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}} \]

      if 9.49999999999999934e-180 < M

      1. Initial program 30.4%

        \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in c0 around inf

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot {d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}} \]
        2. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}} \]
        3. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        4. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        5. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        6. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        7. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        8. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{D}^{2}}} \]
        9. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{D}}^{2}} \]
        10. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right)} \]
        11. associate-*r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}} \]
        12. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}} \]
        13. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        14. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        15. lower-*.f6446.4

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
      5. Applied rewrites46.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}} \]
      6. Applied rewrites50.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D} \cdot \frac{\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0}{D}\right)}{w \cdot 2}} \]
      7. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0}{D}}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        2. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0}}{D}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        3. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D} \cdot \frac{\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0}{\color{blue}{D}}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        4. frac-timesN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        5. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        6. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        7. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        8. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        9. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        10. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        11. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(D \cdot D\right)}}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        12. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot {D}^{\color{blue}{2}}}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        13. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(h \cdot w\right)}}}{w \cdot 2} \]
        14. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{c0 \cdot {d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        15. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot {d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        16. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot {d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
      8. Applied rewrites49.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
      9. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        3. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        4. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        5. lower-*.f6456.4

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        6. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        7. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        8. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        9. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{c0}{\left(D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)\right) \cdot D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        10. associate-/r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        11. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        12. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        13. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
        14. lift-*.f6460.3

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
      10. Applied rewrites60.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2} \]
    8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
    9. Final simplification45.2%

      \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;M \leq 9.5 \cdot 10^{-180}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot \left(d \cdot \frac{\frac{c0}{D \cdot \left(w \cdot h\right)}}{D}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)}{w \cdot 2}\\ \end{array} \]
    10. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 2: 56.1% accurate, 0.7× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} M_m = \left|M\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w}\\ t_1 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot \left(t\_1 + \sqrt{t\_1 \cdot t\_1 - M\_m \cdot M\_m}\right) \leq \infty:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
    M_m = (fabs.f64 M)
    (FPCore (c0 w h D d M_m)
     :precision binary64
     (let* ((t_0 (/ c0 (* 2.0 w))) (t_1 (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D)))))
       (if (<= (* t_0 (+ t_1 (sqrt (- (* t_1 t_1) (* M_m M_m))))) INFINITY)
         (* t_0 (/ (* 2.0 (* (* c0 d) d)) (* (* (* h w) D) D)))
         (/ (* c0 0.0) (* 2.0 w)))))
    M_m = fabs(M);
    double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
    	double t_0 = c0 / (2.0 * w);
    	double t_1 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
    	double tmp;
    	if ((t_0 * (t_1 + sqrt(((t_1 * t_1) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= ((double) INFINITY)) {
    		tmp = t_0 * ((2.0 * ((c0 * d) * d)) / (((h * w) * D) * D));
    	} else {
    		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    M_m = Math.abs(M);
    public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
    	double t_0 = c0 / (2.0 * w);
    	double t_1 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
    	double tmp;
    	if ((t_0 * (t_1 + Math.sqrt(((t_1 * t_1) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
    		tmp = t_0 * ((2.0 * ((c0 * d) * d)) / (((h * w) * D) * D));
    	} else {
    		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    M_m = math.fabs(M)
    def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m):
    	t_0 = c0 / (2.0 * w)
    	t_1 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D))
    	tmp = 0
    	if (t_0 * (t_1 + math.sqrt(((t_1 * t_1) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= math.inf:
    		tmp = t_0 * ((2.0 * ((c0 * d) * d)) / (((h * w) * D) * D))
    	else:
    		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w)
    	return tmp
    
    M_m = abs(M)
    function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
    	t_0 = Float64(c0 / Float64(2.0 * w))
    	t_1 = Float64(Float64(c0 * Float64(d * d)) / Float64(Float64(w * h) * Float64(D * D)))
    	tmp = 0.0
    	if (Float64(t_0 * Float64(t_1 + sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_1 * t_1) - Float64(M_m * M_m))))) <= Inf)
    		tmp = Float64(t_0 * Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64(Float64(c0 * d) * d)) / Float64(Float64(Float64(h * w) * D) * D)));
    	else
    		tmp = Float64(Float64(c0 * 0.0) / Float64(2.0 * w));
    	end
    	return tmp
    end
    
    M_m = abs(M);
    function tmp_2 = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
    	t_0 = c0 / (2.0 * w);
    	t_1 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
    	tmp = 0.0;
    	if ((t_0 * (t_1 + sqrt(((t_1 * t_1) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= Inf)
    		tmp = t_0 * ((2.0 * ((c0 * d) * d)) / (((h * w) * D) * D));
    	else
    		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
    	end
    	tmp_2 = tmp;
    end
    
    M_m = N[Abs[M], $MachinePrecision]
    code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M$95$m_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(c0 / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(c0 * N[(d * d), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(w * h), $MachinePrecision] * N[(D * D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(t$95$0 * N[(t$95$1 + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$1 * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] - N[(M$95$m * M$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], Infinity], N[(t$95$0 * N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[(c0 * d), $MachinePrecision] * d), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(N[(h * w), $MachinePrecision] * D), $MachinePrecision] * D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(c0 * 0.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    M_m = \left|M\right|
    
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    t_0 := \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w}\\
    t_1 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\
    \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot \left(t\_1 + \sqrt{t\_1 \cdot t\_1 - M\_m \cdot M\_m}\right) \leq \infty:\\
    \;\;\;\;t\_0 \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\\
    
    \mathbf{else}:\\
    \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\
    
    
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Split input into 2 regimes
    2. if (*.f64 (/.f64 c0 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) w)) (+.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (sqrt.f64 (-.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D)))) (*.f64 M M))))) < +inf.0

      1. Initial program 78.2%

        \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in c0 around inf

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot {d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}} \]
        2. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}} \]
        3. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        4. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        5. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        6. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        7. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
        8. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{D}^{2}}} \]
        9. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{D}}^{2}} \]
        10. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right)} \]
        11. associate-*r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}} \]
        12. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}} \]
        13. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        14. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        15. lower-*.f6476.0

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
      5. Applied rewrites76.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        2. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        3. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D} \]
        4. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D} \]
        5. pow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        6. associate-*r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D} \]
        7. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D} \]
        8. lower-*.f6477.0

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
      7. Applied rewrites77.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right) \cdot D} \]

      if +inf.0 < (*.f64 (/.f64 c0 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) w)) (+.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (sqrt.f64 (-.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D)))) (*.f64 M M)))))

      1. Initial program 0.0%

        \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in c0 around -inf

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. mul-1-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
        2. lower-neg.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right) \]
        3. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
        4. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
      5. Applied rewrites2.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\left(0 \cdot \frac{d \cdot d}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot c0\right)} \]
      6. Taylor expanded in c0 around 0

        \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
      7. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites35.8%

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
        2. Step-by-step derivation
          1. lift-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0} \]
        3. Applied rewrites40.7%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}} \]
      8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      9. Final simplification54.4%

        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \leq \infty:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(c0 \cdot d\right) \cdot d\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\ \end{array} \]
      10. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 3: 55.3% accurate, 0.7× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} M_m = \left|M\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(t\_0 + \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 - M\_m \cdot M\_m}\right) \leq \infty:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0}{w + w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
      M_m = (fabs.f64 M)
      (FPCore (c0 w h D d M_m)
       :precision binary64
       (let* ((t_0 (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D)))))
         (if (<=
              (* (/ c0 (* 2.0 w)) (+ t_0 (sqrt (- (* t_0 t_0) (* M_m M_m)))))
              INFINITY)
           (* (/ c0 (+ w w)) (/ (* 2.0 (* (* d d) c0)) (* (* (* h w) D) D)))
           (/ (* c0 0.0) (* 2.0 w)))))
      M_m = fabs(M);
      double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
      	double t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
      	double tmp;
      	if (((c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= ((double) INFINITY)) {
      		tmp = (c0 / (w + w)) * ((2.0 * ((d * d) * c0)) / (((h * w) * D) * D));
      	} else {
      		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      M_m = Math.abs(M);
      public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
      	double t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
      	double tmp;
      	if (((c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
      		tmp = (c0 / (w + w)) * ((2.0 * ((d * d) * c0)) / (((h * w) * D) * D));
      	} else {
      		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      M_m = math.fabs(M)
      def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m):
      	t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D))
      	tmp = 0
      	if ((c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= math.inf:
      		tmp = (c0 / (w + w)) * ((2.0 * ((d * d) * c0)) / (((h * w) * D) * D))
      	else:
      		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w)
      	return tmp
      
      M_m = abs(M)
      function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
      	t_0 = Float64(Float64(c0 * Float64(d * d)) / Float64(Float64(w * h) * Float64(D * D)))
      	tmp = 0.0
      	if (Float64(Float64(c0 / Float64(2.0 * w)) * Float64(t_0 + sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) - Float64(M_m * M_m))))) <= Inf)
      		tmp = Float64(Float64(c0 / Float64(w + w)) * Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64(Float64(d * d) * c0)) / Float64(Float64(Float64(h * w) * D) * D)));
      	else
      		tmp = Float64(Float64(c0 * 0.0) / Float64(2.0 * w));
      	end
      	return tmp
      end
      
      M_m = abs(M);
      function tmp_2 = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
      	t_0 = (c0 * (d * d)) / ((w * h) * (D * D));
      	tmp = 0.0;
      	if (((c0 / (2.0 * w)) * (t_0 + sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) - (M_m * M_m))))) <= Inf)
      		tmp = (c0 / (w + w)) * ((2.0 * ((d * d) * c0)) / (((h * w) * D) * D));
      	else
      		tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
      	end
      	tmp_2 = tmp;
      end
      
      M_m = N[Abs[M], $MachinePrecision]
      code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M$95$m_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(c0 * N[(d * d), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(w * h), $MachinePrecision] * N[(D * D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(N[(c0 / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$0 + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(M$95$m * M$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], Infinity], N[(N[(c0 / N[(w + w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[(d * d), $MachinePrecision] * c0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(N[(h * w), $MachinePrecision] * D), $MachinePrecision] * D), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(c0 * 0.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      M_m = \left|M\right|
      
      \\
      \begin{array}{l}
      t_0 := \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)}\\
      \mathbf{if}\;\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(t\_0 + \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 - M\_m \cdot M\_m}\right) \leq \infty:\\
      \;\;\;\;\frac{c0}{w + w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\\
      
      \mathbf{else}:\\
      \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\
      
      
      \end{array}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Split input into 2 regimes
      2. if (*.f64 (/.f64 c0 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) w)) (+.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (sqrt.f64 (-.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D)))) (*.f64 M M))))) < +inf.0

        1. Initial program 78.2%

          \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in c0 around inf

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot {d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. associate-*r/N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}} \]
          2. lower-/.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}} \]
          3. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot {d}^{2}\right)}{\color{blue}{{D}^{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
          4. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
          5. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left({d}^{2} \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
          6. pow2N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
          7. lift-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} \]
          8. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{D}^{2}}} \]
          9. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{D}}^{2}} \]
          10. pow2N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot \color{blue}{D}\right)} \]
          11. associate-*r*N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}} \]
          12. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot \color{blue}{D}} \]
          13. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
          14. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
          15. lower-*.f6476.0

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        5. Applied rewrites76.0%

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}} \]
        6. Step-by-step derivation
          1. lift-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot w}} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
          2. count-2-revN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{w + w}} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
          3. lower-+.f6476.0

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{w + w}} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]
        7. Applied rewrites76.0%

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{w + w}} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D} \]

        if +inf.0 < (*.f64 (/.f64 c0 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) w)) (+.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (sqrt.f64 (-.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D))) (/.f64 (*.f64 c0 (*.f64 d d)) (*.f64 (*.f64 w h) (*.f64 D D)))) (*.f64 M M)))))

        1. Initial program 0.0%

          \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in c0 around -inf

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. mul-1-negN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
          2. lower-neg.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right) \]
          3. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
          4. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
        5. Applied rewrites2.8%

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\left(0 \cdot \frac{d \cdot d}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot c0\right)} \]
        6. Taylor expanded in c0 around 0

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
        7. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites35.8%

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
          2. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lift-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0} \]
          3. Applied rewrites40.7%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}} \]
        8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        9. Final simplification54.1%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \leq \infty:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0}{w + w} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot \left(\left(d \cdot d\right) \cdot c0\right)}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}\\ \end{array} \]
        10. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 4: 33.9% accurate, 7.1× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} M_m = \left|M\right| \\ \frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w} \end{array} \]
        M_m = (fabs.f64 M)
        (FPCore (c0 w h D d M_m) :precision binary64 (/ (* c0 0.0) (* 2.0 w)))
        M_m = fabs(M);
        double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
        	return (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
        }
        
        M_m =     private
        module fmin_fmax_functions
            implicit none
            private
            public fmax
            public fmin
        
            interface fmax
                module procedure fmax88
                module procedure fmax44
                module procedure fmax84
                module procedure fmax48
            end interface
            interface fmin
                module procedure fmin88
                module procedure fmin44
                module procedure fmin84
                module procedure fmin48
            end interface
        contains
            real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                real(8), intent (in) :: x
                real(8), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                real(4), intent (in) :: x
                real(4), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                real(8), intent (in) :: x
                real(4), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                real(4), intent (in) :: x
                real(8), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                real(8), intent (in) :: x
                real(8), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                real(4), intent (in) :: x
                real(4), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                real(8), intent (in) :: x
                real(4), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
            real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                real(4), intent (in) :: x
                real(8), intent (in) :: y
                res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
            end function
        end module
        
        real(8) function code(c0, w, h, d, d_1, m_m)
        use fmin_fmax_functions
            real(8), intent (in) :: c0
            real(8), intent (in) :: w
            real(8), intent (in) :: h
            real(8), intent (in) :: d
            real(8), intent (in) :: d_1
            real(8), intent (in) :: m_m
            code = (c0 * 0.0d0) / (2.0d0 * w)
        end function
        
        M_m = Math.abs(M);
        public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
        	return (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
        }
        
        M_m = math.fabs(M)
        def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m):
        	return (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w)
        
        M_m = abs(M)
        function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
        	return Float64(Float64(c0 * 0.0) / Float64(2.0 * w))
        end
        
        M_m = abs(M);
        function tmp = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
        	tmp = (c0 * 0.0) / (2.0 * w);
        end
        
        M_m = N[Abs[M], $MachinePrecision]
        code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M$95$m_] := N[(N[(c0 * 0.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 * w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        M_m = \left|M\right|
        
        \\
        \frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Initial program 29.6%

          \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in c0 around -inf

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. mul-1-negN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
          2. lower-neg.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right) \]
          3. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
          4. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
        5. Applied rewrites4.7%

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\left(0 \cdot \frac{d \cdot d}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot c0\right)} \]
        6. Taylor expanded in c0 around 0

          \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
        7. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites26.0%

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
          2. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lift-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0} \]
          3. Applied rewrites29.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w}} \]
          4. Final simplification29.1%

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot w} \]
          5. Add Preprocessing

          Alternative 5: 29.3% accurate, 7.8× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} M_m = \left|M\right| \\ \frac{c0}{w + w} \cdot 0 \end{array} \]
          M_m = (fabs.f64 M)
          (FPCore (c0 w h D d M_m) :precision binary64 (* (/ c0 (+ w w)) 0.0))
          M_m = fabs(M);
          double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
          	return (c0 / (w + w)) * 0.0;
          }
          
          M_m =     private
          module fmin_fmax_functions
              implicit none
              private
              public fmax
              public fmin
          
              interface fmax
                  module procedure fmax88
                  module procedure fmax44
                  module procedure fmax84
                  module procedure fmax48
              end interface
              interface fmin
                  module procedure fmin88
                  module procedure fmin44
                  module procedure fmin84
                  module procedure fmin48
              end interface
          contains
              real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
              real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                  res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
              end function
          end module
          
          real(8) function code(c0, w, h, d, d_1, m_m)
          use fmin_fmax_functions
              real(8), intent (in) :: c0
              real(8), intent (in) :: w
              real(8), intent (in) :: h
              real(8), intent (in) :: d
              real(8), intent (in) :: d_1
              real(8), intent (in) :: m_m
              code = (c0 / (w + w)) * 0.0d0
          end function
          
          M_m = Math.abs(M);
          public static double code(double c0, double w, double h, double D, double d, double M_m) {
          	return (c0 / (w + w)) * 0.0;
          }
          
          M_m = math.fabs(M)
          def code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m):
          	return (c0 / (w + w)) * 0.0
          
          M_m = abs(M)
          function code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
          	return Float64(Float64(c0 / Float64(w + w)) * 0.0)
          end
          
          M_m = abs(M);
          function tmp = code(c0, w, h, D, d, M_m)
          	tmp = (c0 / (w + w)) * 0.0;
          end
          
          M_m = N[Abs[M], $MachinePrecision]
          code[c0_, w_, h_, D_, d_, M$95$m_] := N[(N[(c0 / N[(w + w), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.0), $MachinePrecision]
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          M_m = \left|M\right|
          
          \\
          \frac{c0}{w + w} \cdot 0
          \end{array}
          
          Derivation
          1. Initial program 29.6%

            \[\frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} + \sqrt{\frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} \cdot \frac{c0 \cdot \left(d \cdot d\right)}{\left(w \cdot h\right) \cdot \left(D \cdot D\right)} - M \cdot M}\right) \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in c0 around -inf

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
            2. lower-neg.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-c0 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right)\right) \]
            3. *-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
            4. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \left(-\left(-1 \cdot \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)} + \frac{{d}^{2}}{{D}^{2} \cdot \left(h \cdot w\right)}\right) \cdot c0\right) \]
          5. Applied rewrites4.7%

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\left(0 \cdot \frac{d \cdot d}{\left(\left(h \cdot w\right) \cdot D\right) \cdot D}\right) \cdot c0\right)} \]
          6. Taylor expanded in c0 around 0

            \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
          7. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites26.0%

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{2 \cdot w} \cdot 0 \]
            2. Step-by-step derivation
              1. lift-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot w}} \cdot 0 \]
              2. count-2-revN/A

                \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{w + w}} \cdot 0 \]
              3. lower-+.f6426.0

                \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{w + w}} \cdot 0 \]
            3. Applied rewrites26.0%

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{\color{blue}{w + w}} \cdot 0 \]
            4. Final simplification26.0%

              \[\leadsto \frac{c0}{w + w} \cdot 0 \]
            5. Add Preprocessing

            Reproduce

            ?
            herbie shell --seed 2025085 
            (FPCore (c0 w h D d M)
              :name "Henrywood and Agarwal, Equation (13)"
              :precision binary64
              (* (/ c0 (* 2.0 w)) (+ (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D))) (sqrt (- (* (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D))) (/ (* c0 (* d d)) (* (* w h) (* D D)))) (* M M))))))