Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (24)

Percentage Accurate: 73.2% → 98.6%

Time: 4.8s

Alternatives: 7

Speedup: 3.7×

• 61.9% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (+
   (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
   (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a)))))
  1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(a, b)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0d0 + a))))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 - a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(3.0 + a))))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 73.2% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (+
   (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
   (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a)))))
  1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(a, b)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0d0 + a))))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 - a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(3.0 + a))))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 98.6% accurate, 3.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (fma b b (* a a)) (fma a a (* b b)) (- (* (* a a) 4.0) 1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma(fma(b, b, (a * a)), fma(a, a, (b * b)), (((a * a) * 4.0) - 1.0));
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return fma(fma(b, b, Float64(a * a)), fma(a, a, Float64(b * b)), Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * 4.0) - 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(b * b + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 72.1%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

4. Applied rewrites 72.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)} \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   2. lift-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   3. lift-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right)}\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   4. lift--.f64 82.8

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - \color{blue}{a}\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 82.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)} \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

8. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{\color{blue}{2}} \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   2. lift-*.f64 99.3

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

10. Applied rewrites 99.3%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. lift-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{b \cdot b + a \cdot a}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

    2. pow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + a \cdot a, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

    3. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a + {b}^{2}}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

    4. lift-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a} + {b}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

    5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, {b}^{2}\right)}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

    6. pow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right), \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

    7. lift-*.f64 99.3

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right), \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

12. Applied rewrites 99.3%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 88.7% accurate, 3.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 3.3 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, a \cdot a, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 1\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, b \cdot b, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (fma b b (* a a))))
   (if (<= b 3.3e-7)
     (fma t_0 (* a a) (- (* (* (* a a) 1.0) 4.0) 1.0))
     (fma t_0 (* b b) (- (* (* b b) 12.0) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = fma(b, b, (a * a));
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 3.3e-7) {
		tmp = fma(t_0, (a * a), ((((a * a) * 1.0) * 4.0) - 1.0));
	} else {
		tmp = fma(t_0, (b * b), (((b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = fma(b, b, Float64(a * a))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 3.3e-7)
		tmp = fma(t_0, Float64(a * a), Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * 1.0) * 4.0) - 1.0));
	else
		tmp = fma(t_0, Float64(b * b), Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(b * b + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[b, 3.3e-7], N[(t$95$0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(t$95$0 * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 3.3000000000000002e-7

   1. Initial program 75.6%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   4. Applied rewrites 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)} \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      3. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right)}\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      4. lift--.f64 82.9

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - \color{blue}{a}\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 82.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)} \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      2. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {\color{blue}{a}}^{2}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      6. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot \color{blue}{a}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 69.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot \color{blue}{a}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 69.1%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in a around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 1\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 85.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 1\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right) \]

   if 3.3000000000000002e-7 < b

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   4. Applied rewrites 62.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12 \cdot {b}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12} \cdot {b}^{2} - 1\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      4. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. lift-*.f64 99.9

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12} - 1\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      2. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {\color{blue}{b}}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      6. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), b \cdot \color{blue}{b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 96.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), b \cdot \color{blue}{b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 96.1%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{b \cdot b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 89.0% accurate, 3.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right)\\ t_1 := \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\\ \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 3.6 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, a \cdot a, t\_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, b \cdot b, t\_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (fma b b (* a a))) (t_1 (- (* (* b b) 12.0) 1.0)))
   (if (<= b 3.6e-7) (fma t_0 (* a a) t_1) (fma t_0 (* b b) t_1))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = fma(b, b, (a * a));
	double t_1 = ((b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0;
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 3.6e-7) {
		tmp = fma(t_0, (a * a), t_1);
	} else {
		tmp = fma(t_0, (b * b), t_1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = fma(b, b, Float64(a * a))
	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 3.6e-7)
		tmp = fma(t_0, Float64(a * a), t_1);
	else
		tmp = fma(t_0, Float64(b * b), t_1);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(b * b + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[b, 3.6e-7], N[(t$95$0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], N[(t$95$0 * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] + t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 3.59999999999999994e-7

   1. Initial program 75.6%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   4. Applied rewrites 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12 \cdot {b}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12} \cdot {b}^{2} - 1\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      4. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. lift-*.f64 98.9

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12} - 1\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      2. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {\color{blue}{a}}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      6. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot \color{blue}{a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 85.5

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot \color{blue}{a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 85.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   if 3.59999999999999994e-7 < b

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   4. Applied rewrites 62.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12 \cdot {b}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12} \cdot {b}^{2} - 1\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      4. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. lift-*.f64 99.9

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12} - 1\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      2. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {\color{blue}{b}}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      6. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), b \cdot \color{blue}{b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 96.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), b \cdot \color{blue}{b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 96.1%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{b \cdot b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 87.1% accurate, 3.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 2.9 \cdot 10^{+50}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b 2.9e+50)
   (fma (fma b b (* a a)) (* a a) (- (* (* b b) 12.0) 1.0))
   (* (* b b) (* b b))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 2.9e+50) {
		tmp = fma(fma(b, b, (a * a)), (a * a), (((b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0));
	} else {
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 2.9e+50)
		tmp = fma(fma(b, b, Float64(a * a)), Float64(a * a), Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(b * b));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 2.9e+50], N[(N[(b * b + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 2.9e50

   1. Initial program 74.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   4. Applied rewrites 75.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12 \cdot {b}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12} \cdot {b}^{2} - 1\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

      4. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. lift-*.f64 99.0

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12} - 1\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      2. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {\color{blue}{a}}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {a}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      6. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot \color{blue}{a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 84.0

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot \color{blue}{a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 84.0%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   if 2.9e50 < b

   1. Initial program 62.4%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-pow.f64 95.4

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\left(2 + \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      3. pow-prod-up N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2} \]

      6. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2} \]

      7. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right) \]

      8. lift-*.f64 95.3

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 95.3%

      \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 99.0% accurate, 3.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (fma b b (* a a)) (fma a a (* b b)) (- (* (* b b) 12.0) 1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma(fma(b, b, (a * a)), fma(a, a, (b * b)), (((b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0));
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return fma(fma(b, b, Float64(a * a)), fma(a, a, Float64(b * b)), Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0) - 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(b * b + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 72.1%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

4. Applied rewrites 72.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 1 - a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4 - 1\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12 \cdot {b}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{12} \cdot {b}^{2} - 1\right) \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

   3. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{12} - 1\right) \]

   4. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   5. lift-*.f64 99.2

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12} - 1\right) \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{b \cdot b + a \cdot a}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   2. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + a \cdot a, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a + {b}^{2}}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   4. lift-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a} + {b}^{2}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   5. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a + \color{blue}{b \cdot b}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   6. lift-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

   7. lift-*.f64 99.2

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right), \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]

9. Applied rewrites 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}, \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 - 1\right) \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 58.1% accurate, 7.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 9.5 \cdot 10^{+49}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b 9.5e+49) (* (* a a) (* a a)) (* (* b b) (* b b))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 9.5e+49) {
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
	} else {
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(a, b)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (b <= 9.5d+49) then
        tmp = (a * a) * (a * a)
    else
        tmp = (b * b) * (b * b)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 9.5e+49) {
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
	} else {
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if b <= 9.5e+49:
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a)
	else:
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b)
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 9.5e+49)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a * a));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(b * b));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (b <= 9.5e+49)
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
	else
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 9.5e+49], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 9.49999999999999969e49

   1. Initial program 74.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-pow.f64 45.1

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 45.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\left(2 + \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      3. pow-prod-up N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{a}}^{2} \]

      6. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{a}}^{2} \]

      7. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right) \]

      8. lift-*.f64 45.0

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 45.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]

   if 9.49999999999999969e49 < b

   1. Initial program 62.4%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-pow.f64 95.4

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\left(2 + \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      3. pow-prod-up N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

      5. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2} \]

      6. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2} \]

      7. pow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right) \]

      8. lift-*.f64 95.3

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 95.3%

      \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 46.2% accurate, 9.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (* (* a a) (* a a)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (a * a) * (a * a);
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(a, b)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = (a * a) * (a * a)
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (a * a) * (a * a);
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (a * a) * (a * a)

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a * a))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 72.1%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-pow.f64 42.4

      \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 42.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-pow.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{4}} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto {a}^{\left(2 + \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

   3. pow-prod-up N/A

      \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \]

   5. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{a}}^{2} \]

   6. lift-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{a}}^{2} \]

   7. pow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right) \]

   8. lift-*.f64 42.4

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 42.4%

   \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025072 
(FPCore (a b)
  :name "Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (24)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a))))) 1.0))