
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0)))
(/
t_0
(* (* PI (log (* alpha alpha))) (+ 1.0 (* (* t_0 cosTheta) cosTheta))))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - 1.0f;
return t_0 / ((((float) M_PI) * logf((alpha * alpha))) * (1.0f + ((t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta)));
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = Float32(Float32(alpha * alpha) - Float32(1.0)) return Float32(t_0 / Float32(Float32(Float32(pi) * log(Float32(alpha * alpha))) * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta)))) end
function tmp = code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - single(1.0); tmp = t_0 / ((single(pi) * log((alpha * alpha))) * (single(1.0) + ((t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta))); end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \alpha \cdot \alpha - 1\\
\frac{t\_0}{\left(\pi \cdot \log \left(\alpha \cdot \alpha\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(t\_0 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary32 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0)))
(/
t_0
(* (* PI (log (* alpha alpha))) (+ 1.0 (* (* t_0 cosTheta) cosTheta))))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - 1.0f;
return t_0 / ((((float) M_PI) * logf((alpha * alpha))) * (1.0f + ((t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta)));
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = Float32(Float32(alpha * alpha) - Float32(1.0)) return Float32(t_0 / Float32(Float32(Float32(pi) * log(Float32(alpha * alpha))) * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta)))) end
function tmp = code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - single(1.0); tmp = t_0 / ((single(pi) * log((alpha * alpha))) * (single(1.0) + ((t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta))); end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \alpha \cdot \alpha - 1\\
\frac{t\_0}{\left(\pi \cdot \log \left(\alpha \cdot \alpha\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(t\_0 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha) :precision binary32 (let* ((t_0 (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0)) (t_1 (log (pow (pow alpha PI) 2.0)))) (/ t_0 (fma t_1 1.0 (* t_1 (* (* cosTheta cosTheta) t_0))))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - 1.0f;
float t_1 = logf(powf(powf(alpha, ((float) M_PI)), 2.0f));
return t_0 / fmaf(t_1, 1.0f, (t_1 * ((cosTheta * cosTheta) * t_0)));
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = Float32(Float32(alpha * alpha) - Float32(1.0)) t_1 = log(((alpha ^ Float32(pi)) ^ Float32(2.0))) return Float32(t_0 / fma(t_1, Float32(1.0), Float32(t_1 * Float32(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta) * t_0)))) end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \alpha \cdot \alpha - 1\\
t_1 := \log \left({\left({\alpha}^{\pi}\right)}^{2}\right)\\
\frac{t\_0}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_1, 1, t\_1 \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot t\_0\right)\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 98.5%
Applied rewrites98.7%
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0)))
(/
t_0
(* (* PI (log (* alpha alpha))) (+ 1.0 (* (* t_0 cosTheta) cosTheta))))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - 1.0f;
return t_0 / ((((float) M_PI) * logf((alpha * alpha))) * (1.0f + ((t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta)));
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = Float32(Float32(alpha * alpha) - Float32(1.0)) return Float32(t_0 / Float32(Float32(Float32(pi) * log(Float32(alpha * alpha))) * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta)))) end
function tmp = code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = (alpha * alpha) - single(1.0); tmp = t_0 / ((single(pi) * log((alpha * alpha))) * (single(1.0) + ((t_0 * cosTheta) * cosTheta))); end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \alpha \cdot \alpha - 1\\
\frac{t\_0}{\left(\pi \cdot \log \left(\alpha \cdot \alpha\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(t\_0 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 98.5%
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (log (* alpha alpha)))
(t_1 (fma (* cosTheta cosTheta) (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0) 1.0)))
(- (/ (/ (/ (* alpha alpha) PI) t_0) t_1) (/ (/ (/ 1.0 PI) t_0) t_1))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = logf((alpha * alpha));
float t_1 = fmaf((cosTheta * cosTheta), ((alpha * alpha) - 1.0f), 1.0f);
return ((((alpha * alpha) / ((float) M_PI)) / t_0) / t_1) - (((1.0f / ((float) M_PI)) / t_0) / t_1);
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = log(Float32(alpha * alpha)) t_1 = fma(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta), Float32(Float32(alpha * alpha) - Float32(1.0)), Float32(1.0)) return Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(alpha * alpha) / Float32(pi)) / t_0) / t_1) - Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(pi)) / t_0) / t_1)) end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \log \left(\alpha \cdot \alpha\right)\\
t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta, \alpha \cdot \alpha - 1, 1\right)\\
\frac{\frac{\frac{\alpha \cdot \alpha}{\pi}}{t\_0}}{t\_1} - \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{\pi}}{t\_0}}{t\_1}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 98.5%
Applied rewrites98.5%
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (* (log alpha) PI))
(t_1 (fma (* cosTheta cosTheta) -1.0 1.0))
(t_2 (/ 1.0 t_1))
(t_3 (pow (* alpha cosTheta) 1.0))
(t_4
(-
(* (/ 0.5 t_0) t_2)
(/ (* -0.5 (* cosTheta cosTheta)) (* t_0 (pow t_1 2.0))))))
(fma
(fma (/ (* (* t_3 t_3) t_4) t_1) -1.0 t_4)
(* alpha alpha)
(* -0.5 (* (/ 1.0 t_0) t_2)))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = logf(alpha) * ((float) M_PI);
float t_1 = fmaf((cosTheta * cosTheta), -1.0f, 1.0f);
float t_2 = 1.0f / t_1;
float t_3 = powf((alpha * cosTheta), 1.0f);
float t_4 = ((0.5f / t_0) * t_2) - ((-0.5f * (cosTheta * cosTheta)) / (t_0 * powf(t_1, 2.0f)));
return fmaf(fmaf((((t_3 * t_3) * t_4) / t_1), -1.0f, t_4), (alpha * alpha), (-0.5f * ((1.0f / t_0) * t_2)));
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = Float32(log(alpha) * Float32(pi)) t_1 = fma(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta), Float32(-1.0), Float32(1.0)) t_2 = Float32(Float32(1.0) / t_1) t_3 = Float32(alpha * cosTheta) ^ Float32(1.0) t_4 = Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(0.5) / t_0) * t_2) - Float32(Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta)) / Float32(t_0 * (t_1 ^ Float32(2.0))))) return fma(fma(Float32(Float32(Float32(t_3 * t_3) * t_4) / t_1), Float32(-1.0), t_4), Float32(alpha * alpha), Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / t_0) * t_2))) end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \log \alpha \cdot \pi\\
t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta, -1, 1\right)\\
t_2 := \frac{1}{t\_1}\\
t_3 := {\left(\alpha \cdot cosTheta\right)}^{1}\\
t_4 := \frac{0.5}{t\_0} \cdot t\_2 - \frac{-0.5 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}{t\_0 \cdot {t\_1}^{2}}\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\left(t\_3 \cdot t\_3\right) \cdot t\_4}{t\_1}, -1, t\_4\right), \alpha \cdot \alpha, -0.5 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot t\_2\right)\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 98.5%
Taylor expanded in alpha around 0
Applied rewrites98.4%
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (* (log alpha) PI))
(t_1 (fma (* cosTheta cosTheta) -1.0 1.0))
(t_2 (/ 1.0 t_1))
(t_3 (* -0.5 (* (/ 1.0 t_0) t_2)))
(t_4
(-
(* (/ 0.5 t_0) t_2)
(* (/ -0.5 t_0) (/ (* cosTheta cosTheta) (pow t_1 2.0)))))
(t_5
(*
(fma (/ (* (pow (* alpha cosTheta) 2.0) t_4) t_1) -1.0 t_4)
(* alpha alpha))))
(/ (- (* t_5 t_5) (* t_3 t_3)) (- t_5 t_3))))
float code(float cosTheta, float alpha) {
float t_0 = logf(alpha) * ((float) M_PI);
float t_1 = fmaf((cosTheta * cosTheta), -1.0f, 1.0f);
float t_2 = 1.0f / t_1;
float t_3 = -0.5f * ((1.0f / t_0) * t_2);
float t_4 = ((0.5f / t_0) * t_2) - ((-0.5f / t_0) * ((cosTheta * cosTheta) / powf(t_1, 2.0f)));
float t_5 = fmaf(((powf((alpha * cosTheta), 2.0f) * t_4) / t_1), -1.0f, t_4) * (alpha * alpha);
return ((t_5 * t_5) - (t_3 * t_3)) / (t_5 - t_3);
}
function code(cosTheta, alpha) t_0 = Float32(log(alpha) * Float32(pi)) t_1 = fma(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta), Float32(-1.0), Float32(1.0)) t_2 = Float32(Float32(1.0) / t_1) t_3 = Float32(Float32(-0.5) * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / t_0) * t_2)) t_4 = Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(0.5) / t_0) * t_2) - Float32(Float32(Float32(-0.5) / t_0) * Float32(Float32(cosTheta * cosTheta) / (t_1 ^ Float32(2.0))))) t_5 = Float32(fma(Float32(Float32((Float32(alpha * cosTheta) ^ Float32(2.0)) * t_4) / t_1), Float32(-1.0), t_4) * Float32(alpha * alpha)) return Float32(Float32(Float32(t_5 * t_5) - Float32(t_3 * t_3)) / Float32(t_5 - t_3)) end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \log \alpha \cdot \pi\\
t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta, -1, 1\right)\\
t_2 := \frac{1}{t\_1}\\
t_3 := -0.5 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot t\_2\right)\\
t_4 := \frac{0.5}{t\_0} \cdot t\_2 - \frac{-0.5}{t\_0} \cdot \frac{cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}{{t\_1}^{2}}\\
t_5 := \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\left(\alpha \cdot cosTheta\right)}^{2} \cdot t\_4}{t\_1}, -1, t\_4\right) \cdot \left(\alpha \cdot \alpha\right)\\
\frac{t\_5 \cdot t\_5 - t\_3 \cdot t\_3}{t\_5 - t\_3}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 98.5%
Taylor expanded in alpha around 0
Applied rewrites98.4%
Applied rewrites98.1%
herbie shell --seed 2025065
(FPCore (cosTheta alpha)
:name "GTR1 distribution"
:precision binary32
:pre (and (and (<= 0.0 cosTheta) (<= cosTheta 1.0)) (and (<= 0.0001 alpha) (<= alpha 1.0)))
(/ (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0) (* (* PI (log (* alpha alpha))) (+ 1.0 (* (* (- (* alpha alpha) 1.0) cosTheta) cosTheta)))))