x / (x^2 + 1)

Percentage Accurate: 76.6% → 100.0%
Time: 2.8s
Alternatives: 4
Speedup: 1.1×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ x (+ (* x x) 1.0)))
double code(double x) {
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = x / ((x * x) + 1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
}
def code(x):
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0)
function code(x)
	return Float64(x / Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
end
function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
end
code[x_] := N[(x / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 4 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 76.6% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ x (+ (* x x) 1.0)))
double code(double x) {
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(x)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = x / ((x * x) + 1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
}
def code(x):
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0)
function code(x)
	return Float64(x / Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
end
function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
end
code[x_] := N[(x / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} x\_m = \left|x\right| \\ x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right) \\ x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x\_m \leq 50000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x\_m}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x\_m, x\_m, 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x\_m}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
x\_m = (fabs.f64 x)
x\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x)
(FPCore (x_s x_m)
 :precision binary64
 (* x_s (if (<= x_m 50000000.0) (/ x_m (fma x_m x_m 1.0)) (/ 1.0 x_m))))
x\_m = fabs(x);
x\_s = copysign(1.0, x);
double code(double x_s, double x_m) {
	double tmp;
	if (x_m <= 50000000.0) {
		tmp = x_m / fma(x_m, x_m, 1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0 / x_m;
	}
	return x_s * tmp;
}
x\_m = abs(x)
x\_s = copysign(1.0, x)
function code(x_s, x_m)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x_m <= 50000000.0)
		tmp = Float64(x_m / fma(x_m, x_m, 1.0));
	else
		tmp = Float64(1.0 / x_m);
	end
	return Float64(x_s * tmp)
end
x\_m = N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision]
x\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
code[x$95$s_, x$95$m_] := N[(x$95$s * If[LessEqual[x$95$m, 50000000.0], N[(x$95$m / N[(x$95$m * x$95$m + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 / x$95$m), $MachinePrecision]]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
x\_m = \left|x\right|
\\
x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right)

\\
x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x\_m \leq 50000000:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x\_m}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x\_m, x\_m, 1\right)}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x\_m}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < 5e7

    1. Initial program 86.4%

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{x}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x + 1}} \]
      2. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{x}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x} + 1} \]
      3. lower-fma.f6486.4

        \[\leadsto \frac{x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}} \]
    4. Applied rewrites86.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}} \]

    if 5e7 < x

    1. Initial program 51.1%

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{-1}} \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites100.0%

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{x}} \]
      3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      4. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 2: 99.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} x\_m = \left|x\right| \\ x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right) \\ x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x\_m \leq 0.85:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(-x\_m\right) \cdot x\_m, x\_m, x\_m\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x\_m}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
      x\_m = (fabs.f64 x)
      x\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x)
      (FPCore (x_s x_m)
       :precision binary64
       (* x_s (if (<= x_m 0.85) (fma (* (- x_m) x_m) x_m x_m) (/ 1.0 x_m))))
      x\_m = fabs(x);
      x\_s = copysign(1.0, x);
      double code(double x_s, double x_m) {
      	double tmp;
      	if (x_m <= 0.85) {
      		tmp = fma((-x_m * x_m), x_m, x_m);
      	} else {
      		tmp = 1.0 / x_m;
      	}
      	return x_s * tmp;
      }
      
      x\_m = abs(x)
      x\_s = copysign(1.0, x)
      function code(x_s, x_m)
      	tmp = 0.0
      	if (x_m <= 0.85)
      		tmp = fma(Float64(Float64(-x_m) * x_m), x_m, x_m);
      	else
      		tmp = Float64(1.0 / x_m);
      	end
      	return Float64(x_s * tmp)
      end
      
      x\_m = N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision]
      x\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
      code[x$95$s_, x$95$m_] := N[(x$95$s * If[LessEqual[x$95$m, 0.85], N[(N[((-x$95$m) * x$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * x$95$m + x$95$m), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 / x$95$m), $MachinePrecision]]), $MachinePrecision]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      x\_m = \left|x\right|
      \\
      x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right)
      
      \\
      x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l}
      \mathbf{if}\;x\_m \leq 0.85:\\
      \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(-x\_m\right) \cdot x\_m, x\_m, x\_m\right)\\
      
      \mathbf{else}:\\
      \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x\_m}\\
      
      
      \end{array}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Split input into 2 regimes
      2. if x < 0.849999999999999978

        1. Initial program 86.2%

          \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites68.2%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x - {x}^{3}} \]
          2. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites68.2%

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(-x\right) \cdot x, \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

            if 0.849999999999999978 < x

            1. Initial program 53.3%

              \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
            2. Add Preprocessing
            3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}} \]
            4. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites98.1%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{-1}} \]
              2. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites98.1%

                  \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{x}} \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 3: 99.0% accurate, 1.1× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} x\_m = \left|x\right| \\ x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right) \\ x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x\_m \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;x\_m\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x\_m}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              x\_m = (fabs.f64 x)
              x\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x)
              (FPCore (x_s x_m)
               :precision binary64
               (* x_s (if (<= x_m 1.0) x_m (/ 1.0 x_m))))
              x\_m = fabs(x);
              x\_s = copysign(1.0, x);
              double code(double x_s, double x_m) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (x_m <= 1.0) {
              		tmp = x_m;
              	} else {
              		tmp = 1.0 / x_m;
              	}
              	return x_s * tmp;
              }
              
              x\_m =     private
              x\_s =     private
              module fmin_fmax_functions
                  implicit none
                  private
                  public fmax
                  public fmin
              
                  interface fmax
                      module procedure fmax88
                      module procedure fmax44
                      module procedure fmax84
                      module procedure fmax48
                  end interface
                  interface fmin
                      module procedure fmin88
                      module procedure fmin44
                      module procedure fmin84
                      module procedure fmin48
                  end interface
              contains
                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                  end function
              end module
              
              real(8) function code(x_s, x_m)
              use fmin_fmax_functions
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x_s
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x_m
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (x_m <= 1.0d0) then
                      tmp = x_m
                  else
                      tmp = 1.0d0 / x_m
                  end if
                  code = x_s * tmp
              end function
              
              x\_m = Math.abs(x);
              x\_s = Math.copySign(1.0, x);
              public static double code(double x_s, double x_m) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (x_m <= 1.0) {
              		tmp = x_m;
              	} else {
              		tmp = 1.0 / x_m;
              	}
              	return x_s * tmp;
              }
              
              x\_m = math.fabs(x)
              x\_s = math.copysign(1.0, x)
              def code(x_s, x_m):
              	tmp = 0
              	if x_m <= 1.0:
              		tmp = x_m
              	else:
              		tmp = 1.0 / x_m
              	return x_s * tmp
              
              x\_m = abs(x)
              x\_s = copysign(1.0, x)
              function code(x_s, x_m)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (x_m <= 1.0)
              		tmp = x_m;
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(1.0 / x_m);
              	end
              	return Float64(x_s * tmp)
              end
              
              x\_m = abs(x);
              x\_s = sign(x) * abs(1.0);
              function tmp_2 = code(x_s, x_m)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (x_m <= 1.0)
              		tmp = x_m;
              	else
              		tmp = 1.0 / x_m;
              	end
              	tmp_2 = x_s * tmp;
              end
              
              x\_m = N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision]
              x\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
              code[x$95$s_, x$95$m_] := N[(x$95$s * If[LessEqual[x$95$m, 1.0], x$95$m, N[(1.0 / x$95$m), $MachinePrecision]]), $MachinePrecision]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              x\_m = \left|x\right|
              \\
              x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right)
              
              \\
              x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;x\_m \leq 1:\\
              \;\;\;\;x\_m\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x\_m}\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if x < 1

                1. Initial program 86.2%

                  \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
                4. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites68.2%

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

                  if 1 < x

                  1. Initial program 53.3%

                    \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
                  2. Add Preprocessing
                  3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}} \]
                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites98.1%

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{-1}} \]
                    2. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites98.1%

                        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{x}} \]
                    3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                    4. Add Preprocessing

                    Alternative 4: 51.1% accurate, 20.0× speedup?

                    \[\begin{array}{l} x\_m = \left|x\right| \\ x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right) \\ x\_s \cdot x\_m \end{array} \]
                    x\_m = (fabs.f64 x)
                    x\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x)
                    (FPCore (x_s x_m) :precision binary64 (* x_s x_m))
                    x\_m = fabs(x);
                    x\_s = copysign(1.0, x);
                    double code(double x_s, double x_m) {
                    	return x_s * x_m;
                    }
                    
                    x\_m =     private
                    x\_s =     private
                    module fmin_fmax_functions
                        implicit none
                        private
                        public fmax
                        public fmin
                    
                        interface fmax
                            module procedure fmax88
                            module procedure fmax44
                            module procedure fmax84
                            module procedure fmax48
                        end interface
                        interface fmin
                            module procedure fmin88
                            module procedure fmin44
                            module procedure fmin84
                            module procedure fmin48
                        end interface
                    contains
                        real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                            real(8), intent (in) :: x
                            real(8), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                            real(4), intent (in) :: x
                            real(4), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                            real(8), intent (in) :: x
                            real(4), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                            real(4), intent (in) :: x
                            real(8), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                            real(8), intent (in) :: x
                            real(8), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                            real(4), intent (in) :: x
                            real(4), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                            real(8), intent (in) :: x
                            real(4), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                        real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                            real(4), intent (in) :: x
                            real(8), intent (in) :: y
                            res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                        end function
                    end module
                    
                    real(8) function code(x_s, x_m)
                    use fmin_fmax_functions
                        real(8), intent (in) :: x_s
                        real(8), intent (in) :: x_m
                        code = x_s * x_m
                    end function
                    
                    x\_m = Math.abs(x);
                    x\_s = Math.copySign(1.0, x);
                    public static double code(double x_s, double x_m) {
                    	return x_s * x_m;
                    }
                    
                    x\_m = math.fabs(x)
                    x\_s = math.copysign(1.0, x)
                    def code(x_s, x_m):
                    	return x_s * x_m
                    
                    x\_m = abs(x)
                    x\_s = copysign(1.0, x)
                    function code(x_s, x_m)
                    	return Float64(x_s * x_m)
                    end
                    
                    x\_m = abs(x);
                    x\_s = sign(x) * abs(1.0);
                    function tmp = code(x_s, x_m)
                    	tmp = x_s * x_m;
                    end
                    
                    x\_m = N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision]
                    x\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
                    code[x$95$s_, x$95$m_] := N[(x$95$s * x$95$m), $MachinePrecision]
                    
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    x\_m = \left|x\right|
                    \\
                    x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right)
                    
                    \\
                    x\_s \cdot x\_m
                    \end{array}
                    
                    Derivation
                    1. Initial program 77.7%

                      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites51.7%

                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
                      2. Add Preprocessing

                      Developer Target 1: 99.8% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

                      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{x + \frac{1}{x}} \end{array} \]
                      (FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (+ x (/ 1.0 x))))
                      double code(double x) {
                      	return 1.0 / (x + (1.0 / x));
                      }
                      
                      module fmin_fmax_functions
                          implicit none
                          private
                          public fmax
                          public fmin
                      
                          interface fmax
                              module procedure fmax88
                              module procedure fmax44
                              module procedure fmax84
                              module procedure fmax48
                          end interface
                          interface fmin
                              module procedure fmin88
                              module procedure fmin44
                              module procedure fmin84
                              module procedure fmin48
                          end interface
                      contains
                          real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                              real(8), intent (in) :: x
                              real(8), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                              real(4), intent (in) :: x
                              real(4), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                              real(8), intent (in) :: x
                              real(4), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                              real(4), intent (in) :: x
                              real(8), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                              real(8), intent (in) :: x
                              real(8), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                              real(4), intent (in) :: x
                              real(4), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                              real(8), intent (in) :: x
                              real(4), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                          real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                              real(4), intent (in) :: x
                              real(8), intent (in) :: y
                              res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                          end function
                      end module
                      
                      real(8) function code(x)
                      use fmin_fmax_functions
                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                          code = 1.0d0 / (x + (1.0d0 / x))
                      end function
                      
                      public static double code(double x) {
                      	return 1.0 / (x + (1.0 / x));
                      }
                      
                      def code(x):
                      	return 1.0 / (x + (1.0 / x))
                      
                      function code(x)
                      	return Float64(1.0 / Float64(x + Float64(1.0 / x)))
                      end
                      
                      function tmp = code(x)
                      	tmp = 1.0 / (x + (1.0 / x));
                      end
                      
                      code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(x + N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                      
                      \begin{array}{l}
                      
                      \\
                      \frac{1}{x + \frac{1}{x}}
                      \end{array}
                      

                      Reproduce

                      ?
                      herbie shell --seed 2025026 
                      (FPCore (x)
                        :name "x / (x^2 + 1)"
                        :precision binary64
                      
                        :alt
                        (! :herbie-platform default (/ 1 (+ x (/ 1 x))))
                      
                        (/ x (+ (* x x) 1.0)))