Toniolo and Linder, Equation (3a)

Percentage Accurate: 98.5% → 96.6%
Time: 10.2s
Alternatives: 7
Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (l Om kx ky)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt
  (*
   (/ 1.0 2.0)
   (+
    1.0
    (/
     1.0
     (sqrt
      (+
       1.0
       (*
        (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
        (+ (pow (sin kx) 2.0) (pow (sin ky) 2.0))))))))))
double code(double l, double Om, double kx, double ky) {
	return sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky), 2.0)))))))));
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(l, om, kx, ky)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: l
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: kx
    real(8), intent (in) :: ky
    code = sqrt(((1.0d0 / 2.0d0) * (1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / sqrt((1.0d0 + ((((2.0d0 * l) / om) ** 2.0d0) * ((sin(kx) ** 2.0d0) + (sin(ky) ** 2.0d0)))))))))
end function
public static double code(double l, double Om, double kx, double ky) {
	return Math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / Math.sqrt((1.0 + (Math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (Math.pow(Math.sin(kx), 2.0) + Math.pow(Math.sin(ky), 2.0)))))))));
}
def code(l, Om, kx, ky):
	return math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / math.sqrt((1.0 + (math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (math.pow(math.sin(kx), 2.0) + math.pow(math.sin(ky), 2.0)))))))))
function code(l, Om, kx, ky)
	return sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky) ^ 2.0)))))))))
end
function tmp = code(l, Om, kx, ky)
	tmp = sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + ((((2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * ((sin(kx) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky) ^ 2.0)))))))));
end
code[l_, Om_, kx_, ky_] := N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 7 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 98.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (l Om kx ky)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt
  (*
   (/ 1.0 2.0)
   (+
    1.0
    (/
     1.0
     (sqrt
      (+
       1.0
       (*
        (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
        (+ (pow (sin kx) 2.0) (pow (sin ky) 2.0))))))))))
double code(double l, double Om, double kx, double ky) {
	return sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky), 2.0)))))))));
}
module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(8) function code(l, om, kx, ky)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(8), intent (in) :: l
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: kx
    real(8), intent (in) :: ky
    code = sqrt(((1.0d0 / 2.0d0) * (1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / sqrt((1.0d0 + ((((2.0d0 * l) / om) ** 2.0d0) * ((sin(kx) ** 2.0d0) + (sin(ky) ** 2.0d0)))))))))
end function
public static double code(double l, double Om, double kx, double ky) {
	return Math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / Math.sqrt((1.0 + (Math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (Math.pow(Math.sin(kx), 2.0) + Math.pow(Math.sin(ky), 2.0)))))))));
}
def code(l, Om, kx, ky):
	return math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / math.sqrt((1.0 + (math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (math.pow(math.sin(kx), 2.0) + math.pow(math.sin(ky), 2.0)))))))))
function code(l, Om, kx, ky)
	return sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky) ^ 2.0)))))))))
end
function tmp = code(l, Om, kx, ky)
	tmp = sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + ((((2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * ((sin(kx) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky) ^ 2.0)))))))));
end
code[l_, Om_, kx_, ky_] := N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 96.6% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)} \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+56}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot ky\_m\right)}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\left(\ell \cdot ky\_m\right) \cdot \left(\ell \cdot ky\_m\right)}{Om \cdot Om}, 4, 1\right)}} - -0.5}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (sqrt
       (+
        1.0
        (*
         (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
         (+ (pow (sin kx_m) 2.0) (pow (sin ky_m) 2.0)))))
      5e+56)
   (sqrt
    (fma
     (sqrt
      (/
       1.0
       (fma
        (* (/ (- 0.5 (* 0.5 (cos (* 2.0 ky_m)))) Om) (* (/ l Om) l))
        4.0
        1.0)))
     0.5
     0.5))
   (sqrt
    (-
     (/ 0.5 (sqrt (fma (/ (* (* l ky_m) (* l ky_m)) (* Om Om)) 4.0 1.0)))
     -0.5))))
kx_m = fabs(kx);
ky_m = fabs(ky);
assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
	double tmp;
	if (sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx_m), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky_m), 2.0))))) <= 5e+56) {
		tmp = sqrt(fma(sqrt((1.0 / fma((((0.5 - (0.5 * cos((2.0 * ky_m)))) / Om) * ((l / Om) * l)), 4.0, 1.0))), 0.5, 0.5));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrt(((0.5 / sqrt(fma((((l * ky_m) * (l * ky_m)) / (Om * Om)), 4.0, 1.0))) - -0.5));
	}
	return tmp;
}
kx_m = abs(kx)
ky_m = abs(ky)
l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0))))) <= 5e+56)
		tmp = sqrt(fma(sqrt(Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.5 - Float64(0.5 * cos(Float64(2.0 * ky_m)))) / Om) * Float64(Float64(l / Om) * l)), 4.0, 1.0))), 0.5, 0.5));
	else
		tmp = sqrt(Float64(Float64(0.5 / sqrt(fma(Float64(Float64(Float64(l * ky_m) * Float64(l * ky_m)) / Float64(Om * Om)), 4.0, 1.0))) - -0.5));
	end
	return tmp
end
kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 5e+56], N[Sqrt[N[(N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(N[(0.5 - N[(0.5 * N[Cos[N[(2.0 * ky$95$m), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(l / Om), $MachinePrecision] * l), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * 0.5 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(0.5 / N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(N[(l * ky$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(l * ky$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(Om * Om), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - -0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
kx_m = \left|kx\right|
\\
ky_m = \left|ky\right|
\\
[l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)} \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+56}:\\
\;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot ky\_m\right)}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\sqrt{\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\left(\ell \cdot ky\_m\right) \cdot \left(\ell \cdot ky\_m\right)}{Om \cdot Om}, 4, 1\right)}} - -0.5}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))) < 5.00000000000000024e56

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in kx around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + 4 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2} \cdot {\sin ky}^{2}}{{Om}^{2}}}}\right)}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites89.1%

        \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \ell}{Om}, 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites97.4%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]
        2. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites96.9%

            \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot ky\right)}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]

          if 5.00000000000000024e56 < (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64))))))

          1. Initial program 95.8%

            \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in kx around 0

            \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + 4 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2} \cdot {\sin ky}^{2}}{{Om}^{2}}}}\right)}} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites73.5%

              \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \ell}{Om}, 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
            2. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites85.7%

                \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\left(\sin ky \cdot \ell\right)}^{2}}{Om \cdot Om}, 4, 1\right)}} - \color{blue}{-0.5}} \]
              2. Taylor expanded in ky around 0

                \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{ky}^{2} \cdot {\ell}^{2}}{Om \cdot Om}, 4, 1\right)}} - \frac{-1}{2}} \]
              3. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites85.7%

                  \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\left(\ell \cdot ky\right) \cdot \left(\ell \cdot ky\right)}{Om \cdot Om}, 4, 1\right)}} - -0.5} \]
              4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              5. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 2: 98.1% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \leq 0.8:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{\sin ky\_m \cdot \ell}, 0.25, 0.5\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
              ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<=
                    (sqrt
                     (*
                      (/ 1.0 2.0)
                      (+
                       1.0
                       (/
                        1.0
                        (sqrt
                         (+
                          1.0
                          (*
                           (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
                           (+ (pow (sin kx_m) 2.0) (pow (sin ky_m) 2.0)))))))))
                    0.8)
                 (sqrt (fma (/ Om (* (sin ky_m) l)) 0.25 0.5))
                 (sqrt 1.0)))
              kx_m = fabs(kx);
              ky_m = fabs(ky);
              assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
              double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx_m), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky_m), 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8) {
              		tmp = sqrt(fma((Om / (sin(ky_m) * l)), 0.25, 0.5));
              	} else {
              		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              kx_m = abs(kx)
              ky_m = abs(ky)
              l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
              function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8)
              		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float64(Om / Float64(sin(ky_m) * l)), 0.25, 0.5));
              	else
              		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
              ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 0.8], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(Om / N[(N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision] * l), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.25 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[1.0], $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              kx_m = \left|kx\right|
              \\
              ky_m = \left|ky\right|
              \\
              [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \leq 0.8:\\
              \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{\sin ky\_m \cdot \ell}, 0.25, 0.5\right)}\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1}\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))))))) < 0.80000000000000004

                1. Initial program 100.0%

                  \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Taylor expanded in kx around 0

                  \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + 4 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2} \cdot {\sin ky}^{2}}{{Om}^{2}}}}\right)}} \]
                4. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites73.9%

                    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \ell}{Om}, 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
                  2. Taylor expanded in l around inf

                    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{Om}{\ell \cdot \sin ky}}} \]
                  3. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites84.7%

                      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{\sin ky \cdot \ell}, \color{blue}{0.25}, 0.5\right)} \]

                    if 0.80000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64))))))))))

                    1. Initial program 97.4%

                      \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

                      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1}} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites98.4%

                        \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1}} \]
                    5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                    6. Add Preprocessing

                    Alternative 3: 98.1% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

                    \[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \leq 0.8:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{\sin ky\_m \cdot \ell}, -0.25, 0.5\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                    kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
                    ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
                    NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    (FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m)
                     :precision binary64
                     (if (<=
                          (sqrt
                           (*
                            (/ 1.0 2.0)
                            (+
                             1.0
                             (/
                              1.0
                              (sqrt
                               (+
                                1.0
                                (*
                                 (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
                                 (+ (pow (sin kx_m) 2.0) (pow (sin ky_m) 2.0)))))))))
                          0.8)
                       (sqrt (fma (/ Om (* (sin ky_m) l)) -0.25 0.5))
                       (sqrt 1.0)))
                    kx_m = fabs(kx);
                    ky_m = fabs(ky);
                    assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
                    double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                    	double tmp;
                    	if (sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx_m), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky_m), 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8) {
                    		tmp = sqrt(fma((Om / (sin(ky_m) * l)), -0.25, 0.5));
                    	} else {
                    		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
                    	}
                    	return tmp;
                    }
                    
                    kx_m = abs(kx)
                    ky_m = abs(ky)
                    l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                    function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                    	tmp = 0.0
                    	if (sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8)
                    		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float64(Om / Float64(sin(ky_m) * l)), -0.25, 0.5));
                    	else
                    		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
                    	end
                    	return tmp
                    end
                    
                    kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
                    ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
                    NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 0.8], N[Sqrt[N[(N[(Om / N[(N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision] * l), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * -0.25 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[1.0], $MachinePrecision]]
                    
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    kx_m = \left|kx\right|
                    \\
                    ky_m = \left|ky\right|
                    \\
                    [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
                    \\
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \leq 0.8:\\
                    \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{\sin ky\_m \cdot \ell}, -0.25, 0.5\right)}\\
                    
                    \mathbf{else}:\\
                    \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1}\\
                    
                    
                    \end{array}
                    \end{array}
                    
                    Derivation
                    1. Split input into 2 regimes
                    2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))))))) < 0.80000000000000004

                      1. Initial program 100.0%

                        \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                      2. Add Preprocessing
                      3. Taylor expanded in kx around 0

                        \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + 4 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2} \cdot {\sin ky}^{2}}{{Om}^{2}}}}\right)}} \]
                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. Applied rewrites73.9%

                          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \ell}{Om}, 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
                        2. Taylor expanded in l around -inf

                          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{4} \cdot \frac{Om}{\ell \cdot \sin ky}}} \]
                        3. Step-by-step derivation
                          1. Applied rewrites84.8%

                            \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{\sin ky \cdot \ell}, \color{blue}{-0.25}, 0.5\right)} \]

                          if 0.80000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64))))))))))

                          1. Initial program 97.4%

                            \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                          2. Add Preprocessing
                          3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

                            \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1}} \]
                          4. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. Applied rewrites98.4%

                              \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1}} \]
                          5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                          6. Add Preprocessing

                          Alternative 4: 97.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

                          \[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \leq 0.8:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                          kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
                          ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
                          NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                          (FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m)
                           :precision binary64
                           (if (<=
                                (sqrt
                                 (*
                                  (/ 1.0 2.0)
                                  (+
                                   1.0
                                   (/
                                    1.0
                                    (sqrt
                                     (+
                                      1.0
                                      (*
                                       (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
                                       (+ (pow (sin kx_m) 2.0) (pow (sin ky_m) 2.0)))))))))
                                0.8)
                             (sqrt 0.5)
                             (sqrt 1.0)))
                          kx_m = fabs(kx);
                          ky_m = fabs(ky);
                          assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
                          double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                          	double tmp;
                          	if (sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx_m), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky_m), 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8) {
                          		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
                          	} else {
                          		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
                          	}
                          	return tmp;
                          }
                          
                          kx_m =     private
                          ky_m =     private
                          NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                          module fmin_fmax_functions
                              implicit none
                              private
                              public fmax
                              public fmin
                          
                              interface fmax
                                  module procedure fmax88
                                  module procedure fmax44
                                  module procedure fmax84
                                  module procedure fmax48
                              end interface
                              interface fmin
                                  module procedure fmin88
                                  module procedure fmin44
                                  module procedure fmin84
                                  module procedure fmin48
                              end interface
                          contains
                              real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                              real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                  res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                              end function
                          end module
                          
                          real(8) function code(l, om, kx_m, ky_m)
                          use fmin_fmax_functions
                              real(8), intent (in) :: l
                              real(8), intent (in) :: om
                              real(8), intent (in) :: kx_m
                              real(8), intent (in) :: ky_m
                              real(8) :: tmp
                              if (sqrt(((1.0d0 / 2.0d0) * (1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / sqrt((1.0d0 + ((((2.0d0 * l) / om) ** 2.0d0) * ((sin(kx_m) ** 2.0d0) + (sin(ky_m) ** 2.0d0))))))))) <= 0.8d0) then
                                  tmp = sqrt(0.5d0)
                              else
                                  tmp = sqrt(1.0d0)
                              end if
                              code = tmp
                          end function
                          
                          kx_m = Math.abs(kx);
                          ky_m = Math.abs(ky);
                          assert l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m;
                          public static double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                          	double tmp;
                          	if (Math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / Math.sqrt((1.0 + (Math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (Math.pow(Math.sin(kx_m), 2.0) + Math.pow(Math.sin(ky_m), 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8) {
                          		tmp = Math.sqrt(0.5);
                          	} else {
                          		tmp = Math.sqrt(1.0);
                          	}
                          	return tmp;
                          }
                          
                          kx_m = math.fabs(kx)
                          ky_m = math.fabs(ky)
                          [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                          def code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m):
                          	tmp = 0
                          	if math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / math.sqrt((1.0 + (math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (math.pow(math.sin(kx_m), 2.0) + math.pow(math.sin(ky_m), 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8:
                          		tmp = math.sqrt(0.5)
                          	else:
                          		tmp = math.sqrt(1.0)
                          	return tmp
                          
                          kx_m = abs(kx)
                          ky_m = abs(ky)
                          l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                          function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                          	tmp = 0.0
                          	if (sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8)
                          		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
                          	else
                          		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
                          	end
                          	return tmp
                          end
                          
                          kx_m = abs(kx);
                          ky_m = abs(ky);
                          l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = num2cell(sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])){:}
                          function tmp_2 = code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                          	tmp = 0.0;
                          	if (sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + ((((2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * ((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0))))))))) <= 0.8)
                          		tmp = sqrt(0.5);
                          	else
                          		tmp = sqrt(1.0);
                          	end
                          	tmp_2 = tmp;
                          end
                          
                          kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
                          ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
                          NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                          code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := If[LessEqual[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 0.8], N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision], N[Sqrt[1.0], $MachinePrecision]]
                          
                          \begin{array}{l}
                          kx_m = \left|kx\right|
                          \\
                          ky_m = \left|ky\right|
                          \\
                          [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
                          \\
                          \begin{array}{l}
                          \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \leq 0.8:\\
                          \;\;\;\;\sqrt{0.5}\\
                          
                          \mathbf{else}:\\
                          \;\;\;\;\sqrt{1}\\
                          
                          
                          \end{array}
                          \end{array}
                          
                          Derivation
                          1. Split input into 2 regimes
                          2. if (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))))))) < 0.80000000000000004

                            1. Initial program 100.0%

                              \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                            2. Add Preprocessing
                            3. Taylor expanded in l around inf

                              \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]
                            4. Step-by-step derivation
                              1. Applied rewrites98.5%

                                \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5}} \]

                              if 0.80000000000000004 < (sqrt.f64 (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 (pow.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) l) Om) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (+.f64 (pow.f64 (sin.f64 kx) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (pow.f64 (sin.f64 ky) #s(literal 2 binary64))))))))))

                              1. Initial program 97.4%

                                \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                              2. Add Preprocessing
                              3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

                                \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1}} \]
                              4. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. Applied rewrites98.4%

                                  \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1}} \]
                              5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                              6. Add Preprocessing

                              Alternative 5: 98.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

                              \[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \end{array} \]
                              kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
                              ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
                              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              (FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m)
                               :precision binary64
                               (sqrt
                                (*
                                 (/ 1.0 2.0)
                                 (+
                                  1.0
                                  (/
                                   1.0
                                   (sqrt
                                    (+
                                     1.0
                                     (*
                                      (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0)
                                      (+ (pow (sin kx_m) 2.0) (pow (sin ky_m) 2.0))))))))))
                              kx_m = fabs(kx);
                              ky_m = fabs(ky);
                              assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
                              double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                              	return sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + (pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (pow(sin(kx_m), 2.0) + pow(sin(ky_m), 2.0)))))))));
                              }
                              
                              kx_m =     private
                              ky_m =     private
                              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              module fmin_fmax_functions
                                  implicit none
                                  private
                                  public fmax
                                  public fmin
                              
                                  interface fmax
                                      module procedure fmax88
                                      module procedure fmax44
                                      module procedure fmax84
                                      module procedure fmax48
                                  end interface
                                  interface fmin
                                      module procedure fmin88
                                      module procedure fmin44
                                      module procedure fmin84
                                      module procedure fmin48
                                  end interface
                              contains
                                  real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                                  real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                                      real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                      res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                  end function
                              end module
                              
                              real(8) function code(l, om, kx_m, ky_m)
                              use fmin_fmax_functions
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: l
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: om
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: kx_m
                                  real(8), intent (in) :: ky_m
                                  code = sqrt(((1.0d0 / 2.0d0) * (1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / sqrt((1.0d0 + ((((2.0d0 * l) / om) ** 2.0d0) * ((sin(kx_m) ** 2.0d0) + (sin(ky_m) ** 2.0d0)))))))))
                              end function
                              
                              kx_m = Math.abs(kx);
                              ky_m = Math.abs(ky);
                              assert l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m;
                              public static double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                              	return Math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / Math.sqrt((1.0 + (Math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (Math.pow(Math.sin(kx_m), 2.0) + Math.pow(Math.sin(ky_m), 2.0)))))))));
                              }
                              
                              kx_m = math.fabs(kx)
                              ky_m = math.fabs(ky)
                              [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                              def code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m):
                              	return math.sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / math.sqrt((1.0 + (math.pow(((2.0 * l) / Om), 2.0) * (math.pow(math.sin(kx_m), 2.0) + math.pow(math.sin(ky_m), 2.0)))))))))
                              
                              kx_m = abs(kx)
                              ky_m = abs(ky)
                              l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                              function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                              	return sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64((Float64(Float64(2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * Float64((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0)))))))))
                              end
                              
                              kx_m = abs(kx);
                              ky_m = abs(ky);
                              l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = num2cell(sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])){:}
                              function tmp = code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                              	tmp = sqrt(((1.0 / 2.0) * (1.0 + (1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + ((((2.0 * l) / Om) ^ 2.0) * ((sin(kx_m) ^ 2.0) + (sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0)))))))));
                              end
                              
                              kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
                              ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
                              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[N[(N[(2.0 * l), $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[N[Sin[kx$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
                              
                              \begin{array}{l}
                              kx_m = \left|kx\right|
                              \\
                              ky_m = \left|ky\right|
                              \\
                              [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
                              \\
                              \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx\_m}^{2} + {\sin ky\_m}^{2}\right)}}\right)}
                              \end{array}
                              
                              Derivation
                              1. Initial program 98.4%

                                \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                              2. Add Preprocessing
                              3. Add Preprocessing

                              Alternative 6: 97.9% accurate, 2.1× speedup?

                              \[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky\_m}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \end{array} \]
                              kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
                              ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
                              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              (FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m)
                               :precision binary64
                               (sqrt
                                (fma
                                 (sqrt (/ 1.0 (fma (* (/ (pow (sin ky_m) 2.0) Om) (* (/ l Om) l)) 4.0 1.0)))
                                 0.5
                                 0.5)))
                              kx_m = fabs(kx);
                              ky_m = fabs(ky);
                              assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
                              double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                              	return sqrt(fma(sqrt((1.0 / fma(((pow(sin(ky_m), 2.0) / Om) * ((l / Om) * l)), 4.0, 1.0))), 0.5, 0.5));
                              }
                              
                              kx_m = abs(kx)
                              ky_m = abs(ky)
                              l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                              function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                              	return sqrt(fma(sqrt(Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(Float64((sin(ky_m) ^ 2.0) / Om) * Float64(Float64(l / Om) * l)), 4.0, 1.0))), 0.5, 0.5))
                              end
                              
                              kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
                              ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
                              NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := N[Sqrt[N[(N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[Sin[ky$95$m], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / Om), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(l / Om), $MachinePrecision] * l), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * 0.5 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
                              
                              \begin{array}{l}
                              kx_m = \left|kx\right|
                              \\
                              ky_m = \left|ky\right|
                              \\
                              [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
                              \\
                              \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky\_m}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}
                              \end{array}
                              
                              Derivation
                              1. Initial program 98.4%

                                \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                              2. Add Preprocessing
                              3. Taylor expanded in kx around 0

                                \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + 4 \cdot \frac{{\ell}^{2} \cdot {\sin ky}^{2}}{{Om}^{2}}}}\right)}} \]
                              4. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. Applied rewrites83.3%

                                  \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \ell}{Om}, 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
                                2. Step-by-step derivation
                                  1. Applied rewrites88.6%

                                    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{{\sin ky}^{2}}{Om} \cdot \left(\frac{\ell}{Om} \cdot \ell\right), 4, 1\right)}}, 0.5, 0.5\right)} \]
                                  2. Add Preprocessing

                                  Alternative 7: 56.3% accurate, 52.8× speedup?

                                  \[\begin{array}{l} kx_m = \left|kx\right| \\ ky_m = \left|ky\right| \\ [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\ \\ \sqrt{0.5} \end{array} \]
                                  kx_m = (fabs.f64 kx)
                                  ky_m = (fabs.f64 ky)
                                  NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                  (FPCore (l Om kx_m ky_m) :precision binary64 (sqrt 0.5))
                                  kx_m = fabs(kx);
                                  ky_m = fabs(ky);
                                  assert(l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m);
                                  double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                                  	return sqrt(0.5);
                                  }
                                  
                                  kx_m =     private
                                  ky_m =     private
                                  NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                  module fmin_fmax_functions
                                      implicit none
                                      private
                                      public fmax
                                      public fmin
                                  
                                      interface fmax
                                          module procedure fmax88
                                          module procedure fmax44
                                          module procedure fmax84
                                          module procedure fmax48
                                      end interface
                                      interface fmin
                                          module procedure fmin88
                                          module procedure fmin44
                                          module procedure fmin84
                                          module procedure fmin48
                                      end interface
                                  contains
                                      real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                      real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
                                          real(4), intent (in) :: x
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: y
                                          res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
                                      end function
                                  end module
                                  
                                  real(8) function code(l, om, kx_m, ky_m)
                                  use fmin_fmax_functions
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: l
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: om
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: kx_m
                                      real(8), intent (in) :: ky_m
                                      code = sqrt(0.5d0)
                                  end function
                                  
                                  kx_m = Math.abs(kx);
                                  ky_m = Math.abs(ky);
                                  assert l < Om && Om < kx_m && kx_m < ky_m;
                                  public static double code(double l, double Om, double kx_m, double ky_m) {
                                  	return Math.sqrt(0.5);
                                  }
                                  
                                  kx_m = math.fabs(kx)
                                  ky_m = math.fabs(ky)
                                  [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                                  def code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m):
                                  	return math.sqrt(0.5)
                                  
                                  kx_m = abs(kx)
                                  ky_m = abs(ky)
                                  l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])
                                  function code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                                  	return sqrt(0.5)
                                  end
                                  
                                  kx_m = abs(kx);
                                  ky_m = abs(ky);
                                  l, Om, kx_m, ky_m = num2cell(sort([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])){:}
                                  function tmp = code(l, Om, kx_m, ky_m)
                                  	tmp = sqrt(0.5);
                                  end
                                  
                                  kx_m = N[Abs[kx], $MachinePrecision]
                                  ky_m = N[Abs[ky], $MachinePrecision]
                                  NOTE: l, Om, kx_m, and ky_m should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                  code[l_, Om_, kx$95$m_, ky$95$m_] := N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]
                                  
                                  \begin{array}{l}
                                  kx_m = \left|kx\right|
                                  \\
                                  ky_m = \left|ky\right|
                                  \\
                                  [l, Om, kx_m, ky_m] = \mathsf{sort}([l, Om, kx_m, ky_m])\\
                                  \\
                                  \sqrt{0.5}
                                  \end{array}
                                  
                                  Derivation
                                  1. Initial program 98.4%

                                    \[\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{2 \cdot \ell}{Om}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left({\sin kx}^{2} + {\sin ky}^{2}\right)}}\right)} \]
                                  2. Add Preprocessing
                                  3. Taylor expanded in l around inf

                                    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}} \]
                                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                                    1. Applied rewrites52.7%

                                      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.5}} \]
                                    2. Add Preprocessing

                                    Reproduce

                                    ?
                                    herbie shell --seed 2025021 
                                    (FPCore (l Om kx ky)
                                      :name "Toniolo and Linder, Equation (3a)"
                                      :precision binary64
                                      (sqrt (* (/ 1.0 2.0) (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* (pow (/ (* 2.0 l) Om) 2.0) (+ (pow (sin kx) 2.0) (pow (sin ky) 2.0))))))))))