Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_x

Percentage Accurate: 57.7% → 98.9%

Time: 11.5s

Alternatives: 21

Speedup: 21.0×

Specification

\[\left(\left(cosTheta\_i > 0.9999 \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u1 \land u1 \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u2 \land u2 \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Initial Program: 57.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Alternative 1: 98.9% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(u1 \cdot u1\right) \cdot \left(-u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt (- (- (log1p (* (* u1 u1) (- u1))) (log1p (fma u1 u1 u1)))))
  (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip3-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. lower-fma.f32 97.0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 97.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. lift-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. unpow3 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{\left(u1 \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1 \cdot u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1 \cdot u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. distribute-lft-neg-out N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. lower-*.f32 99.0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

6. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

7. Final simplification 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(u1 \cdot u1\right) \cdot \left(-u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 97.5% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_1 \leq 0.32199999690055847:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right) \cdot u1, u1, u1\right)} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_1) 0.32199999690055847)
     (*
      (sqrt (fma (* (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1) u1 u1))
      t_1)
     (* (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.321999997

   1. Initial program 55.2%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip3-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      12. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      13. lower-fma.f32 96.8

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 96.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

   9. Applied rewrites 98.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right) \cdot u1, \color{blue}{u1}, u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.321999997 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 98.3%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 97.8

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 93.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.4% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_1 \leq 0.32199999690055847:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_1) 0.32199999690055847)
     (*
      (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1))
      t_1)
     (* (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.321999997

   1. Initial program 55.2%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.321999997 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 98.3%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 97.8

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 93.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 97.0% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_1 \leq 0.1420000046491623:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot u1, u1, u1\right)} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_1) 0.1420000046491623)
     (* (sqrt (fma (* (fma 0.3333333333333333 u1 0.5) u1) u1 u1)) t_1)
     (* (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.142000005

   1. Initial program 51.1%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 98.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 98.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot u1, \color{blue}{u1}, u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.142000005 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 97.5%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 96.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 96.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 90.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 96.9% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_1 \leq 0.1420000046491623:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_1) 0.1420000046491623)
     (* (sqrt (* (fma (fma 0.3333333333333333 u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1)) t_1)
     (* (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.142000005

   1. Initial program 51.1%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 98.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.142000005 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 97.5%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 96.3

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 96.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 90.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 95.4% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_1 \leq 0.07800000160932541:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_1) 0.07800000160932541)
     (* (sqrt (* (fma 0.5 u1 1.0) u1)) t_1)
     (* (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.0780000016

   1. Initial program 48.2%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.0780000016 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 96.1%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 94.7

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 89.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 93.9% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \cdot t\_1 \leq 0.10499999672174454:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= (* t_0 t_1) 0.10499999672174454)
     (* (sqrt (* (fma 0.5 u1 1.0) u1)) t_1)
     t_0)))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.104999997

   1. Initial program 48.8%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 97.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.104999997 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 96.4%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 95.1

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 95.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 81.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 98.8% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \log \left(1 - u1\right)\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -0.029999999329447746:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-t\_0} \cdot t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right) \cdot u1, u1, u1\right)} \cdot t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (log (- 1.0 u1))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= t_0 -0.029999999329447746)
     (* (sqrt (- t_0)) t_1)
     (*
      (sqrt (fma (* (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1) u1 u1))
      t_1))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)) < -0.0299999993

   1. Initial program 97.9%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   if -0.0299999993 < (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1))

   1. Initial program 52.1%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip3-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      12. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      13. lower-fma.f32 96.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 96.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

   9. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right) \cdot u1, \color{blue}{u1}, u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 99.0% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (- (log1p (* (- u1) u1)) (log1p u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 98.9

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 96.8% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1 \cdot u1, -0.25, -0.3333333333333333\right), u1 \cdot u1, -0.5\right), u1 \cdot u1, -1\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt
   (-
    (-
     (*
      (fma
       (fma (fma (* u1 u1) -0.25 -0.3333333333333333) (* u1 u1) -0.5)
       (* u1 u1)
       -1.0)
      (* u1 u1))
     (log1p u1))))
  (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 98.9

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{{u1}^{2} \cdot \left({u1}^{2} \cdot \left({u1}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{4} \cdot {u1}^{2} - \frac{1}{3}\right) - \frac{1}{2}\right) - 1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 96.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.25, u1 \cdot u1, -0.3333333333333333\right), u1 \cdot u1, -0.5\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right) - 1\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 96.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1 \cdot u1, -0.25, -0.3333333333333333\right), u1 \cdot u1, -0.5\right), u1 \cdot u1, -1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{u1} \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 80.4% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \leq 0.0012400000123307109:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<=
      (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2)))
      0.0012400000123307109)
   (* (sqrt u1) (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0))
   (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))) < 0.00124000001

   1. Initial program 26.6%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 96.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 83.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right)} \]

   if 0.00124000001 < (*.f32 (sqrt.f32 (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))) (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)))

   1. Initial program 82.5%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip3-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      12. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      13. lower-fma.f32 95.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 95.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + \left(u1 + {u1}^{2}\right)\right) - \log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 85.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left({\left(-u1\right)}^{3}\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 79.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 96.1% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\left(-\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.3333333333333333, u1 \cdot u1, -0.5\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right) - 1\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right)\right) + \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt
   (+
    (-
     (*
      (- (* (fma -0.3333333333333333 (* u1 u1) -0.5) (* u1 u1)) 1.0)
      (* u1 u1)))
    (log1p u1)))
  (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 98.9

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{{u1}^{2} \cdot \left({u1}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{3} \cdot {u1}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}\right) - 1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 95.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.3333333333333333, u1 \cdot u1, -0.5\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right) - 1\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right)} - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

8. Final simplification 95.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(-\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.3333333333333333, u1 \cdot u1, -0.5\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right) - 1\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot u1\right)\right) + \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 82.9% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \leq 0.9999995827674866:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2)) 0.9999995827674866)
   (*
    (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0)
    (sqrt (* (fma 0.5 u1 1.0) u1)))
   (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)) < 0.999999583

   1. Initial program 57.9%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 98.3

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 73.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 66.8%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]

   if 0.999999583 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2))

   1. Initial program 62.8%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip3-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      12. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      13. lower-fma.f32 97.2

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + \left(u1 + {u1}^{2}\right)\right) - \log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left({\left(-u1\right)}^{3}\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 93.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 14: 90.5% accurate, 1.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u2 \leq 0.02500000037252903:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{u1} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u2 0.02500000037252903)
   (*
    (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0)
    (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1)))
   (* (sqrt u1) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2)))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u2 < 0.0250000004

   1. Initial program 62.5%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 99.2

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 92.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]

   if 0.0250000004 < u2

   1. Initial program 52.8%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 77.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 15: 86.9% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u1 \leq 0.11999999731779099:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u1 0.11999999731779099)
   (*
    (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0)
    (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1)))
   (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1))))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u1 < 0.119999997

   1. Initial program 55.9%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. flip-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. log-div N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. lower-log1p.f32 99.0

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 89.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 88.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]

   if 0.119999997 < u1

   1. Initial program 98.6%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. lift-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. neg-log N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f32 98.1

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(\frac{1}{1 - u1}\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 83.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 16: 84.3% accurate, 3.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0)
  (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1}{1 + u1}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - u1 \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. fp-cancel-sub-sign-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1\right)} - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot u1}\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. lower-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)} \cdot u1\right) - \log \left(1 + u1\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 98.9

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(1 + u1\right) - \log \left(1 + -1 \cdot {u1}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 89.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\left(-u1\right) \cdot u1\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 84.3%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 17: 82.7% accurate, 4.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt (* (fma (fma 0.3333333333333333 u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1))
  (fma (* -2.0 (* u2 u2)) (* (PI) (PI)) 1.0)))

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

5. Applied rewrites 90.6%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

6. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{3}, u1, \frac{1}{2}\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({u2}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 82.4%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot u2\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right)} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 18: 76.8% accurate, 6.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt (* (fma (fma (fma 0.25 u1 0.3333333333333333) u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf((fmaf(fmaf(fmaf(0.25f, u1, 0.3333333333333333f), u1, 0.5f), u1, 1.0f) * u1));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return sqrt(Float32(fma(fma(fma(Float32(0.25), u1, Float32(0.3333333333333333)), u1, Float32(0.5)), u1, Float32(1.0)) * u1))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip3-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. lower-fma.f32 97.0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 97.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + \left(u1 + {u1}^{2}\right)\right) - \log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 81.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left({\left(-u1\right)}^{3}\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 77.5%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, u1, 0.3333333333333333\right), u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 19: 75.6% accurate, 8.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt (* (fma (fma 0.3333333333333333 u1 0.5) u1 1.0) u1)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf((fmaf(fmaf(0.3333333333333333f, u1, 0.5f), u1, 1.0f) * u1));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return sqrt(Float32(fma(fma(Float32(0.3333333333333333), u1, Float32(0.5)), u1, Float32(1.0)) * u1))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip3-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. lower-fma.f32 97.0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 97.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + \left(u1 + {u1}^{2}\right)\right) - \log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 81.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left({\left(-u1\right)}^{3}\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + u1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} \cdot u1\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 76.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, u1, 0.5\right), u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 20: 73.1% accurate, 10.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2) :precision binary32 (sqrt (* (fma 0.5 u1 1.0) u1)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf((fmaf(0.5f, u1, 1.0f) * u1));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return sqrt(Float32(fma(Float32(0.5), u1, Float32(1.0)) * u1))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip3-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. lower-fma.f32 97.0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 97.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + \left(u1 + {u1}^{2}\right)\right) - \log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 81.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left({\left(-u1\right)}^{3}\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot u1\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 73.3%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, u1, 1\right) \cdot u1} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 21: 65.1% accurate, 21.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2) :precision binary32 (sqrt u1))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(u1);
}

Fortran

module fmin_fmax_functions
    implicit none
    private
    public fmax
    public fmin

    interface fmax
        module procedure fmax88
        module procedure fmax44
        module procedure fmax84
        module procedure fmax48
    end interface
    interface fmin
        module procedure fmin88
        module procedure fmin44
        module procedure fmin84
        module procedure fmin48
    end interface
contains
    real(8) function fmax88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmax44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, max(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, max(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmax48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), max(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin88(x, y) result (res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(4) function fmin44(x, y) result (res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(x, min(x, y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin84(x, y) result(res)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(4), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(dble(y), merge(x, min(x, dble(y)), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
    real(8) function fmin48(x, y) result(res)
        real(4), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        res = merge(y, merge(dble(x), min(dble(x), y), y /= y), x /= x)
    end function
end module

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
use fmin_fmax_functions
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = sqrt(u1)
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return sqrt(u1)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt(u1);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.9%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. flip3-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. log-div N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-log.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\color{blue}{\log \left({1}^{3} - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{1} - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)} - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{u1}^{3}}\right) - \log \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + 1 \cdot u1\right)}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(u1 \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. lower-fma.f32 97.0

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 97.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\log \left(1 + \left(u1 + {u1}^{2}\right)\right) - \log \left(1 - {u1}^{3}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 81.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, u1, u1\right)\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left({\left(-u1\right)}^{3}\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 64.4%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{u1} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2025020 
(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (> cosTheta_i 0.9999) (<= cosTheta_i 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u1) (<= u1 1.0))) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u2) (<= u2 1.0)))
  (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))