VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)

Percentage Accurate: 6.8% → 99.0%
Time: 14.2s
Alternatives: 5
Speedup: 4.8×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\ t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\ t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\ t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\ -\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ (PI) 4.0)) (t_1 (* t_0 f)) (t_2 (exp t_1)) (t_3 (exp (- t_1))))
   (- (* (/ 1.0 t_0) (log (/ (+ t_2 t_3) (- t_2 t_3)))))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\
t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\
t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\
t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\
-\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 5 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 6.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\ t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\ t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\ t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\ -\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ (PI) 4.0)) (t_1 (* t_0 f)) (t_2 (exp t_1)) (t_3 (exp (- t_1))))
   (- (* (/ 1.0 t_0) (log (/ (+ t_2 t_3) (- t_2 t_3)))))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\
t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\
t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\
t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\
-\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 2.6× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\log \tanh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (* (log (tanh (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f))) 4.0) (PI)))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\log \tanh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 6.9%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Applied rewrites77.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left({\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}^{\left(\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)} \]
  4. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-log.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left({\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}^{\left(\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)} \]
    2. lift-pow.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}^{\left(\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)} \]
    3. pow-to-expN/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)} \]
    4. rem-log-expN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    5. lift-/.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    6. associate-*r/N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    7. lower-/.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
  5. Applied rewrites96.9%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
  6. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Applied rewrites99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \tanh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 2: 98.8% accurate, 2.6× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f\right) \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (f)
     :precision binary64
     (* (/ 4.0 (PI)) (log (tanh (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)))))
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f\right)
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 6.9%

      \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Applied rewrites77.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left({\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}^{\left(\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-log.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left({\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}^{\left(\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)} \]
      2. lift-pow.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}^{\left(\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)} \]
      3. pow-to-expN/A

        \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)} \]
      4. rem-log-expN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      5. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      6. associate-*r/N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      7. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    5. Applied rewrites96.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right) \cdot 4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      2. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right) \cdot 4}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      3. associate-/l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      4. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)} \]
      5. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)} \]
      6. lower-/.f6496.8

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right) \]
      7. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}{\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)} \]
    7. Applied rewrites99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f\right)} \]
    8. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 3: 96.0% accurate, 2.7× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\log \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) + \log f}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4 \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (f)
     :precision binary64
     (* (/ (+ (log (* (PI) 0.25)) (log f)) (PI)) 4.0))
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \frac{\log \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) + \log f}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 6.9%

      \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Applied rewrites96.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left(-\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-neg.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]
      2. lift-log.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
      3. neg-logN/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}\right)}\right) \]
      4. lower-log.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}\right)}\right) \]
      5. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}}\right)\right) \]
      6. associate-/r/N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      7. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites96.9%

      \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left({\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-1} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
    6. Taylor expanded in f around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot \frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
      2. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
    8. Applied rewrites96.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot 0.5\right) + \log f}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites96.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) + \log f}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4 \]
      2. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 4: 96.0% accurate, 4.8× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\log \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4 \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f) :precision binary64 (* (/ (log (* 0.25 (* (PI) f))) (PI)) 4.0))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\log \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 6.9%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Applied rewrites96.5%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left(-\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-neg.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]
        2. lift-log.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
        3. neg-logN/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}\right)}\right) \]
        4. lower-log.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}\right)}\right) \]
        5. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}}\right)\right) \]
        6. associate-/r/N/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
        7. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      5. Applied rewrites96.9%

        \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left({\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-1} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      6. Taylor expanded in f around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot \frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      7. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
        2. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
      8. Applied rewrites96.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot 0.5\right) + \log f}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
      9. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites95.9%

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{4} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 5: 95.9% accurate, 4.8× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (f) :precision binary64 (* (log (* 0.25 (* (PI) f))) (/ 4.0 (PI))))
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \log \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Initial program 6.9%

          \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Applied rewrites96.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left(-\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. lift-neg.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]
          2. lift-log.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]
          3. neg-logN/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}\right)}\right) \]
          4. lower-log.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}\right)}\right) \]
          5. lift-/.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)}{\sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}}}\right)\right) \]
          6. associate-/r/N/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
          7. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{\frac{-1}{2}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\cosh \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{-4} \cdot f\right)} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
        5. Applied rewrites96.9%

          \[\leadsto {\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \left({\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\log \left({\cosh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)}^{-1} \cdot \sinh \left(f \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\right)\right)}\right) \]
        6. Taylor expanded in f around 0

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot \frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        7. Step-by-step derivation
          1. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
          2. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log f + \log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
        8. Applied rewrites96.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot 0.5\right) + \log f}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 4} \]
        9. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites95.8%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing

          Reproduce

          ?
          herbie shell --seed 2024351 
          (FPCore (f)
            :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)"
            :precision binary64
            (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ (PI) 4.0)) (log (/ (+ (exp (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)))) (- (exp (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)))))))))