Beckmann Sample, normalization factor

Percentage Accurate: 97.9% → 98.5%

Time: 9.7s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 1.1×

Specification

\[\left(0 < cosTheta \land cosTheta < 0.9999\right) \land \left(-1 < c \land c < 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (PI))) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Initial Program: 97.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (PI))) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Alternative 1: 98.5% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) (* cosTheta (sqrt (PI))))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 98.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.1% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 - 2 \cdot cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (/ (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 (* 2.0 cosTheta)) (PI))) cosTheta)
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-*r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. sqrt-undiv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-/.f32 98.2

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.2%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right)} - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate--l- N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - \left(cosTheta + cosTheta\right)}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - \left(cosTheta + cosTheta\right)}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. count-2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{2 \cdot cosTheta}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 98.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{2 \cdot cosTheta}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - 2 \cdot cosTheta}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.0% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (/ (sqrt (/ (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta) (PI))) cosTheta)
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-*r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. sqrt-undiv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-/.f32 98.2

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.2%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 95.8% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (/ (/ (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta) (sqrt (PI)))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lower-/.f32 98.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta}{cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta}{cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. fp-cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right) \cdot cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{1} \cdot cosTheta}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lower--.f32 95.8

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 95.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 95.0% accurate, 1.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(\frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right) + c\right) + 1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/ 1.0 (+ (+ (* (/ (pow (PI) -0.5) cosTheta) (- 1.0 cosTheta)) c) 1.0)))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 98.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt1-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right) + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   8. fp-cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right) \cdot cosTheta\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - \color{blue}{1} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   10. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - \color{blue}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   13. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   14. lower-PI.f32 95.4

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 95.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)} + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]

   5. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]

9. Applied rewrites 95.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right) + c\right) + 1}} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 95.0% accurate, 3.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/ 1.0 (+ (+ 1.0 c) (/ (* (- 1.0 cosTheta) (sqrt (/ 1.0 (PI)))) cosTheta))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 98.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt1-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right) + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   8. fp-cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right) \cdot cosTheta\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - \color{blue}{1} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   10. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - \color{blue}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   13. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   14. lower-PI.f32 95.4

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 95.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 94.9% accurate, 3.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \left(-1 - \frac{-1}{cosTheta}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/ 1.0 (+ (+ 1.0 c) (* (sqrt (/ 1.0 (PI))) (- -1.0 (/ -1.0 cosTheta))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 98.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}}} \]

   2. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt1-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right) + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   5. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot cosTheta}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   8. fp-cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right) \cdot cosTheta\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - \color{blue}{1} \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   10. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - \color{blue}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   13. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

   14. lower-PI.f32 95.4

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 95.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around inf

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(-1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 95.0%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 - \frac{-1}{cosTheta}\right)}} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 92.8% accurate, 11.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 (* (sqrt (PI)) cosTheta))

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \]

   3. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot cosTheta \]

   4. lower-PI.f32 92.9

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot cosTheta \]

5. Applied rewrites 92.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 5.0% accurate, 15.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{c} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 (/ 1.0 c))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / c;
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0 / c
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / c)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / c;
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.9%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in c around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{c}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 5.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{c}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 5.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{c}} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024337 
(FPCore (cosTheta c)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, normalization factor"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (< 0.0 cosTheta) (< cosTheta 0.9999)) (and (< -1.0 c) (< c 1.0)))
  (/ 1.0 (+ (+ 1.0 c) (* (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (PI))) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta)) (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))