2sin (example 3.3)

Percentage Accurate: 62.5% → 99.7%

Time: 11.9s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 34.5×

Specification

\[\left(\left(-10000 \leq x \land x \leq 10000\right) \land 10^{-16} \cdot \left|x\right| < \varepsilon\right) \land \varepsilon < \left|x\right|\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 62.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.7% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, -0.5 \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (fma (fma (* (cos x) eps) -0.16666666666666666 (* -0.5 (sin x))) eps (cos x))
  eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma(fma((cos(x) * eps), -0.16666666666666666, (-0.5 * sin(x))), eps, cos(x)) * eps;
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(fma(fma(Float64(cos(x) * eps), -0.16666666666666666, Float64(-0.5 * sin(x))), eps, cos(x)) * eps)
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision] * -0.16666666666666666 + N[(-0.5 * N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * eps + N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right) + \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} + \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right) + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{6}} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right)}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon}, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   10. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon}, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   11. lower-cos.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\cos x} \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   12. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   13. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   14. lower-sin.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \color{blue}{\sin x} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   15. lower-cos.f64 100.0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, \sin x \cdot -0.5\right), \varepsilon, \color{blue}{\cos x}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, \sin x \cdot -0.5\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

6. Final simplification 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, -0.5 \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.7% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (cos (fma -0.5 eps (- x)))
  (* 2.0 (* (fma -0.020833333333333332 (* eps eps) 0.5) eps))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return cos(fma(-0.5, eps, -x)) * (2.0 * (fma(-0.020833333333333332, (eps * eps), 0.5) * eps));
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(cos(fma(-0.5, eps, Float64(-x))) * Float64(2.0 * Float64(fma(-0.020833333333333332, Float64(eps * eps), 0.5) * eps)))
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Cos[N[(-0.5 * eps + (-x)), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(2.0 * N[(N[(-0.020833333333333332 * N[(eps * eps), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x} \]

   2. lift-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

   3. lift-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \color{blue}{\sin x} \]

   4. diff-sin N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)} \]

   5. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   8. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   9. lower-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   10. clear-num N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{2}{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}}\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   11. associate-/r/ N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   12. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   13. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   14. lift-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - x\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + x\right)} - x\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   16. associate--l+ N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + \left(x - x\right)\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   17. +-inverses N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon + \color{blue}{0}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   18. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 + \varepsilon\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   19. lower-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 + \varepsilon\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   20. frac-2neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(0 + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x\right)\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}\right)} \]

   21. distribute-frac-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(0 + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \left(0 + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   4. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, {\varepsilon}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   5. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   6. lower-*.f64 99.9

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon + -1 \cdot x\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, -1 \cdot x\right)\right)} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-neg.f64 99.9

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, \color{blue}{-x}\right)\right) \]

10. Applied rewrites 99.9%

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right)} \]

11. Final simplification 99.9%

    \[\leadsto \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.5% accurate, 1.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (* (* (* 0.5 eps) 2.0) (cos (fma -0.5 eps (- x)))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return ((0.5 * eps) * 2.0) * cos(fma(-0.5, eps, -x));
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(0.5 * eps) * 2.0) * cos(fma(-0.5, eps, Float64(-x))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(0.5 * eps), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(-0.5 * eps + (-x)), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x} \]

   2. lift-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

   3. lift-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \color{blue}{\sin x} \]

   4. diff-sin N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)} \]

   5. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   8. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   9. lower-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   10. clear-num N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{2}{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}}\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   11. associate-/r/ N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   12. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   13. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   14. lift-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x + \varepsilon\right)} - x\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + x\right)} - x\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   16. associate--l+ N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + \left(x - x\right)\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   17. +-inverses N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon + \color{blue}{0}\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   18. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 + \varepsilon\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   19. lower-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 + \varepsilon\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right) \]

   20. frac-2neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(0 + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x\right)\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}\right)} \]

   21. distribute-frac-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(0 + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \left(0 + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{48} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   4. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, {\varepsilon}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   5. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

   6. lower-*.f64 99.9

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)}{-2}\right) \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon + -1 \cdot x\right)} \]

   2. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, -1 \cdot x\right)\right)} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{48}, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. lower-neg.f64 99.9

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, \color{blue}{-x}\right)\right) \]

10. Applied rewrites 99.9%

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.020833333333333332, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, 0.5\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right)} \]

11. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right) \]
12. Step-by-step derivation

13. Applied rewrites 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \varepsilon, -x\right)\right) \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 99.0% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos x \cdot \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (cos x) eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return cos(x) * eps;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = cos(x) * eps
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.cos(x) * eps;
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return math.cos(x) * eps

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(cos(x) * eps)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = cos(x) * eps;
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \cos x} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   3. lower-cos.f64 99.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x} \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 98.4% accurate, 4.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), \varepsilon, -0.5 \cdot x\right), \varepsilon, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, -0.5, 1\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (fma
   (fma (fma 0.08333333333333333 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) eps (* -0.5 x))
   eps
   (fma (* x x) -0.5 1.0))
  eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma(fma(fma(0.08333333333333333, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), eps, (-0.5 * x)), eps, fma((x * x), -0.5, 1.0)) * eps;
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(fma(fma(fma(0.08333333333333333, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), eps, Float64(-0.5 * x)), eps, fma(Float64(x * x), -0.5, 1.0)) * eps)
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(0.08333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] * eps + N[(-0.5 * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * eps + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * -0.5 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right) + \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} + \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x + \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right) + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{6}} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot \cos x, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right)}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon}, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   10. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon}, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   11. lower-cos.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\cos x} \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   12. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   13. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   14. lower-sin.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, \frac{-1}{6}, \color{blue}{\sin x} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   15. lower-cos.f64 100.0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, \sin x \cdot -0.5\right), \varepsilon, \color{blue}{\cos x}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, \sin x \cdot -0.5\right), \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(1 + \left(\frac{-1}{6} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + x \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{12} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, \varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, -0.5\right), x, -0.5 \cdot \varepsilon\right), x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon, -0.16666666666666666, 1\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

9. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(1 + \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\frac{1}{12} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

11. Applied rewrites 98.9%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), \varepsilon, -0.5 \cdot x\right), \varepsilon, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, -0.5, 1\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.3% accurate, 10.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\varepsilon + x\right) \cdot -0.5, x, 1\right) \cdot \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (fma (* (+ eps x) -0.5) x 1.0) eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma(((eps + x) * -0.5), x, 1.0) * eps;
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(fma(Float64(Float64(eps + x) * -0.5), x, 1.0) * eps)
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(eps + x), $MachinePrecision] * -0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \sin x\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \sin x\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\cos x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \varepsilon\right)}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\cos x + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \varepsilon}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   5. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \varepsilon + \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x, \varepsilon, \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   8. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   9. lower-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sin x} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   10. lower-cos.f64 99.8

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin x \cdot -0.5, \varepsilon, \color{blue}{\cos x}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin x \cdot -0.5, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\varepsilon + x\right) \cdot -0.5, x, 1\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 98.3% accurate, 10.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\left(\varepsilon + x\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot -0.5, x, \varepsilon\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (fma (* (* (+ eps x) eps) -0.5) x eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma((((eps + x) * eps) * -0.5), x, eps);
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return fma(Float64(Float64(Float64(eps + x) * eps) * -0.5), x, eps)
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(eps + x), $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision] * -0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x + eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \sin x\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \sin x\right)\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\cos x + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \varepsilon\right)}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\cos x + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \varepsilon}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   5. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \varepsilon + \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \sin x, \varepsilon, \cos x\right)} \cdot \varepsilon \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   8. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   9. lower-sin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sin x} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

   10. lower-cos.f64 99.8

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin x \cdot -0.5, \varepsilon, \color{blue}{\cos x}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin x \cdot -0.5, \varepsilon, \cos x\right) \cdot \varepsilon} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \varepsilon + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right) + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon + x\right)\right) \cdot -0.5, \color{blue}{x}, \varepsilon\right) \]

9. Final simplification 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\left(\varepsilon + x\right) \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot -0.5, x, \varepsilon\right) \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 98.3% accurate, 12.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, -0.5, 1\right) \cdot \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (fma (* x x) -0.5 1.0) eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma((x * x), -0.5, 1.0) * eps;
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(fma(Float64(x * x), -0.5, 1.0) * eps)
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * -0.5 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \cos x} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   3. lower-cos.f64 99.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x} \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, -0.5, 1\right) \cdot \varepsilon \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 97.8% accurate, 34.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 \cdot \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* 1.0 eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 1.0 * eps;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = 1.0d0 * eps
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 1.0 * eps;
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return 1.0 * eps

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(1.0 * eps)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = 1.0 * eps;
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(1.0 * eps), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 63.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in eps around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \cos x} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

   3. lower-cos.f64 99.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x} \cdot \varepsilon \]

5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \varepsilon \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \varepsilon \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 99.9% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon - -2 \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (* (* (cos (* 0.5 (- eps (* -2.0 x)))) (sin (* 0.5 eps))) 2.0))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = (cos((0.5d0 * (eps - ((-2.0d0) * x)))) * sin((0.5d0 * eps))) * 2.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (Math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * Math.sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0;
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return (math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * math.sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * Float64(eps - Float64(-2.0 * x)))) * sin(Float64(0.5 * eps))) * 2.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = (cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0;
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(eps - N[(-2.0 * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024332 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2sin (example 3.3)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (and (and (<= -10000.0 x) (<= x 10000.0)) (< (* 1e-16 (fabs x)) eps)) (< eps (fabs x)))

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform default (* (cos (* 1/2 (- eps (* -2 x)))) (sin (* 1/2 eps)) 2))

  (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))