VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)

Percentage Accurate: 7.0% → 99.0%
Time: 16.0s
Alternatives: 6
Speedup: 4.8×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\ t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\ t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\ t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\ -\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ (PI) 4.0)) (t_1 (* t_0 f)) (t_2 (exp t_1)) (t_3 (exp (- t_1))))
   (- (* (/ 1.0 t_0) (log (/ (+ t_2 t_3) (- t_2 t_3)))))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\
t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\
t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\
t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\
-\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 6 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 7.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\ t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\ t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\ t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\ -\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (/ (PI) 4.0)) (t_1 (* t_0 f)) (t_2 (exp t_1)) (t_3 (exp (- t_1))))
   (- (* (/ 1.0 t_0) (log (/ (+ t_2 t_3) (- t_2 t_3)))))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}\\
t_1 := t\_0 \cdot f\\
t_2 := e^{t\_1}\\
t_3 := e^{-t\_1}\\
-\frac{1}{t\_0} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_2 + t\_3}{t\_2 - t\_3}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 2.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\\ \frac{\log \tanh \left(t\_0 \cdot f\right)}{t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (PI) 0.25))) (/ (log (tanh (* t_0 f))) t_0)))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\\
\frac{\log \tanh \left(t\_0 \cdot f\right)}{t\_0}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 8.3%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-neg.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)} \]
    2. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}\right) \]
    3. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
    4. lift-/.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
    5. un-div-invN/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
  4. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \tanh \left(f \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
  5. Final simplification98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\log \tanh \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25} \]
  6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.8% accurate, 2.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (* (/ 4.0 (PI)) (log (tanh (* (* (PI) 0.25) f)))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 8.3%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-neg.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)} \]
    2. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}\right) \]
    3. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. lower-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)\right)} \]
  4. Applied rewrites98.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(f \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)} \]
  5. Final simplification98.6%

    \[\leadsto \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \tanh \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right) \]
  6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 96.2% accurate, 3.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{-1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot f, f, \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}{f}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (/ -1.0 (/ (PI) 4.0))
  (log (/ (fma (* (* 0.08333333333333333 (PI)) f) f (/ 4.0 (PI))) f))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{-1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot f, f, \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}{f}\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 8.3%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Taylor expanded in f around 0

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{f \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{4} \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + f \cdot \left(\frac{1}{16} \cdot \frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} - 2 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{384} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{3} - \frac{-1}{384} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{3}}{{\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{-1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{f}\right)} \]
  4. Applied rewrites96.4%

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot 0.005208333333333333, \left(0.0625 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot f, f, \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}{f}\right)} \]
  5. Taylor expanded in f around 0

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(f \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{24} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \frac{1}{8} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right), f, \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}{f}\right) \]
  6. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Applied rewrites96.4%

      \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot f, f, \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}{f}\right) \]
    2. Final simplification96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{-1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot f, f, \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}{f}\right) \]
    3. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 4: 95.7% accurate, 4.0× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\ \frac{\log \left(\left(\left(t\_0 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25} \end{array} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (f)
     :precision binary64
     (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (PI)))) (/ (log (* (* (* t_0 t_0) f) 0.25)) (* (PI) 0.25))))
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    t_0 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
    \frac{\log \left(\left(\left(t\_0 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25}
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 8.3%

      \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-neg.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)} \]
      2. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}\right) \]
      3. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
      4. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
      5. un-div-invN/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
    4. Applied rewrites98.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \tanh \left(f \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in f around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      2. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      3. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      4. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      5. lower-PI.f6495.4

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
    7. Applied rewrites95.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites95.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      2. Final simplification95.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25} \]
      3. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 5: 95.7% accurate, 4.8× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f) :precision binary64 (/ (log (* (* (PI) f) 0.25)) (* (PI) 0.25)))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 8.3%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-neg.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}\right) \]
        3. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
        4. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
        5. un-div-invN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
      4. Applied rewrites98.7%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \tanh \left(f \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      5. Taylor expanded in f around 0

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        2. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        3. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        4. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        5. lower-PI.f6495.4

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      7. Applied rewrites95.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      8. Final simplification95.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25} \]
      9. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 6: 95.6% accurate, 4.8× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f) :precision binary64 (* (log (* (* (PI) 0.25) f)) (/ 4.0 (PI))))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 8.3%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-neg.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)\right)} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}\right) \]
        3. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
        4. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
        5. un-div-invN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4} \cdot f}}\right)}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{4}}}\right) \]
      4. Applied rewrites98.7%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \tanh \left(f \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      5. Taylor expanded in f around 0

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{4} \cdot \left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        2. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(f \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        3. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        4. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        5. lower-PI.f6495.4

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      7. Applied rewrites95.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)}}{0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      8. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{4} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        3. associate-/r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{4}}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        4. div-invN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{4}}}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        5. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{4}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        6. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        7. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        8. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{1}{4}\right)} \]
        9. lower-*.f6495.2

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.25\right)} \]
      9. Applied rewrites95.2%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \log \left(\left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot f\right)} \]
      10. Final simplification95.2%

        \[\leadsto \log \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right) \cdot \frac{4}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
      11. Add Preprocessing

      Reproduce

      ?
      herbie shell --seed 2024332 
      (FPCore (f)
        :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)"
        :precision binary64
        (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ (PI) 4.0)) (log (/ (+ (exp (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)))) (- (exp (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ (PI) 4.0) f)))))))))