Trowbridge-Reitz Sample, sample surface normal, cosTheta

Percentage Accurate: 99.3% → 99.3%

Time: 18.0s

Alternatives: 7

Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

\[\left(\left(\left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u0 \land u0 \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u1 \land u1 \leq 0.5\right)\right) \land \left(0.0001 \leq alphax \land alphax \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(0.0001 \leq alphay \land alphay \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)\\ t_1 := \sin t\_0\\ t_2 := \cos t\_0\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{t\_2 \cdot t\_2}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{t\_1 \cdot t\_1}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0
         (atan
          (* (/ alphay alphax) (tan (+ (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u1) (* 0.5 (PI)))))))
        (t_1 (sin t_0))
        (t_2 (cos t_0)))
   (/
    1.0
    (sqrt
     (+
      1.0
      (/
       (*
        (/
         1.0
         (+
          (/ (* t_2 t_2) (* alphax alphax))
          (/ (* t_1 t_1) (* alphay alphay))))
        u0)
       (- 1.0 u0)))))))

Initial Program: 99.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)\\ t_1 := \sin t\_0\\ t_2 := \cos t\_0\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{t\_2 \cdot t\_2}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{t\_1 \cdot t\_1}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0
         (atan
          (* (/ alphay alphax) (tan (+ (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u1) (* 0.5 (PI)))))))
        (t_1 (sin t_0))
        (t_2 (cos t_0)))
   (/
    1.0
    (sqrt
     (+
      1.0
      (/
       (*
        (/
         1.0
         (+
          (/ (* t_2 t_2) (* alphax alphax))
          (/ (* t_1 t_1) (* alphay alphay))))
        u0)
       (- 1.0 u0)))))))

Alternative 1: 99.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)\\ t_1 := \cos t\_0\\ t_2 := \sin t\_0\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{\frac{-1}{\frac{t\_2 \cdot t\_2}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{t\_1 \cdot t\_1}{alphax \cdot alphax}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0
         (atan
          (* (tan (+ (* 0.5 (PI)) (* u1 (* (PI) 2.0)))) (/ alphay alphax))))
        (t_1 (cos t_0))
        (t_2 (sin t_0)))
   (/
    1.0
    (sqrt
     (-
      1.0
      (/
       (*
        (/
         -1.0
         (+
          (/ (* t_2 t_2) (* alphay alphay))
          (/ (* t_1 t_1) (* alphax alphax))))
        u0)
       (- 1.0 u0)))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.5%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Final simplification 99.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{\frac{-1}{\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 71.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \tan \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ t_1 := \tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{\frac{u0}{u0 - 1}}{\frac{{\cos \left(-\tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\left(t\_0 + t\_1\right) \cdot alphay}{\left(t\_0 \cdot t\_1 - 1\right) \cdot alphax}\right)\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}}{\cos \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay}}}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (tan (* (* u1 2.0) (PI)))) (t_1 (tan (* 0.5 (PI)))))
   (sqrt
    (/
     1.0
     (-
      1.0
      (/
       (/ u0 (- u0 1.0))
       (+
        (/
         (pow
          (cos
           (-
            (atan (/ (* (+ t_0 t_1) alphay) (* (- (* t_0 t_1) 1.0) alphax)))))
          2.0)
         (* alphax alphax))
        (/
         (pow
          (sin
           (atan
            (/
             (* (sin (* (fma 2.0 u1 0.5) (PI))) (/ alphay alphax))
             (cos (* (+ (* u1 2.0) 0.5) (PI))))))
          2.0)
         (* alphay alphay)))))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.5%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + \frac{u0}{\left(\frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{{alphax}^{2}} + \frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{{alphay}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(1 - u0\right)}}}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}} \]

11. Applied rewrites 99.2%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \left(-\tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\left(\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.5\right) + \tan \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot alphay}{\left(-alphax\right) \cdot \left(1 - \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \tan \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}} \]

12. Final simplification 73.9%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{\frac{u0}{u0 - 1}}{\frac{{\cos \left(-\tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\left(\tan \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + \tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot alphay}{\left(\tan \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \tan \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) - 1\right) \cdot alphax}\right)\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}}{\cos \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay}}}} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 90.0% accurate, 1.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{\frac{u0}{u0 - 1}}{\frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan t\_0 \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\sin t\_0 \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}}{\cos \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay}}}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (* (fma 2.0 u1 0.5) (PI))))
   (sqrt
    (/
     1.0
     (-
      1.0
      (/
       (/ u0 (- u0 1.0))
       (+
        (/
         (pow (cos (atan (* (tan t_0) (/ alphay alphax)))) 2.0)
         (* alphax alphax))
        (/
         (pow
          (sin
           (atan
            (/
             (* (sin t_0) (/ alphay alphax))
             (cos (* (+ (* u1 2.0) 0.5) (PI))))))
          2.0)
         (* alphay alphay)))))))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.5%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{1 + \frac{u0}{\left(\frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{{alphax}^{2}} + \frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{{alphay}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(1 - u0\right)}}}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{\frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \sin \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay} + \frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax}} + 1}} \]

10. Final simplification 98.7%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - \frac{\frac{u0}{u0 - 1}}{\frac{{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}}{\cos \left(\left(u1 \cdot 2 + 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}}{alphay \cdot alphay}}}} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 45.8% accurate, 2.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{{\left(\frac{alphay}{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}\right)}^{-2}} + 1\right)}^{-0.5} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (pow
  (+
   (/
    (/ u0 (- 1.0 u0))
    (pow
     (/
      alphay
      (sin (atan (* (tan (* (fma 2.0 u1 0.5) (PI))) (/ alphay alphax)))))
     -2.0))
   1.0)
  -0.5))

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.5%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

4. Applied rewrites 89.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{{\left(\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphay}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphax}\right)}^{2}} + 1}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in alphax around inf

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2} \cdot u0}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - u0\right)}} + 1}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. times-frac N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2}}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2}}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 97.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{alphay \cdot alphay}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \frac{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

9. Applied rewrites 88.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{{\left(\frac{alphay}{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}\right)}^{-2}} + 1\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 84.9% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;alphay \leq 0.008320000022649765:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\left(\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, 2, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphay}\right)}^{-2} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0} + 1}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= alphay 0.008320000022649765)
   1.0
   (/
    1.0
    (sqrt
     (+
      (*
       (pow
        (/
         (sin (atan (* (tan (* (fma u1 2.0 0.5) (PI))) (/ alphay alphax))))
         alphay)
        -2.0)
       (/ u0 (- 1.0 u0)))
      1.0)))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if alphay < 0.00832000002

   1. Initial program 99.7%

      \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u0 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Applied rewrites 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]

   if 0.00832000002 < alphay

   1. Initial program 99.4%

      \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   4. Applied rewrites 85.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{{\left(\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphay}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphax}\right)}^{2}} + 1}}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in alphax around inf

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2} \cdot u0}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - u0\right)}} + 1}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. times-frac N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2}}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2}}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{alphay \cdot alphay}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \frac{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

   9. Applied rewrites 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{alphay \cdot alphay}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0} + 1}} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 97.4%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\left(\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(u1, 2, 0.5\right)\right)\right)}{alphay}\right)}^{-2} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0} + 1}}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;alphay \leq 0.008320000022649765:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\left(\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(u1, 2, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphay}\right)}^{-2} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0} + 1}}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 45.8% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{alphay \cdot alphay}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0} + 1}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (sqrt
   (+
    (*
     (/
      (* alphay alphay)
      (pow
       (sin (atan (/ (* (tan (* (fma 2.0 u1 0.5) (PI))) alphay) alphax)))
       2.0))
     (/ u0 (- 1.0 u0)))
    1.0))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.5%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

4. Applied rewrites 89.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{\frac{u0}{1 - u0}}{{\left(\frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphay}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), u1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{alphay}{alphax}\right)}{alphax}\right)}^{2}} + 1}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in alphax around inf

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2} \cdot u0}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - u0\right)}} + 1}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. times-frac N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2}}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{{alphay}^{2}}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + 2 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 97.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{alphay \cdot alphay}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \frac{\sin \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{\cos \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0}} + 1}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 97.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{alphay \cdot alphay}{{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, u1, 0.5\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot alphay}{alphax}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{u0}{1 - u0} + 1}} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 91.5% accurate, 1436.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay) :precision binary32 1.0)

C

float code(float u0, float u1, float alphax, float alphay) {
	return 1.0f;
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(u0, u1, alphax, alphay)
    real(4), intent (in) :: u0
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: alphax
    real(4), intent (in) :: alphay
    code = 1.0e0
end function

Julia

function code(u0, u1, alphax, alphay)
	return Float32(1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(u0, u1, alphax, alphay)
	tmp = single(1.0);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.5%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{1}{\frac{\cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \cos \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphax \cdot alphax} + \frac{\sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{alphay}{alphax} \cdot \tan \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u1 + 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)}{alphay \cdot alphay}} \cdot u0}{1 - u0}}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u0 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

5. Applied rewrites 92.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024331 
(FPCore (u0 u1 alphax alphay)
  :name "Trowbridge-Reitz Sample, sample surface normal, cosTheta"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u0) (<= u0 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u1) (<= u1 0.5))) (and (<= 0.0001 alphax) (<= alphax 1.0))) (and (<= 0.0001 alphay) (<= alphay 1.0)))
  (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ 1.0 (/ (* (/ 1.0 (+ (/ (* (cos (atan (* (/ alphay alphax) (tan (+ (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u1) (* 0.5 (PI))))))) (cos (atan (* (/ alphay alphax) (tan (+ (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u1) (* 0.5 (PI)))))))) (* alphax alphax)) (/ (* (sin (atan (* (/ alphay alphax) (tan (+ (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u1) (* 0.5 (PI))))))) (sin (atan (* (/ alphay alphax) (tan (+ (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u1) (* 0.5 (PI)))))))) (* alphay alphay)))) u0) (- 1.0 u0))))))