Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle

Percentage Accurate: 58.8% → 91.2%
Time: 10.1s
Alternatives: 15
Speedup: 8.2×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\ R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))))
   (* R (sqrt (+ (* t_0 t_0) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2)))))))
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0d0))
    code = r * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
end function
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))
	return R * math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))
	return Float64(R * sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + Float64(Float64(phi1 - phi2) * Float64(phi1 - phi2)))))
end
function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	tmp = R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
end
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\
R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 15 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 58.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\ R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))))
   (* R (sqrt (+ (* t_0 t_0) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2)))))))
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0d0))
    code = r * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
end function
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))
	return R * math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))
	return Float64(R * sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + Float64(Float64(phi1 - phi2) * Float64(phi1 - phi2)))))
end
function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	tmp = R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
end
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\
R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 91.2% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot t\_0, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \lambda_2 - \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (* 0.5 phi1))))
   (if (<= phi2 2.6e-20)
     (* (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) t_0) phi1) R)
     (*
      (hypot
       (-
        (* (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) t_0) lambda2)
        (* (* (sin (* 0.5 phi2)) (sin (* 0.5 phi1))) lambda2))
       (- phi1 phi2))
      R))))
assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = cos((0.5 * phi1));
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20) {
		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R;
	} else {
		tmp = hypot((((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) * lambda2) - ((sin((0.5 * phi2)) * sin((0.5 * phi1))) * lambda2)), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
	}
	return tmp;
}
assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = Math.cos((0.5 * phi1));
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20) {
		tmp = Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.hypot((((Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) * lambda2) - ((Math.sin((0.5 * phi2)) * Math.sin((0.5 * phi1))) * lambda2)), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
	}
	return tmp;
}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = math.cos((0.5 * phi1))
	tmp = 0
	if phi2 <= 2.6e-20:
		tmp = math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R
	else:
		tmp = math.hypot((((math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) * lambda2) - ((math.sin((0.5 * phi2)) * math.sin((0.5 * phi1))) * lambda2)), (phi1 - phi2)) * R
	return tmp
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20)
		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R);
	else
		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) * lambda2) - Float64(Float64(sin(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * sin(Float64(0.5 * phi1))) * lambda2)), Float64(phi1 - phi2)) * R);
	end
	return tmp
end
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = cos((0.5 * phi1));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20)
		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R;
	else
		tmp = hypot((((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) * lambda2) - ((sin((0.5 * phi2)) * sin((0.5 * phi1))) * lambda2)), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[phi2, 2.6e-20], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi1 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
[R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot t\_0, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \lambda_2 - \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if phi2 < 2.59999999999999995e-20

    1. Initial program 61.5%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}^{2} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
      2. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
      3. unswap-sqrN/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
      4. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1}} \]
      5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]
      6. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
      7. lower-cos.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
      8. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
      9. lower--.f6475.7

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites75.7%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]

    if 2.59999999999999995e-20 < phi2

    1. Initial program 61.6%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
      2. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
      3. unswap-sqrN/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
      4. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
      5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
      6. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      7. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      8. lower-cos.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      9. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      10. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      11. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      12. lower-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      13. lower--.f6480.5

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites80.5%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites84.4%

        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right) - \sin \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites84.4%

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2 + \left(\left(-\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right) \]
      3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      4. Final simplification77.9%

        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2 - \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
      5. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 2: 91.2% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot t\_0, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot t\_0 - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
      (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
       :precision binary64
       (let* ((t_0 (cos (* 0.5 phi1))))
         (if (<= phi2 2.6e-20)
           (* (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) t_0) phi1) R)
           (*
            (hypot
             (*
              (-
               (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) t_0)
               (* (sin (* 0.5 phi2)) (sin (* 0.5 phi1))))
              lambda2)
             (- phi1 phi2))
            R))))
      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
      double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
      	double t_0 = cos((0.5 * phi1));
      	double tmp;
      	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20) {
      		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R;
      	} else {
      		tmp = hypot((((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) - (sin((0.5 * phi2)) * sin((0.5 * phi1)))) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
      assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
      public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
      	double t_0 = Math.cos((0.5 * phi1));
      	double tmp;
      	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20) {
      		tmp = Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R;
      	} else {
      		tmp = Math.hypot((((Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) - (Math.sin((0.5 * phi2)) * Math.sin((0.5 * phi1)))) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
      def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
      	t_0 = math.cos((0.5 * phi1))
      	tmp = 0
      	if phi2 <= 2.6e-20:
      		tmp = math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R
      	else:
      		tmp = math.hypot((((math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) - (math.sin((0.5 * phi2)) * math.sin((0.5 * phi1)))) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R
      	return tmp
      
      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
      function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
      	t_0 = cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1))
      	tmp = 0.0
      	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20)
      		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R);
      	else
      		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) - Float64(sin(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * sin(Float64(0.5 * phi1)))) * lambda2), Float64(phi1 - phi2)) * R);
      	end
      	return tmp
      end
      
      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
      function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
      	t_0 = cos((0.5 * phi1));
      	tmp = 0.0;
      	if (phi2 <= 2.6e-20)
      		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * t_0), phi1) * R;
      	else
      		tmp = hypot((((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * t_0) - (sin((0.5 * phi2)) * sin((0.5 * phi1)))) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
      	end
      	tmp_2 = tmp;
      end
      
      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
      code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[phi2, 2.6e-20], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi1 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
      \\
      \begin{array}{l}
      t_0 := \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
      \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\
      \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot t\_0, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
      
      \mathbf{else}:\\
      \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot t\_0 - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\
      
      
      \end{array}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Split input into 2 regimes
      2. if phi2 < 2.59999999999999995e-20

        1. Initial program 61.5%

          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}^{2} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}}} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. unpow2N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
          2. unpow2N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
          3. unswap-sqrN/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
          4. unpow2N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1}} \]
          5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]
          6. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
          7. lower-cos.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
          8. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
          9. lower--.f6475.7

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
        5. Applied rewrites75.7%

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]

        if 2.59999999999999995e-20 < phi2

        1. Initial program 61.6%

          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. unpow2N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
          2. unpow2N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
          3. unswap-sqrN/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
          4. unpow2N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
          5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
          6. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          7. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          8. lower-cos.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          9. *-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          10. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          11. +-commutativeN/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          12. lower-+.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
          13. lower--.f6480.5

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
        5. Applied rewrites80.5%

          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
        6. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites84.4%

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right) - \sin \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
        7. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        8. Final simplification77.9%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
        9. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 3: 71.6% accurate, 1.2× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -0.15:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.4 \cdot 10^{-176}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.32 \cdot 10^{-275}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
         :precision binary64
         (let* ((t_0 (* (hypot (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) lambda2) phi2) R)))
           (if (<= phi1 -0.15)
             (* (hypot (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) lambda2) phi1) R)
             (if (<= phi1 -2.4e-176)
               t_0
               (if (<= phi1 -1.32e-275)
                 (*
                  (*
                   (/ (* (cos (* (+ phi1 phi2) 0.5)) (- lambda1 lambda2)) lambda1)
                   (- lambda1))
                  R)
                 t_0)))))
        assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
        assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
        double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
        	double t_0 = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), phi2) * R;
        	double tmp;
        	if (phi1 <= -0.15) {
        		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R;
        	} else if (phi1 <= -2.4e-176) {
        		tmp = t_0;
        	} else if (phi1 <= -1.32e-275) {
        		tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
        	} else {
        		tmp = t_0;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
        assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
        public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
        	double t_0 = Math.hypot((Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), phi2) * R;
        	double tmp;
        	if (phi1 <= -0.15) {
        		tmp = Math.hypot((Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R;
        	} else if (phi1 <= -2.4e-176) {
        		tmp = t_0;
        	} else if (phi1 <= -1.32e-275) {
        		tmp = (((Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
        	} else {
        		tmp = t_0;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
        [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
        def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
        	t_0 = math.hypot((math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), phi2) * R
        	tmp = 0
        	if phi1 <= -0.15:
        		tmp = math.hypot((math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R
        	elif phi1 <= -2.4e-176:
        		tmp = t_0
        	elif phi1 <= -1.32e-275:
        		tmp = (((math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R
        	else:
        		tmp = t_0
        	return tmp
        
        R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
        R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
        function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
        	t_0 = Float64(hypot(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), phi2) * R)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (phi1 <= -0.15)
        		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R);
        	elseif (phi1 <= -2.4e-176)
        		tmp = t_0;
        	elseif (phi1 <= -1.32e-275)
        		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * Float64(-lambda1)) * R);
        	else
        		tmp = t_0;
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
        R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
        function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
        	t_0 = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), phi2) * R;
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if (phi1 <= -0.15)
        		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R;
        	elseif (phi1 <= -2.4e-176)
        		tmp = t_0;
        	elseif (phi1 <= -1.32e-275)
        		tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
        	else
        		tmp = t_0;
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi2 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[phi1, -0.15], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi1 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[phi1, -2.4e-176], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[phi1, -1.32e-275], N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / lambda1), $MachinePrecision] * (-lambda1)), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
        [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        t_0 := \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\
        \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -0.15:\\
        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
        
        \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.4 \cdot 10^{-176}:\\
        \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
        
        \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.32 \cdot 10^{-275}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 3 regimes
        2. if phi1 < -0.149999999999999994

          1. Initial program 54.9%

            \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. unpow2N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
            2. unpow2N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
            3. unswap-sqrN/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
            4. unpow2N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
            5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
            6. *-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            7. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            8. lower-cos.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            9. *-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            10. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            11. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            12. lower-+.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
            13. lower--.f6480.5

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
          5. Applied rewrites80.5%

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
          6. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

            \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
          7. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites64.5%

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]

            if -0.149999999999999994 < phi1 < -2.40000000000000006e-176 or -1.31999999999999996e-275 < phi1

            1. Initial program 63.5%

              \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
            2. Add Preprocessing
            3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
            4. Step-by-step derivation
              1. unpow2N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
              2. unpow2N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
              3. unswap-sqrN/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
              4. unpow2N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
              5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
              6. *-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              7. lower-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              9. *-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              10. lower-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              11. +-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              12. lower-+.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
              13. lower--.f6477.5

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
            5. Applied rewrites77.5%

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
            6. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

              \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_2}^{2}} \]
            7. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites55.4%

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \]

              if -2.40000000000000006e-176 < phi1 < -1.31999999999999996e-275

              1. Initial program 63.9%

                \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
              2. Add Preprocessing
              3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around -inf

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
              4. Step-by-step derivation
                1. associate-*r*N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                2. lower-*.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                3. mul-1-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\lambda_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\lambda_1\right)} \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                5. mul-1-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]
                6. unsub-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)}\right) \]
                7. lower--.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)}\right) \]
                8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                9. *-commutativeN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                10. lower-*.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                11. +-commutativeN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                12. lower-+.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                13. *-commutativeN/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                14. associate-/l*N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}}\right)\right) \]
                15. lower-*.f64N/A

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}}\right)\right) \]
              5. Applied rewrites32.4%

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) - \cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
              6. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

                \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\lambda_1}}\right) \]
              7. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites32.4%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\color{blue}{\lambda_1}}\right) \]
              8. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
              9. Final simplification55.0%

                \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -0.15:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.4 \cdot 10^{-176}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.32 \cdot 10^{-275}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
              10. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 4: 74.4% accurate, 1.2× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.4 \cdot 10^{-176}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.32 \cdot 10^{-275}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
               :precision binary64
               (let* ((t_0 (* (hypot (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) lambda2) (- phi1 phi2)) R)))
                 (if (<= phi1 -2.4e-176)
                   t_0
                   (if (<= phi1 -1.32e-275)
                     (*
                      (*
                       (/ (* (cos (* (+ phi1 phi2) 0.5)) (- lambda1 lambda2)) lambda1)
                       (- lambda1))
                      R)
                     t_0))))
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double t_0 = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
              	double tmp;
              	if (phi1 <= -2.4e-176) {
              		tmp = t_0;
              	} else if (phi1 <= -1.32e-275) {
              		tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
              	} else {
              		tmp = t_0;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
              public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
              	double t_0 = Math.hypot((Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
              	double tmp;
              	if (phi1 <= -2.4e-176) {
              		tmp = t_0;
              	} else if (phi1 <= -1.32e-275) {
              		tmp = (((Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
              	} else {
              		tmp = t_0;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
              	t_0 = math.hypot((math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R
              	tmp = 0
              	if phi1 <= -2.4e-176:
              		tmp = t_0
              	elif phi1 <= -1.32e-275:
              		tmp = (((math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R
              	else:
              		tmp = t_0
              	return tmp
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	t_0 = Float64(hypot(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), Float64(phi1 - phi2)) * R)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (phi1 <= -2.4e-176)
              		tmp = t_0;
              	elseif (phi1 <= -1.32e-275)
              		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * Float64(-lambda1)) * R);
              	else
              		tmp = t_0;
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
              	t_0 = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (phi1 <= -2.4e-176)
              		tmp = t_0;
              	elseif (phi1 <= -1.32e-275)
              		tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
              	else
              		tmp = t_0;
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[phi1, -2.4e-176], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[phi1, -1.32e-275], N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / lambda1), $MachinePrecision] * (-lambda1)), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              t_0 := \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\
              \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.4 \cdot 10^{-176}:\\
              \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
              
              \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.32 \cdot 10^{-275}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if phi1 < -2.40000000000000006e-176 or -1.31999999999999996e-275 < phi1

                1. Initial program 61.2%

                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
                4. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. unpow2N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                  2. unpow2N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                  3. unswap-sqrN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                  4. unpow2N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                  5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  6. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  7. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  9. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  10. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  11. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  12. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                  13. lower--.f6478.3

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
                5. Applied rewrites78.3%

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                6. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                  \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                7. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites76.6%

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

                  if -2.40000000000000006e-176 < phi1 < -1.31999999999999996e-275

                  1. Initial program 63.9%

                    \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                  2. Add Preprocessing
                  3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around -inf

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. associate-*r*N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                    2. lower-*.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                    3. mul-1-negN/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\lambda_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\lambda_1\right)} \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    5. mul-1-negN/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]
                    6. unsub-negN/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)}\right) \]
                    7. lower--.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)}\right) \]
                    8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    9. *-commutativeN/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    10. lower-*.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    11. +-commutativeN/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    12. lower-+.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    13. *-commutativeN/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                    14. associate-/l*N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}}\right)\right) \]
                    15. lower-*.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}}\right)\right) \]
                  5. Applied rewrites32.4%

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) - \cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                  6. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

                    \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\lambda_1}}\right) \]
                  7. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites32.4%

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\color{blue}{\lambda_1}}\right) \]
                  8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                  9. Final simplification71.6%

                    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -2.4 \cdot 10^{-176}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.32 \cdot 10^{-275}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
                  10. Add Preprocessing

                  Alternative 5: 91.0% accurate, 1.2× speedup?

                  \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 0.02:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                   :precision binary64
                   (if (<= phi2 0.02)
                     (* (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (* 0.5 phi1))) phi1) R)
                     (* (hypot (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) (- lambda1 lambda2)) phi2) R)))
                  assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                  assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                  double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                  	double tmp;
                  	if (phi2 <= 0.02) {
                  		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R;
                  	} else {
                  		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)), phi2) * R;
                  	}
                  	return tmp;
                  }
                  
                  assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                  assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                  public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                  	double tmp;
                  	if (phi2 <= 0.02) {
                  		tmp = Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R;
                  	} else {
                  		tmp = Math.hypot((Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)), phi2) * R;
                  	}
                  	return tmp;
                  }
                  
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                  	tmp = 0
                  	if phi2 <= 0.02:
                  		tmp = math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R
                  	else:
                  		tmp = math.hypot((math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)), phi2) * R
                  	return tmp
                  
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  	tmp = 0.0
                  	if (phi2 <= 0.02)
                  		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R);
                  	else
                  		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)), phi2) * R);
                  	end
                  	return tmp
                  end
                  
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                  function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  	tmp = 0.0;
                  	if (phi2 <= 0.02)
                  		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R;
                  	else
                  		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)), phi2) * R;
                  	end
                  	tmp_2 = tmp;
                  end
                  
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 0.02], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi1 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi2 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]
                  
                  \begin{array}{l}
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                  \\
                  \begin{array}{l}
                  \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 0.02:\\
                  \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                  
                  \mathbf{else}:\\
                  \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\
                  
                  
                  \end{array}
                  \end{array}
                  
                  Derivation
                  1. Split input into 2 regimes
                  2. if phi2 < 0.0200000000000000004

                    1. Initial program 61.6%

                      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}^{2} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}}} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      2. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      3. unswap-sqrN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      4. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1}} \]
                      5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]
                      6. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
                      7. lower-cos.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
                      8. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
                      9. lower--.f6475.4

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
                    5. Applied rewrites75.4%

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]

                    if 0.0200000000000000004 < phi2

                    1. Initial program 61.2%

                      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)}^{2} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_2}^{2}}} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_2}^{2}} \]
                      2. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_2}^{2}} \]
                      3. unswap-sqrN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_2}^{2}} \]
                      4. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\phi_2 \cdot \phi_2}} \]
                      5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right)} \]
                      6. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_2\right) \]
                      7. lower-cos.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right) \]
                      8. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right) \]
                      9. lower--.f6480.8

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_2\right) \]
                    5. Applied rewrites80.8%

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right)} \]
                  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                  4. Final simplification76.8%

                    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 0.02:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
                  5. Add Preprocessing

                  Alternative 6: 89.7% accurate, 1.2× speedup?

                  \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.8 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                   :precision binary64
                   (if (<= phi2 2.8e-20)
                     (* (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (* 0.5 phi1))) phi1) R)
                     (* (hypot (* (cos (* 0.5 phi2)) lambda2) (- phi1 phi2)) R)))
                  assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                  assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                  double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                  	double tmp;
                  	if (phi2 <= 2.8e-20) {
                  		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R;
                  	} else {
                  		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
                  	}
                  	return tmp;
                  }
                  
                  assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                  assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                  public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                  	double tmp;
                  	if (phi2 <= 2.8e-20) {
                  		tmp = Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R;
                  	} else {
                  		tmp = Math.hypot((Math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
                  	}
                  	return tmp;
                  }
                  
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                  	tmp = 0
                  	if phi2 <= 2.8e-20:
                  		tmp = math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R
                  	else:
                  		tmp = math.hypot((math.cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R
                  	return tmp
                  
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                  function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  	tmp = 0.0
                  	if (phi2 <= 2.8e-20)
                  		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R);
                  	else
                  		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), Float64(phi1 - phi2)) * R);
                  	end
                  	return tmp
                  end
                  
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                  R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                  function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                  	tmp = 0.0;
                  	if (phi2 <= 2.8e-20)
                  		tmp = hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((0.5 * phi1))), phi1) * R;
                  	else
                  		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi2)) * lambda2), (phi1 - phi2)) * R;
                  	end
                  	tmp_2 = tmp;
                  end
                  
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                  code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 2.8e-20], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi1 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]
                  
                  \begin{array}{l}
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                  [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                  \\
                  \begin{array}{l}
                  \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.8 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\
                  \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                  
                  \mathbf{else}:\\
                  \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\
                  
                  
                  \end{array}
                  \end{array}
                  
                  Derivation
                  1. Split input into 2 regimes
                  2. if phi2 < 2.8000000000000003e-20

                    1. Initial program 61.5%

                      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}^{2} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}}} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      2. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      3. unswap-sqrN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      4. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1}} \]
                      5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]
                      6. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
                      7. lower-cos.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
                      8. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right) \]
                      9. lower--.f6475.7

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1\right) \]
                    5. Applied rewrites75.7%

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1\right)} \]

                    if 2.8000000000000003e-20 < phi2

                    1. Initial program 61.6%

                      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                      2. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                      3. unswap-sqrN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                      4. unpow2N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                      5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                      6. *-commutativeN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      7. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      9. *-commutativeN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      10. lower-*.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      11. +-commutativeN/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      12. lower-+.f64N/A

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                      13. lower--.f6480.5

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
                    5. Applied rewrites80.5%

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                    6. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                    7. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites80.6%

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                    8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                    9. Final simplification76.9%

                      \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.8 \cdot 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
                    10. Add Preprocessing

                    Alternative 7: 71.8% accurate, 1.3× speedup?

                    \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 1.3 \cdot 10^{+15}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                     :precision binary64
                     (if (<= phi2 1.3e+15)
                       (* (hypot (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) lambda2) phi1) R)
                       (* (- phi2 phi1) R)))
                    assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                    assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                    double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                    	double tmp;
                    	if (phi2 <= 1.3e+15) {
                    		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R;
                    	} else {
                    		tmp = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                    	}
                    	return tmp;
                    }
                    
                    assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                    assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                    public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                    	double tmp;
                    	if (phi2 <= 1.3e+15) {
                    		tmp = Math.hypot((Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R;
                    	} else {
                    		tmp = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                    	}
                    	return tmp;
                    }
                    
                    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                    def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                    	tmp = 0
                    	if phi2 <= 1.3e+15:
                    		tmp = math.hypot((math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R
                    	else:
                    		tmp = (phi2 - phi1) * R
                    	return tmp
                    
                    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                    function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                    	tmp = 0.0
                    	if (phi2 <= 1.3e+15)
                    		tmp = Float64(hypot(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R);
                    	else
                    		tmp = Float64(Float64(phi2 - phi1) * R);
                    	end
                    	return tmp
                    end
                    
                    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                    function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                    	tmp = 0.0;
                    	if (phi2 <= 1.3e+15)
                    		tmp = hypot((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), phi1) * R;
                    	else
                    		tmp = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                    	end
                    	tmp_2 = tmp;
                    end
                    
                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 1.3e+15], N[(N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + phi1 ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]]
                    
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                    \\
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 1.3 \cdot 10^{+15}:\\
                    \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                    
                    \mathbf{else}:\\
                    \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                    
                    
                    \end{array}
                    \end{array}
                    
                    Derivation
                    1. Split input into 2 regimes
                    2. if phi2 < 1.3e15

                      1. Initial program 61.8%

                        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                      2. Add Preprocessing
                      3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. unpow2N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right)} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                        2. unpow2N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                        3. unswap-sqrN/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)} + {\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}^{2}} \]
                        4. unpow2N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}} \]
                        5. lower-hypot.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                        6. *-commutativeN/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        7. lower-*.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        9. *-commutativeN/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        10. lower-*.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        11. +-commutativeN/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        12. lower-+.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
                        13. lower--.f6476.9

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right) \]
                      5. Applied rewrites76.9%

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                      6. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \sqrt{{\lambda_2}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}^{2} + {\phi_1}^{2}} \]
                      7. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. Applied rewrites56.9%

                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right) \]

                        if 1.3e15 < phi2

                        1. Initial program 60.6%

                          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                        2. Add Preprocessing
                        3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                          1. associate-*r*N/A

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                          2. lower-*.f64N/A

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                          3. mul-1-negN/A

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                          4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                          5. mul-1-negN/A

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                          6. unsub-negN/A

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                          7. lower--.f64N/A

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                          8. associate-/l*N/A

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                          9. lower-*.f64N/A

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                          10. lower-/.f6459.7

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                        5. Applied rewrites59.7%

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                        6. Step-by-step derivation
                          1. Applied rewrites64.4%

                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                          2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                            \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                          3. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. Applied rewrites64.5%

                              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                            2. Step-by-step derivation
                              1. Applied rewrites62.9%

                                \[\leadsto \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R \]
                            3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                            4. Final simplification58.3%

                              \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 1.3 \cdot 10^{+15}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
                            5. Add Preprocessing

                            Alternative 8: 65.1% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

                            \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.15 \cdot 10^{-9}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq 1.36 \cdot 10^{-272}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                            (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                             :precision binary64
                             (let* ((t_0 (* (- phi2 phi1) R)))
                               (if (<= phi1 -1.15e-9)
                                 t_0
                                 (if (<= phi1 1.36e-272)
                                   (*
                                    (*
                                     (/ (* (cos (* (+ phi1 phi2) 0.5)) (- lambda1 lambda2)) lambda1)
                                     (- lambda1))
                                    R)
                                   t_0))))
                            assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                            assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                            double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                            	double t_0 = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                            	double tmp;
                            	if (phi1 <= -1.15e-9) {
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	} else if (phi1 <= 1.36e-272) {
                            		tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
                            	} else {
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	}
                            	return tmp;
                            }
                            
                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                            real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                real(8), intent (in) :: r
                                real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                                real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                                real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                                real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                                real(8) :: t_0
                                real(8) :: tmp
                                t_0 = (phi2 - phi1) * r
                                if (phi1 <= (-1.15d-9)) then
                                    tmp = t_0
                                else if (phi1 <= 1.36d-272) then
                                    tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5d0)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * r
                                else
                                    tmp = t_0
                                end if
                                code = tmp
                            end function
                            
                            assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                            assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                            public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                            	double t_0 = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                            	double tmp;
                            	if (phi1 <= -1.15e-9) {
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	} else if (phi1 <= 1.36e-272) {
                            		tmp = (((Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
                            	} else {
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	}
                            	return tmp;
                            }
                            
                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                            def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                            	t_0 = (phi2 - phi1) * R
                            	tmp = 0
                            	if phi1 <= -1.15e-9:
                            		tmp = t_0
                            	elif phi1 <= 1.36e-272:
                            		tmp = (((math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R
                            	else:
                            		tmp = t_0
                            	return tmp
                            
                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                            function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                            	t_0 = Float64(Float64(phi2 - phi1) * R)
                            	tmp = 0.0
                            	if (phi1 <= -1.15e-9)
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	elseif (phi1 <= 1.36e-272)
                            		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * Float64(-lambda1)) * R);
                            	else
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	end
                            	return tmp
                            end
                            
                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                            function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                            	t_0 = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                            	tmp = 0.0;
                            	if (phi1 <= -1.15e-9)
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	elseif (phi1 <= 1.36e-272)
                            		tmp = (((cos(((phi1 + phi2) * 0.5)) * (lambda1 - lambda2)) / lambda1) * -lambda1) * R;
                            	else
                            		tmp = t_0;
                            	end
                            	tmp_2 = tmp;
                            end
                            
                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                            code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[phi1, -1.15e-9], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[phi1, 1.36e-272], N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / lambda1), $MachinePrecision] * (-lambda1)), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]
                            
                            \begin{array}{l}
                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                            \\
                            \begin{array}{l}
                            t_0 := \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                            \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.15 \cdot 10^{-9}:\\
                            \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
                            
                            \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq 1.36 \cdot 10^{-272}:\\
                            \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\
                            
                            \mathbf{else}:\\
                            \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
                            
                            
                            \end{array}
                            \end{array}
                            
                            Derivation
                            1. Split input into 2 regimes
                            2. if phi1 < -1.15e-9 or 1.35999999999999996e-272 < phi1

                              1. Initial program 59.1%

                                \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                              2. Add Preprocessing
                              3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                              4. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. associate-*r*N/A

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                3. mul-1-negN/A

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                5. mul-1-negN/A

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                6. unsub-negN/A

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                7. lower--.f64N/A

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                8. associate-/l*N/A

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                10. lower-/.f6429.7

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                              5. Applied rewrites29.7%

                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                              6. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. Applied rewrites29.6%

                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                  \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                3. Step-by-step derivation
                                  1. Applied rewrites30.2%

                                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                                  2. Step-by-step derivation
                                    1. Applied rewrites30.7%

                                      \[\leadsto \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R \]

                                    if -1.15e-9 < phi1 < 1.35999999999999996e-272

                                    1. Initial program 67.7%

                                      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                    2. Add Preprocessing
                                    3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around -inf

                                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)\right)} \]
                                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. associate-*r*N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                      2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                      3. mul-1-negN/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\lambda_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\lambda_1\right)} \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + -1 \cdot \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      5. mul-1-negN/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]
                                      6. unsub-negN/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)}\right) \]
                                      7. lower--.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)}\right) \]
                                      8. lower-cos.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      9. *-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      10. lower-*.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      11. +-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      12. lower-+.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      13. *-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_2}}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]
                                      14. associate-/l*N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}}\right)\right) \]
                                      15. lower-*.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) - \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}}\right)\right) \]
                                    5. Applied rewrites30.8%

                                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) - \cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                    6. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around 0

                                      \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) - \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\lambda_1}}\right) \]
                                    7. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. Applied rewrites30.8%

                                        \[\leadsto R \cdot \left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot \frac{\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\color{blue}{\lambda_1}}\right) \]
                                    8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                    9. Final simplification30.7%

                                      \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.15 \cdot 10^{-9}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq 1.36 \cdot 10^{-272}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{\cos \left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}{\lambda_1} \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \end{array} \]
                                    10. Add Preprocessing

                                    Alternative 9: 57.7% accurate, 2.1× speedup?

                                    \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.05 \cdot 10^{+132}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.4 \cdot 10^{-173}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{-\phi_1}{\phi_2}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -9.5 \cdot 10^{-276}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot R\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\phi_1}{R \cdot \phi_2}} - R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                    (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                                     :precision binary64
                                     (if (<= phi1 -1.05e+132)
                                       (* (- phi2 phi1) R)
                                       (if (<= phi1 -1.4e-173)
                                         (* (fma R (/ (- phi1) phi2) R) phi2)
                                         (if (<= phi1 -9.5e-276)
                                           (* (* (- lambda1) R) (cos (* 0.5 phi2)))
                                           (* (- (/ 1.0 (/ phi1 (* R phi2))) R) phi1)))))
                                    assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                    assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                    double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                    	double tmp;
                                    	if (phi1 <= -1.05e+132) {
                                    		tmp = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                                    	} else if (phi1 <= -1.4e-173) {
                                    		tmp = fma(R, (-phi1 / phi2), R) * phi2;
                                    	} else if (phi1 <= -9.5e-276) {
                                    		tmp = (-lambda1 * R) * cos((0.5 * phi2));
                                    	} else {
                                    		tmp = ((1.0 / (phi1 / (R * phi2))) - R) * phi1;
                                    	}
                                    	return tmp;
                                    }
                                    
                                    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                    R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                    function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                    	tmp = 0.0
                                    	if (phi1 <= -1.05e+132)
                                    		tmp = Float64(Float64(phi2 - phi1) * R);
                                    	elseif (phi1 <= -1.4e-173)
                                    		tmp = Float64(fma(R, Float64(Float64(-phi1) / phi2), R) * phi2);
                                    	elseif (phi1 <= -9.5e-276)
                                    		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(-lambda1) * R) * cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)));
                                    	else
                                    		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / Float64(phi1 / Float64(R * phi2))) - R) * phi1);
                                    	end
                                    	return tmp
                                    end
                                    
                                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                    NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                    code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi1, -1.05e+132], N[(N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[phi1, -1.4e-173], N[(N[(R * N[((-phi1) / phi2), $MachinePrecision] + R), $MachinePrecision] * phi2), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[phi1, -9.5e-276], N[(N[((-lambda1) * R), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(1.0 / N[(phi1 / N[(R * phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - R), $MachinePrecision] * phi1), $MachinePrecision]]]]
                                    
                                    \begin{array}{l}
                                    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                    [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                    \\
                                    \begin{array}{l}
                                    \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.05 \cdot 10^{+132}:\\
                                    \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                                    
                                    \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.4 \cdot 10^{-173}:\\
                                    \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{-\phi_1}{\phi_2}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2\\
                                    
                                    \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -9.5 \cdot 10^{-276}:\\
                                    \;\;\;\;\left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot R\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\\
                                    
                                    \mathbf{else}:\\
                                    \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\phi_1}{R \cdot \phi_2}} - R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\
                                    
                                    
                                    \end{array}
                                    \end{array}
                                    
                                    Derivation
                                    1. Split input into 4 regimes
                                    2. if phi1 < -1.04999999999999997e132

                                      1. Initial program 45.6%

                                        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                      3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. associate-*r*N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                        2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                        3. mul-1-negN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                        4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                        5. mul-1-negN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                        6. unsub-negN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                        7. lower--.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                        8. associate-/l*N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                        9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                        10. lower-/.f6468.9

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                      5. Applied rewrites68.9%

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                      6. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. Applied rewrites63.5%

                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                        2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                          \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                        3. Step-by-step derivation
                                          1. Applied rewrites63.5%

                                            \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                                          2. Step-by-step derivation
                                            1. Applied rewrites68.9%

                                              \[\leadsto \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R \]

                                            if -1.04999999999999997e132 < phi1 < -1.39999999999999995e-173

                                            1. Initial program 63.2%

                                              \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                            2. Add Preprocessing
                                            3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\phi_2 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)} \]
                                            4. Step-by-step derivation
                                              1. *-commutativeN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                              2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right) \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                              3. +-commutativeN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2} + R\right)} \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              4. mul-1-negN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)\right)} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              5. associate-/l*N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2}}\right)\right) + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              6. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)\right)} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              7. mul-1-negN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2}\right)} + R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              8. lower-fma.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(R, -1 \cdot \frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2}, R\right)} \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              9. associate-*r/N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(R, \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              10. lower-/.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(R, \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \phi_1}{\phi_2}}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              11. mul-1-negN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)}}{\phi_2}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                              12. lower-neg.f6437.5

                                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{\color{blue}{-\phi_1}}{\phi_2}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2 \]
                                            5. Applied rewrites37.5%

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{-\phi_1}{\phi_2}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2} \]

                                            if -1.39999999999999995e-173 < phi1 < -9.49999999999999929e-276

                                            1. Initial program 62.0%

                                              \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                            2. Add Preprocessing
                                            3. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around -inf

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
                                            4. Step-by-step derivation
                                              1. mul-1-negN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
                                              2. associate-*r*N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                              3. distribute-lft-neg-inN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \]
                                              4. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \]
                                              5. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \]
                                              6. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{R \cdot \lambda_1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \]
                                              7. lower-cos.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)} \]
                                              8. *-commutativeN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]
                                              9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]
                                              10. +-commutativeN/A

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \]
                                              11. lower-+.f6428.7

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)} \cdot 0.5\right) \]
                                            5. Applied rewrites28.7%

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} \]
                                            6. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                              \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \]
                                            7. Step-by-step derivation
                                              1. Applied rewrites28.7%

                                                \[\leadsto \left(-R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \]

                                              if -9.49999999999999929e-276 < phi1

                                              1. Initial program 65.0%

                                                \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                              2. Add Preprocessing
                                              3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                              4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                6. unsub-negN/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                10. lower-/.f6419.7

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                              5. Applied rewrites19.7%

                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                              6. Step-by-step derivation
                                                1. Applied rewrites21.2%

                                                  \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                              7. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.
                                              8. Final simplification32.5%

                                                \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.05 \cdot 10^{+132}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -1.4 \cdot 10^{-173}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{-\phi_1}{\phi_2}, R\right) \cdot \phi_2\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_1 \leq -9.5 \cdot 10^{-276}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(-\lambda_1\right) \cdot R\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\phi_1}{R \cdot \phi_2}} - R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\ \end{array} \]
                                              9. Add Preprocessing

                                              Alternative 10: 59.2% accurate, 6.3× speedup?

                                              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;R \leq 2.5 \cdot 10^{+131}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\frac{R}{\phi_2} - \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(-\phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                                               :precision binary64
                                               (if (<= R 2.5e+131)
                                                 (fma phi2 R (* (- R) phi1))
                                                 (* (* (- (/ R phi2) (/ R phi1)) phi2) (- phi1))))
                                              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                              	double tmp;
                                              	if (R <= 2.5e+131) {
                                              		tmp = fma(phi2, R, (-R * phi1));
                                              	} else {
                                              		tmp = (((R / phi2) - (R / phi1)) * phi2) * -phi1;
                                              	}
                                              	return tmp;
                                              }
                                              
                                              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                              	tmp = 0.0
                                              	if (R <= 2.5e+131)
                                              		tmp = fma(phi2, R, Float64(Float64(-R) * phi1));
                                              	else
                                              		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(R / phi2) - Float64(R / phi1)) * phi2) * Float64(-phi1));
                                              	end
                                              	return tmp
                                              end
                                              
                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[R, 2.5e+131], N[(phi2 * R + N[((-R) * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(N[(R / phi2), $MachinePrecision] - N[(R / phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * phi2), $MachinePrecision] * (-phi1)), $MachinePrecision]]
                                              
                                              \begin{array}{l}
                                              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                              \\
                                              \begin{array}{l}
                                              \mathbf{if}\;R \leq 2.5 \cdot 10^{+131}:\\
                                              \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
                                              
                                              \mathbf{else}:\\
                                              \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\frac{R}{\phi_2} - \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(-\phi_1\right)\\
                                              
                                              
                                              \end{array}
                                              \end{array}
                                              
                                              Derivation
                                              1. Split input into 2 regimes
                                              2. if R < 2.49999999999999998e131

                                                1. Initial program 54.4%

                                                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                2. Add Preprocessing
                                                3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                  3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                  5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                  6. unsub-negN/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                  7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                  8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                  9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                  10. lower-/.f6426.6

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                5. Applied rewrites26.6%

                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                6. Step-by-step derivation
                                                  1. Applied rewrites27.6%

                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                                  2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                  3. Step-by-step derivation
                                                    1. Applied rewrites26.7%

                                                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                                                    2. Step-by-step derivation
                                                      1. Applied rewrites27.2%

                                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right) \]

                                                      if 2.49999999999999998e131 < R

                                                      1. Initial program 97.7%

                                                        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                                      3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                        1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                        2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                        3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                        4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                        5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                        6. unsub-negN/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                        7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                        8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                        9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                        10. lower-/.f6442.0

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                      5. Applied rewrites42.0%

                                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                      6. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                                                        \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\phi_2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{R}{\phi_2} - \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]
                                                      7. Step-by-step derivation
                                                        1. Applied rewrites43.1%

                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{R}{\phi_2} - \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \]
                                                      8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                                      9. Final simplification29.8%

                                                        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;R \leq 2.5 \cdot 10^{+131}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\frac{R}{\phi_2} - \frac{R}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(-\phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
                                                      10. Add Preprocessing

                                                      Alternative 11: 59.9% accurate, 8.2× speedup?

                                                      \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \leq -3.9 \cdot 10^{+102}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{R}{\phi_1} \cdot \phi_2 - R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                      (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                                                       :precision binary64
                                                       (if (<= (- lambda1 lambda2) -3.9e+102)
                                                         (* (- (* (/ R phi1) phi2) R) phi1)
                                                         (fma phi2 R (* (- R) phi1))))
                                                      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                      double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                      	double tmp;
                                                      	if ((lambda1 - lambda2) <= -3.9e+102) {
                                                      		tmp = (((R / phi1) * phi2) - R) * phi1;
                                                      	} else {
                                                      		tmp = fma(phi2, R, (-R * phi1));
                                                      	}
                                                      	return tmp;
                                                      }
                                                      
                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                      function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                      	tmp = 0.0
                                                      	if (Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) <= -3.9e+102)
                                                      		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(R / phi1) * phi2) - R) * phi1);
                                                      	else
                                                      		tmp = fma(phi2, R, Float64(Float64(-R) * phi1));
                                                      	end
                                                      	return tmp
                                                      end
                                                      
                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                      code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision], -3.9e+102], N[(N[(N[(N[(R / phi1), $MachinePrecision] * phi2), $MachinePrecision] - R), $MachinePrecision] * phi1), $MachinePrecision], N[(phi2 * R + N[((-R) * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
                                                      
                                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                                      \\
                                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                                      \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \leq -3.9 \cdot 10^{+102}:\\
                                                      \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{R}{\phi_1} \cdot \phi_2 - R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\
                                                      
                                                      \mathbf{else}:\\
                                                      \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
                                                      
                                                      
                                                      \end{array}
                                                      \end{array}
                                                      
                                                      Derivation
                                                      1. Split input into 2 regimes
                                                      2. if (-.f64 lambda1 lambda2) < -3.8999999999999998e102

                                                        1. Initial program 50.7%

                                                          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                        2. Add Preprocessing
                                                        3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                          1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                          2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                          3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                          4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                          5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                          6. unsub-negN/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                          7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                          8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                          9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                          10. lower-/.f6425.8

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                        5. Applied rewrites25.8%

                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                        6. Step-by-step derivation
                                                          1. Applied rewrites27.2%

                                                            \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \phi_2 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{R}{\phi_1}}\right) \]

                                                          if -3.8999999999999998e102 < (-.f64 lambda1 lambda2)

                                                          1. Initial program 65.6%

                                                            \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                          2. Add Preprocessing
                                                          3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                          4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                            1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                            2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                            3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                            4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                            5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                            6. unsub-negN/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                            7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                            8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                            9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                            10. lower-/.f6430.4

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                          5. Applied rewrites30.4%

                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                          6. Step-by-step derivation
                                                            1. Applied rewrites30.4%

                                                              \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                                            2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                                              \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                            3. Step-by-step derivation
                                                              1. Applied rewrites30.5%

                                                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                                                              2. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                1. Applied rewrites31.6%

                                                                  \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right) \]
                                                              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                                              4. Final simplification30.4%

                                                                \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \leq -3.9 \cdot 10^{+102}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{R}{\phi_1} \cdot \phi_2 - R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
                                                              5. Add Preprocessing

                                                              Alternative 12: 58.8% accurate, 9.0× speedup?

                                                              \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;R \leq 6.8 \cdot 10^{+129}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}, -R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                              (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                                                               :precision binary64
                                                               (if (<= R 6.8e+129)
                                                                 (fma phi2 R (* (- R) phi1))
                                                                 (* (fma R (/ phi2 phi1) (- R)) phi1)))
                                                              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                              assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                              double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                              	double tmp;
                                                              	if (R <= 6.8e+129) {
                                                              		tmp = fma(phi2, R, (-R * phi1));
                                                              	} else {
                                                              		tmp = fma(R, (phi2 / phi1), -R) * phi1;
                                                              	}
                                                              	return tmp;
                                                              }
                                                              
                                                              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                              R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                              function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                              	tmp = 0.0
                                                              	if (R <= 6.8e+129)
                                                              		tmp = fma(phi2, R, Float64(Float64(-R) * phi1));
                                                              	else
                                                              		tmp = Float64(fma(R, Float64(phi2 / phi1), Float64(-R)) * phi1);
                                                              	end
                                                              	return tmp
                                                              end
                                                              
                                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                              NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                              code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[R, 6.8e+129], N[(phi2 * R + N[((-R) * phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(R * N[(phi2 / phi1), $MachinePrecision] + (-R)), $MachinePrecision] * phi1), $MachinePrecision]]
                                                              
                                                              \begin{array}{l}
                                                              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                                              [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                                              \\
                                                              \begin{array}{l}
                                                              \mathbf{if}\;R \leq 6.8 \cdot 10^{+129}:\\
                                                              \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right)\\
                                                              
                                                              \mathbf{else}:\\
                                                              \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}, -R\right) \cdot \phi_1\\
                                                              
                                                              
                                                              \end{array}
                                                              \end{array}
                                                              
                                                              Derivation
                                                              1. Split input into 2 regimes
                                                              2. if R < 6.80000000000000036e129

                                                                1. Initial program 54.4%

                                                                  \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                                2. Add Preprocessing
                                                                3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                                4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                  1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                  3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                                  4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                                  5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                                  6. unsub-negN/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                  7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                  8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                  9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                  10. lower-/.f6426.6

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                5. Applied rewrites26.6%

                                                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                6. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                  1. Applied rewrites27.6%

                                                                    \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                                                  2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                                                    \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                  3. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                    1. Applied rewrites26.7%

                                                                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                                                                    2. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                      1. Applied rewrites27.2%

                                                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\phi_2, R, \left(-R\right) \cdot \phi_1\right) \]

                                                                      if 6.80000000000000036e129 < R

                                                                      1. Initial program 97.7%

                                                                        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                                                      3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                        1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                                        4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                                        5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                                        6. unsub-negN/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                        9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                        10. lower-/.f6442.0

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                      5. Applied rewrites42.0%

                                                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                      6. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

                                                                        \[\leadsto \phi_1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot R + \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                      7. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                        1. Applied rewrites42.0%

                                                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(R, \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}, -R\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\phi_1} \]
                                                                      8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                                                      9. Add Preprocessing

                                                                      Alternative 13: 53.1% accurate, 19.9× speedup?

                                                                      \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-43}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \phi_2\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                                                                       :precision binary64
                                                                       (if (<= phi2 5e-43) (* (- phi1) R) (* R phi2)))
                                                                      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                                      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                                      double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                                      	double tmp;
                                                                      	if (phi2 <= 5e-43) {
                                                                      		tmp = -phi1 * R;
                                                                      	} else {
                                                                      		tmp = R * phi2;
                                                                      	}
                                                                      	return tmp;
                                                                      }
                                                                      
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: r
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                                                                          real(8) :: tmp
                                                                          if (phi2 <= 5d-43) then
                                                                              tmp = -phi1 * r
                                                                          else
                                                                              tmp = r * phi2
                                                                          end if
                                                                          code = tmp
                                                                      end function
                                                                      
                                                                      assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                                                                      assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                                                                      public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                                      	double tmp;
                                                                      	if (phi2 <= 5e-43) {
                                                                      		tmp = -phi1 * R;
                                                                      	} else {
                                                                      		tmp = R * phi2;
                                                                      	}
                                                                      	return tmp;
                                                                      }
                                                                      
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                                                                      	tmp = 0
                                                                      	if phi2 <= 5e-43:
                                                                      		tmp = -phi1 * R
                                                                      	else:
                                                                      		tmp = R * phi2
                                                                      	return tmp
                                                                      
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                      	tmp = 0.0
                                                                      	if (phi2 <= 5e-43)
                                                                      		tmp = Float64(Float64(-phi1) * R);
                                                                      	else
                                                                      		tmp = Float64(R * phi2);
                                                                      	end
                                                                      	return tmp
                                                                      end
                                                                      
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                                                                      function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                      	tmp = 0.0;
                                                                      	if (phi2 <= 5e-43)
                                                                      		tmp = -phi1 * R;
                                                                      	else
                                                                      		tmp = R * phi2;
                                                                      	end
                                                                      	tmp_2 = tmp;
                                                                      end
                                                                      
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 5e-43], N[((-phi1) * R), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * phi2), $MachinePrecision]]
                                                                      
                                                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                                                      \\
                                                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                                                      \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-43}:\\
                                                                      \;\;\;\;\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot R\\
                                                                      
                                                                      \mathbf{else}:\\
                                                                      \;\;\;\;R \cdot \phi_2\\
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      \end{array}
                                                                      \end{array}
                                                                      
                                                                      Derivation
                                                                      1. Split input into 2 regimes
                                                                      2. if phi2 < 5.00000000000000019e-43

                                                                        1. Initial program 60.4%

                                                                          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                                        2. Add Preprocessing
                                                                        3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \]
                                                                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                          1. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \]
                                                                          2. lower-neg.f6416.7

                                                                            \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \]
                                                                        5. Applied rewrites16.7%

                                                                          \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \]

                                                                        if 5.00000000000000019e-43 < phi2

                                                                        1. Initial program 64.3%

                                                                          \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                                        2. Add Preprocessing
                                                                        3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                          1. lower-*.f6456.4

                                                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                        5. Applied rewrites56.4%

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                      3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                                                      4. Final simplification27.7%

                                                                        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-43}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot R\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \phi_2\\ \end{array} \]
                                                                      5. Add Preprocessing

                                                                      Alternative 14: 58.8% accurate, 31.0× speedup?

                                                                      \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R \end{array} \]
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* (- phi2 phi1) R))
                                                                      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                                      assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                                      double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                                      	return (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                                                                      }
                                                                      
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: r
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                                                                          real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                                                                          code = (phi2 - phi1) * r
                                                                      end function
                                                                      
                                                                      assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                                                                      assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                                                                      public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                                      	return (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                                                                      }
                                                                      
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                                                                      	return (phi2 - phi1) * R
                                                                      
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                      function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                      	return Float64(Float64(phi2 - phi1) * R)
                                                                      end
                                                                      
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                                                                      R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                                                                      function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                      	tmp = (phi2 - phi1) * R;
                                                                      end
                                                                      
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                      code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision] * R), $MachinePrecision]
                                                                      
                                                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                                                      [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                                                      \\
                                                                      \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R
                                                                      \end{array}
                                                                      
                                                                      Derivation
                                                                      1. Initial program 61.5%

                                                                        \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                                                      3. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

                                                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
                                                                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                        1. associate-*r*N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        2. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        3. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                                        4. lower-neg.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \]
                                                                        5. mul-1-negN/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                                                                        6. unsub-negN/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        7. lower--.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                        8. associate-/l*N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                        9. lower-*.f64N/A

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \color{blue}{R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                        10. lower-/.f6429.1

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right) \]
                                                                      5. Applied rewrites29.1%

                                                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
                                                                      6. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                        1. Applied rewrites29.6%

                                                                          \[\leadsto \left(-\phi_1\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\phi_1}{\phi_2 \cdot R}}}\right) \]
                                                                        2. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

                                                                          \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \phi_1\right) + \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                        3. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                          1. Applied rewrites27.7%

                                                                            \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-\phi_1, \color{blue}{R}, \phi_2 \cdot R\right) \]
                                                                          2. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                            1. Applied rewrites28.1%

                                                                              \[\leadsto \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \cdot R \]
                                                                            2. Add Preprocessing

                                                                            Alternative 15: 32.1% accurate, 46.5× speedup?

                                                                            \[\begin{array}{l} [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\ [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\ \\ R \cdot \phi_2 \end{array} \]
                                                                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                            (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* R phi2))
                                                                            assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                                            assert(R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2);
                                                                            double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                                            	return R * phi2;
                                                                            }
                                                                            
                                                                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                            real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                                real(8), intent (in) :: r
                                                                                real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
                                                                                real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
                                                                                real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
                                                                                real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
                                                                                code = r * phi2
                                                                            end function
                                                                            
                                                                            assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                                                                            assert R < lambda1 && lambda1 < lambda2 && lambda2 < phi1 && phi1 < phi2;
                                                                            public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
                                                                            	return R * phi2;
                                                                            }
                                                                            
                                                                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                            def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
                                                                            	return R * phi2
                                                                            
                                                                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])
                                                                            function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                            	return Float64(R * phi2)
                                                                            end
                                                                            
                                                                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                                                                            R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2 = num2cell(sort([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])){:}
                                                                            function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
                                                                            	tmp = R * phi2;
                                                                            end
                                                                            
                                                                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                            NOTE: R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, and phi2 should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                                                                            code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * phi2), $MachinePrecision]
                                                                            
                                                                            \begin{array}{l}
                                                                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\\\
                                                                            [R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2] = \mathsf{sort}([R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2])\\
                                                                            \\
                                                                            R \cdot \phi_2
                                                                            \end{array}
                                                                            
                                                                            Derivation
                                                                            1. Initial program 61.5%

                                                                              \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
                                                                            2. Add Preprocessing
                                                                            3. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

                                                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                            4. Step-by-step derivation
                                                                              1. lower-*.f6417.7

                                                                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                            5. Applied rewrites17.7%

                                                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
                                                                            6. Add Preprocessing

                                                                            Reproduce

                                                                            ?
                                                                            herbie shell --seed 2024331 
                                                                            (FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
                                                                              :name "Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle"
                                                                              :precision binary64
                                                                              (* R (sqrt (+ (* (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0))) (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2))))))