2log (problem 3.3.6)

Percentage Accurate: 23.9% → 99.5%
Time: 7.4s
Alternatives: 11
Speedup: 17.3×

Specification

?
\[N > 1 \land N < 10^{+40}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \end{array} \]
(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ N 1.0)) (log N)))
double code(double N) {
	return log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
}
real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = log((n + 1.0d0)) - log(n)
end function
public static double code(double N) {
	return Math.log((N + 1.0)) - Math.log(N);
}
def code(N):
	return math.log((N + 1.0)) - math.log(N)
function code(N)
	return Float64(log(Float64(N + 1.0)) - log(N))
end
function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
end
code[N_] := N[(N[Log[N[(N + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Log[N], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 11 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 23.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \end{array} \]
(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ N 1.0)) (log N)))
double code(double N) {
	return log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
}
real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = log((n + 1.0d0)) - log(n)
end function
public static double code(double N) {
	return Math.log((N + 1.0)) - Math.log(N);
}
def code(N):
	return math.log((N + 1.0)) - math.log(N)
function code(N)
	return Float64(log(Float64(N + 1.0)) - log(N))
end
function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
end
code[N_] := N[(N[Log[N[(N + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Log[N], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.5% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + N\right) - \log N \leq 0.0005:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\frac{N}{1 + N}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (N)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (- (log (+ 1.0 N)) (log N)) 0.0005)
   (/
    1.0
    (fma
     (- N)
     -1.0
     (*
      (/ (- (/ (- (/ 0.041666666666666664 N) 0.08333333333333333) N) -0.5) N)
      N)))
   (- (log (/ N (+ 1.0 N))))))
double code(double N) {
	double tmp;
	if ((log((1.0 + N)) - log(N)) <= 0.0005) {
		tmp = 1.0 / fma(-N, -1.0, ((((((0.041666666666666664 / N) - 0.08333333333333333) / N) - -0.5) / N) * N));
	} else {
		tmp = -log((N / (1.0 + N)));
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(N)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + N)) - log(N)) <= 0.0005)
		tmp = Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(-N), -1.0, Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.041666666666666664 / N) - 0.08333333333333333) / N) - -0.5) / N) * N)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(-log(Float64(N / Float64(1.0 + N))));
	end
	return tmp
end
code[N_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Log[N], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.0005], N[(1.0 / N[((-N) * -1.0 + N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(0.041666666666666664 / N), $MachinePrecision] - 0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] - -0.5), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] * N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], (-N[Log[N[(N / N[(1.0 + N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision])]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + N\right) - \log N \leq 0.0005:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-\log \left(\frac{N}{1 + N}\right)\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 N #s(literal 1 binary64))) (log.f64 N)) < 5.0000000000000001e-4

    1. Initial program 18.5%

      \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
    4. Applied rewrites99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in N around -inf

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(N \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} + -1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}}{N} - 1\right)\right)}} \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites99.8%

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}, -1, -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-N\right)}} \]
        2. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites99.9%

            \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \left(-N\right) \cdot \frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}\right)} \]

          if 5.0000000000000001e-4 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 N #s(literal 1 binary64))) (log.f64 N))

          1. Initial program 93.3%

            \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lift--.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N} \]
            2. lift-log.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(N + 1\right)} - \log N \]
            3. lift-log.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \log \left(N + 1\right) - \color{blue}{\log N} \]
            4. diff-logN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
            5. clear-numN/A

              \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{N}{N + 1}}\right)} \]
            6. clear-numN/A

              \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{N}{N + 1}}{1}}\right)} \]
            7. log-recN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{N + 1}}{1}\right)\right)} \]
            8. lower-neg.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{N + 1}}{1}\right)} \]
            9. lower-log.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto -\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{N + 1}}{1}\right)} \]
            10. lower-/.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{N}{N + 1}}{1}\right)} \]
            11. lower-/.f6496.2

              \[\leadsto -\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{N + 1}}}{1}\right) \]
            12. lift-+.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto -\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{\color{blue}{N + 1}}}{1}\right) \]
            13. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto -\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{\color{blue}{1 + N}}}{1}\right) \]
            14. lower-+.f6496.2

              \[\leadsto -\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{\color{blue}{1 + N}}}{1}\right) \]
          4. Applied rewrites96.2%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{\frac{N}{1 + N}}{1}\right)} \]
          5. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lift-/.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{N}{1 + N}}{1}\right)} \]
            2. /-rgt-identity96.2

              \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{N}{1 + N}\right)} \]
          6. Applied rewrites96.2%

            \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{N}{1 + N}\right)} \]
        3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        4. Final simplification99.6%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + N\right) - \log N \leq 0.0005:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\frac{N}{1 + N}\right)\\ \end{array} \]
        5. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 2: 99.4% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + N\right) - \log N \leq 0.0005:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (N)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= (- (log (+ 1.0 N)) (log N)) 0.0005)
           (/
            1.0
            (fma
             (- N)
             -1.0
             (*
              (/ (- (/ (- (/ 0.041666666666666664 N) 0.08333333333333333) N) -0.5) N)
              N)))
           (log (/ (+ 1.0 N) N))))
        double code(double N) {
        	double tmp;
        	if ((log((1.0 + N)) - log(N)) <= 0.0005) {
        		tmp = 1.0 / fma(-N, -1.0, ((((((0.041666666666666664 / N) - 0.08333333333333333) / N) - -0.5) / N) * N));
        	} else {
        		tmp = log(((1.0 + N) / N));
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        function code(N)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + N)) - log(N)) <= 0.0005)
        		tmp = Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(-N), -1.0, Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.041666666666666664 / N) - 0.08333333333333333) / N) - -0.5) / N) * N)));
        	else
        		tmp = log(Float64(Float64(1.0 + N) / N));
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        code[N_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Log[N], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.0005], N[(1.0 / N[((-N) * -1.0 + N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(0.041666666666666664 / N), $MachinePrecision] - 0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] - -0.5), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] * N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(N[(1.0 + N), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + N\right) - \log N \leq 0.0005:\\
        \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right)\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 N #s(literal 1 binary64))) (log.f64 N)) < 5.0000000000000001e-4

          1. Initial program 18.5%

            \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
          4. Applied rewrites99.8%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
          5. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites99.8%

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
            2. Taylor expanded in N around -inf

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(N \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} + -1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}}{N} - 1\right)\right)}} \]
            3. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites99.8%

                \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}, -1, -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-N\right)}} \]
              2. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites99.9%

                  \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \left(-N\right) \cdot \frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}\right)} \]

                if 5.0000000000000001e-4 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 N #s(literal 1 binary64))) (log.f64 N))

                1. Initial program 93.3%

                  \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lift--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N} \]
                  2. lift-log.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(N + 1\right)} - \log N \]
                  3. lift-log.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \log \left(N + 1\right) - \color{blue}{\log N} \]
                  4. diff-logN/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
                  5. lower-log.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
                  6. lower-/.f6495.3

                    \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
                  7. lift-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{N + 1}}{N}\right) \]
                  8. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + N}}{N}\right) \]
                  9. lower-+.f6495.3

                    \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + N}}{N}\right) \]
                4. Applied rewrites95.3%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right)} \]
              3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              4. Final simplification99.5%

                \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + N\right) - \log N \leq 0.0005:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right)\\ \end{array} \]
              5. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 3: 96.6% accurate, 3.2× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)} \end{array} \]
              (FPCore (N)
               :precision binary64
               (/
                1.0
                (fma
                 (- N)
                 -1.0
                 (*
                  (/ (- (/ (- (/ 0.041666666666666664 N) 0.08333333333333333) N) -0.5) N)
                  N))))
              double code(double N) {
              	return 1.0 / fma(-N, -1.0, ((((((0.041666666666666664 / N) - 0.08333333333333333) / N) - -0.5) / N) * N));
              }
              
              function code(N)
              	return Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(-N), -1.0, Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.041666666666666664 / N) - 0.08333333333333333) / N) - -0.5) / N) * N)))
              end
              
              code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N[((-N) * -1.0 + N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(0.041666666666666664 / N), $MachinePrecision] - 0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] - -0.5), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] * N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              
              \\
              \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Initial program 24.6%

                \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
              2. Add Preprocessing
              3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
              4. Applied rewrites95.7%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
              5. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites95.7%

                  \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in N around -inf

                  \[\leadsto \frac{1}{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(N \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} + -1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}}{N} - 1\right)\right)}} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites96.1%

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}, -1, -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-N\right)}} \]
                  2. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites96.2%

                      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \left(-N\right) \cdot \frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}\right)} \]
                    2. Final simplification96.2%

                      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-N, -1, \frac{\frac{\frac{0.041666666666666664}{N} - 0.08333333333333333}{N} - -0.5}{N} \cdot N\right)} \]
                    3. Add Preprocessing

                    Alternative 4: 96.5% accurate, 3.5× speedup?

                    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 - \frac{\frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N} + -0.5}{N}\right) \cdot N} \end{array} \]
                    (FPCore (N)
                     :precision binary64
                     (/
                      1.0
                      (*
                       (-
                        1.0
                        (/ (+ (/ (- 0.08333333333333333 (/ 0.041666666666666664 N)) N) -0.5) N))
                       N)))
                    double code(double N) {
                    	return 1.0 / ((1.0 - ((((0.08333333333333333 - (0.041666666666666664 / N)) / N) + -0.5) / N)) * N);
                    }
                    
                    real(8) function code(n)
                        real(8), intent (in) :: n
                        code = 1.0d0 / ((1.0d0 - ((((0.08333333333333333d0 - (0.041666666666666664d0 / n)) / n) + (-0.5d0)) / n)) * n)
                    end function
                    
                    public static double code(double N) {
                    	return 1.0 / ((1.0 - ((((0.08333333333333333 - (0.041666666666666664 / N)) / N) + -0.5) / N)) * N);
                    }
                    
                    def code(N):
                    	return 1.0 / ((1.0 - ((((0.08333333333333333 - (0.041666666666666664 / N)) / N) + -0.5) / N)) * N)
                    
                    function code(N)
                    	return Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(1.0 - Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.08333333333333333 - Float64(0.041666666666666664 / N)) / N) + -0.5) / N)) * N))
                    end
                    
                    function tmp = code(N)
                    	tmp = 1.0 / ((1.0 - ((((0.08333333333333333 - (0.041666666666666664 / N)) / N) + -0.5) / N)) * N);
                    end
                    
                    code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(1.0 - N[(N[(N[(N[(0.08333333333333333 - N[(0.041666666666666664 / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] + -0.5), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                    
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    
                    \\
                    \frac{1}{\left(1 - \frac{\frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N} + -0.5}{N}\right) \cdot N}
                    \end{array}
                    
                    Derivation
                    1. Initial program 24.6%

                      \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
                    4. Applied rewrites95.7%

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
                    5. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites95.7%

                        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
                      2. Taylor expanded in N around -inf

                        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(N \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} + -1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}}{N} - 1\right)\right)}} \]
                      3. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. Applied rewrites96.1%

                          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}, -1, -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-N\right)}} \]
                        2. Step-by-step derivation
                          1. Applied rewrites96.1%

                            \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N} + -1\right) \cdot \left(-N\right)} \]
                          2. Final simplification96.1%

                            \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 - \frac{\frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N} + -0.5}{N}\right) \cdot N} \]
                          3. Add Preprocessing

                          Alternative 5: 96.4% accurate, 4.2× speedup?

                          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 + N, N, -0.08333333333333333\right), N, 0.041666666666666664\right)}{N}}{N}} \end{array} \]
                          (FPCore (N)
                           :precision binary64
                           (/
                            1.0
                            (/
                             (/ (fma (fma (+ 0.5 N) N -0.08333333333333333) N 0.041666666666666664) N)
                             N)))
                          double code(double N) {
                          	return 1.0 / ((fma(fma((0.5 + N), N, -0.08333333333333333), N, 0.041666666666666664) / N) / N);
                          }
                          
                          function code(N)
                          	return Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(fma(fma(Float64(0.5 + N), N, -0.08333333333333333), N, 0.041666666666666664) / N) / N))
                          end
                          
                          code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(0.5 + N), $MachinePrecision] * N + -0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] * N + 0.041666666666666664), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                          
                          \begin{array}{l}
                          
                          \\
                          \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 + N, N, -0.08333333333333333\right), N, 0.041666666666666664\right)}{N}}{N}}
                          \end{array}
                          
                          Derivation
                          1. Initial program 24.6%

                            \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                          2. Add Preprocessing
                          3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
                          4. Applied rewrites95.7%

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
                          5. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. Applied rewrites95.7%

                              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
                            2. Taylor expanded in N around -inf

                              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(N \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} + -1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}}{N} - 1\right)\right)}} \]
                            3. Step-by-step derivation
                              1. Applied rewrites96.1%

                                \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}, -1, -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-N\right)}} \]
                              2. Taylor expanded in N around 0

                                \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{1}{24} + N \cdot \left(N \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + N\right) - \frac{1}{12}\right)}{{N}^{\color{blue}{2}}}} \]
                              3. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. Applied rewrites95.9%

                                  \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5 + N, N, -0.08333333333333333\right), N, 0.041666666666666664\right)}{N}}{N}} \]
                                2. Add Preprocessing

                                Alternative 6: 95.4% accurate, 4.6× speedup?

                                \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333}{N}}{N} \cdot N + N} \end{array} \]
                                (FPCore (N)
                                 :precision binary64
                                 (/ 1.0 (+ (* (/ (- 0.5 (/ 0.08333333333333333 N)) N) N) N)))
                                double code(double N) {
                                	return 1.0 / ((((0.5 - (0.08333333333333333 / N)) / N) * N) + N);
                                }
                                
                                real(8) function code(n)
                                    real(8), intent (in) :: n
                                    code = 1.0d0 / ((((0.5d0 - (0.08333333333333333d0 / n)) / n) * n) + n)
                                end function
                                
                                public static double code(double N) {
                                	return 1.0 / ((((0.5 - (0.08333333333333333 / N)) / N) * N) + N);
                                }
                                
                                def code(N):
                                	return 1.0 / ((((0.5 - (0.08333333333333333 / N)) / N) * N) + N)
                                
                                function code(N)
                                	return Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.5 - Float64(0.08333333333333333 / N)) / N) * N) + N))
                                end
                                
                                function tmp = code(N)
                                	tmp = 1.0 / ((((0.5 - (0.08333333333333333 / N)) / N) * N) + N);
                                end
                                
                                code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(N[(0.5 - N[(0.08333333333333333 / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] * N), $MachinePrecision] + N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                                
                                \begin{array}{l}
                                
                                \\
                                \frac{1}{\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333}{N}}{N} \cdot N + N}
                                \end{array}
                                
                                Derivation
                                1. Initial program 24.6%

                                  \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                                2. Add Preprocessing
                                3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
                                4. Applied rewrites95.7%

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
                                5. Step-by-step derivation
                                  1. Applied rewrites95.7%

                                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
                                  2. Taylor expanded in N around -inf

                                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(N \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} + -1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{12} - \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}}{N} - 1\right)\right)}} \]
                                  3. Step-by-step derivation
                                    1. Applied rewrites96.1%

                                      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333 - \frac{0.041666666666666664}{N}}{N}}{N}, -1, -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-N\right)}} \]
                                    2. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{N \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{12}}{{N}^{2}}}\right)} \]
                                    3. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. Applied rewrites95.0%

                                        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{N + \frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333}{N}}{N} \cdot \color{blue}{N}} \]
                                      2. Final simplification95.0%

                                        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.08333333333333333}{N}}{N} \cdot N + N} \]
                                      3. Add Preprocessing

                                      Alternative 7: 94.9% accurate, 5.2× speedup?

                                      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\frac{\frac{0.3333333333333333}{N} - 0.5}{N} - -1}{N} \end{array} \]
                                      (FPCore (N)
                                       :precision binary64
                                       (/ (- (/ (- (/ 0.3333333333333333 N) 0.5) N) -1.0) N))
                                      double code(double N) {
                                      	return ((((0.3333333333333333 / N) - 0.5) / N) - -1.0) / N;
                                      }
                                      
                                      real(8) function code(n)
                                          real(8), intent (in) :: n
                                          code = ((((0.3333333333333333d0 / n) - 0.5d0) / n) - (-1.0d0)) / n
                                      end function
                                      
                                      public static double code(double N) {
                                      	return ((((0.3333333333333333 / N) - 0.5) / N) - -1.0) / N;
                                      }
                                      
                                      def code(N):
                                      	return ((((0.3333333333333333 / N) - 0.5) / N) - -1.0) / N
                                      
                                      function code(N)
                                      	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.3333333333333333 / N) - 0.5) / N) - -1.0) / N)
                                      end
                                      
                                      function tmp = code(N)
                                      	tmp = ((((0.3333333333333333 / N) - 0.5) / N) - -1.0) / N;
                                      end
                                      
                                      code[N_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(0.3333333333333333 / N), $MachinePrecision] - 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision] - -1.0), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]
                                      
                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                      
                                      \\
                                      \frac{\frac{\frac{0.3333333333333333}{N} - 0.5}{N} - -1}{N}
                                      \end{array}
                                      
                                      Derivation
                                      1. Initial program 24.6%

                                        \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                      3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}} \]
                                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. lower-/.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}} \]
                                        2. associate--l+N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}}{N} \]
                                        3. +-commutativeN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) + 1}}{N} \]
                                        4. unpow2N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{\color{blue}{N \cdot N}} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) + 1}{N} \]
                                        5. associate-/r*N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N}}{N}} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) + 1}{N} \]
                                        6. metadata-evalN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot 1}}{N}}{N} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) + 1}{N} \]
                                        7. associate-*r/N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}}{N} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) + 1}{N} \]
                                        8. associate-*r/N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N} - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}{N}}\right) + 1}{N} \]
                                        9. metadata-evalN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N} - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}}{N}\right) + 1}{N} \]
                                        10. div-subN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}{N}} + 1}{N} \]
                                        11. metadata-evalN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}{N} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right)}}{N} \]
                                        12. sub-negN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}{N} - -1}}{N} \]
                                        13. lower--.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}{N} - -1}}{N} \]
                                        14. lower-/.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}{N}} - -1}{N} \]
                                        15. lower--.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}}{N} - -1}{N} \]
                                        16. associate-*r/N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot 1}{N}} - \frac{1}{2}}{N} - -1}{N} \]
                                        17. metadata-evalN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}}{N} - -1}{N} \]
                                        18. lower-/.f6494.4

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{0.3333333333333333}{N}} - 0.5}{N} - -1}{N} \]
                                      5. Applied rewrites94.4%

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\frac{0.3333333333333333}{N} - 0.5}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
                                      6. Add Preprocessing

                                      Alternative 8: 93.0% accurate, 7.1× speedup?

                                      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5}{N}, N, N\right)} \end{array} \]
                                      (FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (fma (/ 0.5 N) N N)))
                                      double code(double N) {
                                      	return 1.0 / fma((0.5 / N), N, N);
                                      }
                                      
                                      function code(N)
                                      	return Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(0.5 / N), N, N))
                                      end
                                      
                                      code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(0.5 / N), $MachinePrecision] * N + N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                                      
                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                      
                                      \\
                                      \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5}{N}, N, N\right)}
                                      \end{array}
                                      
                                      Derivation
                                      1. Initial program 24.6%

                                        \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                      3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{\frac{1}{3}}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]
                                      4. Applied rewrites95.7%

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}{N}} \]
                                      5. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. Applied rewrites95.7%

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{N}{\frac{-0.5 - \frac{\frac{0.25}{N} - 0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N} - -1}}} \]
                                        2. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{N \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}} \]
                                        3. Step-by-step derivation
                                          1. Applied rewrites92.8%

                                            \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{0.5}{N}, \color{blue}{N}, N\right)} \]
                                          2. Add Preprocessing

                                          Alternative 9: 92.4% accurate, 8.0× speedup?

                                          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1 - \frac{0.5}{N}}{N} \end{array} \]
                                          (FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (/ (- 1.0 (/ 0.5 N)) N))
                                          double code(double N) {
                                          	return (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N;
                                          }
                                          
                                          real(8) function code(n)
                                              real(8), intent (in) :: n
                                              code = (1.0d0 - (0.5d0 / n)) / n
                                          end function
                                          
                                          public static double code(double N) {
                                          	return (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N;
                                          }
                                          
                                          def code(N):
                                          	return (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N
                                          
                                          function code(N)
                                          	return Float64(Float64(1.0 - Float64(0.5 / N)) / N)
                                          end
                                          
                                          function tmp = code(N)
                                          	tmp = (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N;
                                          end
                                          
                                          code[N_] := N[(N[(1.0 - N[(0.5 / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]
                                          
                                          \begin{array}{l}
                                          
                                          \\
                                          \frac{1 - \frac{0.5}{N}}{N}
                                          \end{array}
                                          
                                          Derivation
                                          1. Initial program 24.6%

                                            \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                                          2. Add Preprocessing
                                          3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}} \]
                                          4. Step-by-step derivation
                                            1. lower-/.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}} \]
                                            2. lower--.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}}{N} \]
                                            3. associate-*r/N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}{N}}}{N} \]
                                            4. metadata-evalN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \frac{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}}{N}}{N} \]
                                            5. lower-/.f6492.2

                                              \[\leadsto \frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{0.5}{N}}}{N} \]
                                          5. Applied rewrites92.2%

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - \frac{0.5}{N}}{N}} \]
                                          6. Add Preprocessing

                                          Alternative 10: 84.4% accurate, 17.3× speedup?

                                          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{N} \end{array} \]
                                          (FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 N))
                                          double code(double N) {
                                          	return 1.0 / N;
                                          }
                                          
                                          real(8) function code(n)
                                              real(8), intent (in) :: n
                                              code = 1.0d0 / n
                                          end function
                                          
                                          public static double code(double N) {
                                          	return 1.0 / N;
                                          }
                                          
                                          def code(N):
                                          	return 1.0 / N
                                          
                                          function code(N)
                                          	return Float64(1.0 / N)
                                          end
                                          
                                          function tmp = code(N)
                                          	tmp = 1.0 / N;
                                          end
                                          
                                          code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N), $MachinePrecision]
                                          
                                          \begin{array}{l}
                                          
                                          \\
                                          \frac{1}{N}
                                          \end{array}
                                          
                                          Derivation
                                          1. Initial program 24.6%

                                            \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                                          2. Add Preprocessing
                                          3. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{N}} \]
                                          4. Step-by-step derivation
                                            1. lower-/.f6484.1

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{N}} \]
                                          5. Applied rewrites84.1%

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{N}} \]
                                          6. Add Preprocessing

                                          Alternative 11: 3.3% accurate, 207.0× speedup?

                                          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0 \end{array} \]
                                          (FPCore (N) :precision binary64 0.0)
                                          double code(double N) {
                                          	return 0.0;
                                          }
                                          
                                          real(8) function code(n)
                                              real(8), intent (in) :: n
                                              code = 0.0d0
                                          end function
                                          
                                          public static double code(double N) {
                                          	return 0.0;
                                          }
                                          
                                          def code(N):
                                          	return 0.0
                                          
                                          function code(N)
                                          	return 0.0
                                          end
                                          
                                          function tmp = code(N)
                                          	tmp = 0.0;
                                          end
                                          
                                          code[N_] := 0.0
                                          
                                          \begin{array}{l}
                                          
                                          \\
                                          0
                                          \end{array}
                                          
                                          Derivation
                                          1. Initial program 24.6%

                                            \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
                                          2. Add Preprocessing
                                          3. Step-by-step derivation
                                            1. lift--.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N} \]
                                            2. lift-log.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(N + 1\right)} - \log N \]
                                            3. lift-log.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \left(N + 1\right) - \color{blue}{\log N} \]
                                            4. diff-logN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
                                            5. div-invN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\left(N + 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
                                            6. lift-+.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(N + 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            7. flip3-+N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{{N}^{3} + {1}^{3}}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            8. div-invN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left({N}^{3} + {1}^{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)}\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            9. associate-*l*N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\left({N}^{3} + {1}^{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)\right)} \]
                                            10. log-prodN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left({N}^{3} + {1}^{3}\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
                                            11. lower-+.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left({N}^{3} + {1}^{3}\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
                                            12. metadata-evalN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \left({N}^{3} + \color{blue}{1}\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            13. +-commutativeN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + {N}^{3}\right)} + \log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            14. lower-log1p.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left({N}^{3}\right)} + \log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            15. lower-pow.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{{N}^{3}}\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) \]
                                            16. lower-log.f64N/A

                                              \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left({N}^{3}\right) + \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N + \left(1 \cdot 1 - N \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
                                          4. Applied rewrites23.5%

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left({N}^{3}\right) + \log \left({\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(N, N, 1 - N\right) \cdot N\right)}^{-1}\right)} \]
                                          5. Taylor expanded in N around inf

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-3 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{N}\right) + 3 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
                                          6. Step-by-step derivation
                                            1. distribute-rgt-outN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{N}\right) \cdot \left(-3 + 3\right)} \]
                                            2. metadata-evalN/A

                                              \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{1}{N}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0} \]
                                            3. mul0-rgt3.3

                                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} \]
                                          7. Applied rewrites3.3%

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} \]
                                          8. Add Preprocessing

                                          Developer Target 1: 96.0% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

                                          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(\frac{1}{N} + \frac{-1}{2 \cdot {N}^{2}}\right) + \frac{1}{3 \cdot {N}^{3}}\right) + \frac{-1}{4 \cdot {N}^{4}} \end{array} \]
                                          (FPCore (N)
                                           :precision binary64
                                           (+
                                            (+ (+ (/ 1.0 N) (/ -1.0 (* 2.0 (pow N 2.0)))) (/ 1.0 (* 3.0 (pow N 3.0))))
                                            (/ -1.0 (* 4.0 (pow N 4.0)))))
                                          double code(double N) {
                                          	return (((1.0 / N) + (-1.0 / (2.0 * pow(N, 2.0)))) + (1.0 / (3.0 * pow(N, 3.0)))) + (-1.0 / (4.0 * pow(N, 4.0)));
                                          }
                                          
                                          real(8) function code(n)
                                              real(8), intent (in) :: n
                                              code = (((1.0d0 / n) + ((-1.0d0) / (2.0d0 * (n ** 2.0d0)))) + (1.0d0 / (3.0d0 * (n ** 3.0d0)))) + ((-1.0d0) / (4.0d0 * (n ** 4.0d0)))
                                          end function
                                          
                                          public static double code(double N) {
                                          	return (((1.0 / N) + (-1.0 / (2.0 * Math.pow(N, 2.0)))) + (1.0 / (3.0 * Math.pow(N, 3.0)))) + (-1.0 / (4.0 * Math.pow(N, 4.0)));
                                          }
                                          
                                          def code(N):
                                          	return (((1.0 / N) + (-1.0 / (2.0 * math.pow(N, 2.0)))) + (1.0 / (3.0 * math.pow(N, 3.0)))) + (-1.0 / (4.0 * math.pow(N, 4.0)))
                                          
                                          function code(N)
                                          	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / N) + Float64(-1.0 / Float64(2.0 * (N ^ 2.0)))) + Float64(1.0 / Float64(3.0 * (N ^ 3.0)))) + Float64(-1.0 / Float64(4.0 * (N ^ 4.0))))
                                          end
                                          
                                          function tmp = code(N)
                                          	tmp = (((1.0 / N) + (-1.0 / (2.0 * (N ^ 2.0)))) + (1.0 / (3.0 * (N ^ 3.0)))) + (-1.0 / (4.0 * (N ^ 4.0)));
                                          end
                                          
                                          code[N_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(1.0 / N), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / N[(2.0 * N[Power[N, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(1.0 / N[(3.0 * N[Power[N, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / N[(4.0 * N[Power[N, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                                          
                                          \begin{array}{l}
                                          
                                          \\
                                          \left(\left(\frac{1}{N} + \frac{-1}{2 \cdot {N}^{2}}\right) + \frac{1}{3 \cdot {N}^{3}}\right) + \frac{-1}{4 \cdot {N}^{4}}
                                          \end{array}
                                          

                                          Reproduce

                                          ?
                                          herbie shell --seed 2024331 
                                          (FPCore (N)
                                            :name "2log (problem 3.3.6)"
                                            :precision binary64
                                            :pre (and (> N 1.0) (< N 1e+40))
                                          
                                            :alt
                                            (! :herbie-platform default (+ (/ 1 N) (/ -1 (* 2 (pow N 2))) (/ 1 (* 3 (pow N 3))) (/ -1 (* 4 (pow N 4)))))
                                          
                                            (- (log (+ N 1.0)) (log N)))