Hyperbolic arcsine

Percentage Accurate: 19.0% → 99.6%

Time: 8.8s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 7.2×

• Could not converge on a ground truth

  1. x = 4.328847408143297e+298

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 19.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.6% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.15:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{\frac{0.125}{x \cdot x} - 0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.05:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \left(x - \frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.15)
   (log (/ (- (/ 0.125 (* x x)) 0.5) x))
   (if (<= x 1.05)
     (fma (* (* x x) x) (fma 0.075 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) x)
     (log (+ x (- x (/ -0.5 x)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.15) {
		tmp = log((((0.125 / (x * x)) - 0.5) / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.05) {
		tmp = fma(((x * x) * x), fma(0.075, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + (x - (-0.5 / x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.15)
		tmp = log(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.125 / Float64(x * x)) - 0.5) / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.05)
		tmp = fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * x), fma(0.075, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + Float64(x - Float64(-0.5 / x))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.15], N[Log[N[(N[(N[(0.125 / N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.05], N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[(x - N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.1499999999999999

   1. Initial program 5.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}}{x}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}{x}\right)} \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}{x}\right)} \]

      3. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}}{x}\right) \]

      4. neg-sub0 N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0 - \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}}{x}\right) \]

      5. associate--r- N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(0 - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}}}{x}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{-1}{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}}{x}\right) \]

      9. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} - \frac{1}{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      10. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} - \frac{1}{2}}}{x}\right) \]

      11. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{8} \cdot 1}{{x}^{2}}} - \frac{1}{2}}{x}\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{8}}}{{x}^{2}} - \frac{1}{2}}{x}\right) \]

      13. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{{x}^{2}}} - \frac{1}{2}}{x}\right) \]

      14. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\frac{\frac{1}{8}}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}} - \frac{1}{2}}{x}\right) \]

      15. lower-*.f64 99.6

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\frac{0.125}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}} - 0.5}{x}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{0.125}{x \cdot x} - 0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.1499999999999999 < x < 1.05000000000000004

   1. Initial program 10.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

      2. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

      4. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      7. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

      12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 99.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.075}, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   if 1.05000000000000004 < x

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      2. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. cancel-sign-sub N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x - \left(-1 \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}\right)\right) \]

      12. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      13. associate-/r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      14. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\frac{x \cdot \frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      15. rgt-mult-inverse N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{x} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      16. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}{x}}\right)\right) \]

      17. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}}{x}\right)\right) \]

      18. lower-/.f64 99.4

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\frac{-0.5}{x}}\right)\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x - \frac{-0.5}{x}\right)}\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.5% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.3:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.05:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \left(x - \frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.3)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1.05)
     (fma (* (* x x) x) (fma 0.075 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) x)
     (log (+ x (- x (/ -0.5 x)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.3) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.05) {
		tmp = fma(((x * x) * x), fma(0.075, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + (x - (-0.5 / x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.3)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.05)
		tmp = fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * x), fma(0.075, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + Float64(x - Float64(-0.5 / x))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.3], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.05], N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[(x - N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.30000000000000004

   1. Initial program 5.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{x}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 98.5

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.30000000000000004 < x < 1.05000000000000004

   1. Initial program 10.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

      2. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

      4. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      7. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

      12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 99.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.075}, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   if 1.05000000000000004 < x

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      2. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. cancel-sign-sub N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x - \left(-1 \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}\right)\right) \]

      12. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      13. associate-/r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      14. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\frac{x \cdot \frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      15. rgt-mult-inverse N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{x} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}\right)\right) \]

      16. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{-1}{2}}{x}}\right)\right) \]

      17. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}}{x}\right)\right) \]

      18. lower-/.f64 99.4

          \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \left(x - \color{blue}{\frac{-0.5}{x}}\right)\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\left(x - \frac{-0.5}{x}\right)}\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.3:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.35:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(2 \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.3)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1.35)
     (fma (* (* x x) x) (fma 0.075 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) x)
     (log (* 2.0 x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.3) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.35) {
		tmp = fma(((x * x) * x), fma(0.075, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	} else {
		tmp = log((2.0 * x));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.3)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.35)
		tmp = fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * x), fma(0.075, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(2.0 * x));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.3], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.35], N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(2.0 * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.30000000000000004

   1. Initial program 5.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{x}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 98.5

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.30000000000000004 < x < 1.3500000000000001

   1. Initial program 10.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

      2. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

      4. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      7. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

      12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 99.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.075}, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   if 1.3500000000000001 < x

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 99.1

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 76.3% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.35:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(2 \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x 1.35)
   (fma (* (* x x) x) (fma 0.075 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) x)
   (log (* 2.0 x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.35) {
		tmp = fma(((x * x) * x), fma(0.075, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	} else {
		tmp = log((2.0 * x));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 1.35)
		tmp = fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * x), fma(0.075, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(2.0 * x));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.35], N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(2.0 * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 1.3500000000000001

   1. Initial program 8.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

      2. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

      4. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      7. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

      12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 64.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 64.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 64.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.075}, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   if 1.3500000000000001 < x

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f64 99.1

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 58.7% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.5:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x 1.5)
   (fma (* (* x x) x) (fma 0.075 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) x)
   (log (+ 1.0 x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.5) {
		tmp = fma(((x * x) * x), fma(0.075, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	} else {
		tmp = log((1.0 + x));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 1.5)
		tmp = fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * x), fma(0.075, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(1.0 + x));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.5], N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 1.5

   1. Initial program 8.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

      2. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

      4. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      7. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

      12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 64.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 64.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 64.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.075}, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

   if 1.5 < x

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-+.f64 31.3

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 31.3%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 51.4% accurate, 4.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (* (* x x) x) (fma 0.075 (* x x) -0.16666666666666666) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(((x * x) * x), fma(0.075, (x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * x), fma(0.075, Float64(x * x), -0.16666666666666666), x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 17.9%

   \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

   2. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

   4. *-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   7. pow-plus N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

   14. lower-*.f64 50.2

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 50.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 50.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.075}, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 51.1% accurate, 4.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(0.075 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot x, x \cdot x, x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (fma (* (* 0.075 (* x x)) x) (* x x) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(((0.075 * (x * x)) * x), (x * x), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(Float64(Float64(0.075 * Float64(x * x)) * x), Float64(x * x), x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(0.075 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 17.9%

   \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

   2. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

   4. *-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   7. pow-plus N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

   14. lower-*.f64 50.2

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 50.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 50.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.075, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, x\right) \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around inf

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x, x \cdot x, x\right) \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 49.7%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(0.075 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot x, x \cdot x, x\right) \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 49.9% accurate, 7.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot x, x, 1\right) \cdot x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (fma (* -0.16666666666666666 x) x 1.0) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma((-0.16666666666666666 * x), x, 1.0) * x;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(fma(Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * x), x, 1.0) * x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(-0.16666666666666666 * x), $MachinePrecision] * x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 17.9%

   \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + 1\right)} \]

   2. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \cdot 1 \]

   4. *-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot x}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   7. pow-plus N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   8. lower-pow.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(2 + 1\right)}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{\color{blue}{3}}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \frac{3}{40} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}, x\right) \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{3}{40}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{6}\right), x\right) \]

   14. lower-*.f64 50.2

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 50.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075, x \cdot x, -0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 50.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.075, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, x\right) \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{6} \cdot x, x \cdot x, x\right) \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 48.6%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot x, x \cdot x, x\right) \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

12. Applied rewrites 48.6%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot x, x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 30.8% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\\ \mathbf{if}\;x < 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{x - t\_0}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + t\_0\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))
   (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x t_0))) (log (+ x t_0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))
    if (x < 0.0d0) then
        tmp = log(((-1.0d0) / (x - t_0)))
    else
        tmp = log((x + t_0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0
	if x < 0.0:
		tmp = math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + t_0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-1.0 / Float64(x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + t_0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[Less[x, 0.0], N[Log[N[(-1.0 / N[(x - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024323 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arcsine"
  :precision binary64

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform default (if (< x 0) (log (/ -1 (- x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1))))) (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1))))))

  (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))