NMSE Section 6.1 mentioned, A

Percentage Accurate: 74.0% → 99.1%
Time: 3.0s
Alternatives: 8
Speedup: 2.5×

Specification

?
\[\mathsf{TRUE}\left(\right)\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  (-
   (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
   (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x)))))
  2.0))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = (((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0d0 / eps) - 1.0d0) * exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x, eps):
	return (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0
function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x)))) - Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x))))) / 2.0)
end
function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0;
end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 8 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 74.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  (-
   (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
   (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x)))))
  2.0))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = (((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0d0 / eps) - 1.0d0) * exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x, eps):
	return (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0
function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x)))) - Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x))))) / 2.0)
end
function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x)))) / 2.0;
end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.1% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\ t_1 := \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \leq 0:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{t\_1}{2}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x))))
        (t_1
         (-
          (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
          (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) t_0))))
   (if (<= t_1 0.0) t_0 (/ t_1 2.0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	double t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0);
	double tmp;
	if (t_1 <= 0.0) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_1 / 2.0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: t_1
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x))
    t_1 = ((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0d0 / eps) - 1.0d0) * t_0)
    if (t_1 <= 0.0d0) then
        tmp = t_0
    else
        tmp = t_1 / 2.0d0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	double t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0);
	double tmp;
	if (t_1 <= 0.0) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_1 / 2.0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps):
	t_0 = math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x))
	t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0)
	tmp = 0
	if t_1 <= 0.0:
		tmp = t_0
	else:
		tmp = t_1 / 2.0
	return tmp
function code(x, eps)
	t_0 = exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)))
	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x)))) - Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_1 <= 0.0)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = Float64(t_1 / 2.0);
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	t_0 = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (t_1 <= 0.0)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = t_1 / 2.0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$1, 0.0], t$95$0, N[(t$95$1 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\
t_1 := \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\
\mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \leq 0:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t\_1}{2}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x))))) < 0.0

    1. Initial program 41.4%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites41.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}\right) \]
    6. Applied rewrites41.3%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} \]
    7. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-x \cdot \left(1 + \varepsilon\right)} \]
    8. Applied rewrites19.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\frac{1}{\varepsilon}} \]
    9. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(e^{\varepsilon \cdot x - x} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) - e^{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(x + \varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)} \]
    10. Applied rewrites97.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]

    if 0.0 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))))

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 48.7% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\\ t_1 := 1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\\ t_2 := t\_1 \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-t\_0}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_2 \leq 0:\\ \;\;\;\;1 + \varepsilon\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_2 \leq 4:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (+ 1.0 eps) x))
        (t_1 (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)))
        (t_2
         (-
          (* t_1 (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
          (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) (exp (- t_0))))))
   (if (<= t_2 0.0) (+ 1.0 eps) (if (<= t_2 4.0) t_1 t_0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x;
	double t_1 = 1.0 + (1.0 / eps);
	double t_2 = (t_1 * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-t_0));
	double tmp;
	if (t_2 <= 0.0) {
		tmp = 1.0 + eps;
	} else if (t_2 <= 4.0) {
		tmp = t_1;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: t_1
    real(8) :: t_2
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = (1.0d0 + eps) * x
    t_1 = 1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)
    t_2 = (t_1 * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0d0 / eps) - 1.0d0) * exp(-t_0))
    if (t_2 <= 0.0d0) then
        tmp = 1.0d0 + eps
    else if (t_2 <= 4.0d0) then
        tmp = t_1
    else
        tmp = t_0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x;
	double t_1 = 1.0 + (1.0 / eps);
	double t_2 = (t_1 * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * Math.exp(-t_0));
	double tmp;
	if (t_2 <= 0.0) {
		tmp = 1.0 + eps;
	} else if (t_2 <= 4.0) {
		tmp = t_1;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps):
	t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x
	t_1 = 1.0 + (1.0 / eps)
	t_2 = (t_1 * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * math.exp(-t_0))
	tmp = 0
	if t_2 <= 0.0:
		tmp = 1.0 + eps
	elif t_2 <= 4.0:
		tmp = t_1
	else:
		tmp = t_0
	return tmp
function code(x, eps)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)
	t_1 = Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps))
	t_2 = Float64(Float64(t_1 * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x)))) - Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(Float64(-t_0))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_2 <= 0.0)
		tmp = Float64(1.0 + eps);
	elseif (t_2 <= 4.0)
		tmp = t_1;
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x;
	t_1 = 1.0 + (1.0 / eps);
	t_2 = (t_1 * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-t_0));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (t_2 <= 0.0)
		tmp = 1.0 + eps;
	elseif (t_2 <= 4.0)
		tmp = t_1;
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(N[(t$95$1 * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-t$95$0)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$2, 0.0], N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[t$95$2, 4.0], t$95$1, t$95$0]]]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\\
t_1 := 1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\\
t_2 := t\_1 \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-t\_0}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t\_2 \leq 0:\\
\;\;\;\;1 + \varepsilon\\

\mathbf{elif}\;t\_2 \leq 4:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_1\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x))))) < 0.0

    1. Initial program 41.4%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites41.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)\right) + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right)} \]
    6. Applied rewrites59.7%

      \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\varepsilon} \]

    if 0.0 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x))))) < 4

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right) + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{3}\right) - \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{3} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites83.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}} \]

    if 4 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))))

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto 2 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{3}\right) - \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{3} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right) + \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]
    6. Applied rewrites17.5%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.2% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\ t_1 := \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \leq 4:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x))))
        (t_1
         (-
          (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
          (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) t_0))))
   (if (<= t_1 4.0) t_0 t_1)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	double t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0);
	double tmp;
	if (t_1 <= 4.0) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_1;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: t_1
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x))
    t_1 = ((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0d0 / eps) - 1.0d0) * t_0)
    if (t_1 <= 4.0d0) then
        tmp = t_0
    else
        tmp = t_1
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	double t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0);
	double tmp;
	if (t_1 <= 4.0) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_1;
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps):
	t_0 = math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x))
	t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0)
	tmp = 0
	if t_1 <= 4.0:
		tmp = t_0
	else:
		tmp = t_1
	return tmp
function code(x, eps)
	t_0 = exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)))
	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x)))) - Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_1 <= 4.0)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = t_1;
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	t_0 = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	t_1 = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * t_0);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (t_1 <= 4.0)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = t_1;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$1, 4.0], t$95$0, t$95$1]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\
t_1 := \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot t\_0\\
\mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \leq 4:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_1\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x))))) < 4

    1. Initial program 56.2%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites51.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}\right) \]
    6. Applied rewrites51.7%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} \]
    7. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-x \cdot \left(1 + \varepsilon\right)} \]
    8. Applied rewrites36.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\frac{1}{\varepsilon}} \]
    9. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(e^{\varepsilon \cdot x - x} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) - e^{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(x + \varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)} \]
    10. Applied rewrites97.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]

    if 4 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))))

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 36.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\\ \mathbf{if}\;\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-t\_0} \leq 2.000002:\\ \;\;\;\;1 + \varepsilon\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (+ 1.0 eps) x)))
   (if (<=
        (-
         (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
         (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) (exp (- t_0))))
        2.000002)
     (+ 1.0 eps)
     t_0)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x;
	double tmp;
	if ((((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-t_0))) <= 2.000002) {
		tmp = 1.0 + eps;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = (1.0d0 + eps) * x
    if ((((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0d0 / eps) - 1.0d0) * exp(-t_0))) <= 2.000002d0) then
        tmp = 1.0d0 + eps
    else
        tmp = t_0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x;
	double tmp;
	if ((((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * Math.exp(-t_0))) <= 2.000002) {
		tmp = 1.0 + eps;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps):
	t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x
	tmp = 0
	if (((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * math.exp(-t_0))) <= 2.000002:
		tmp = 1.0 + eps
	else:
		tmp = t_0
	return tmp
function code(x, eps)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x)))) - Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(Float64(-t_0)))) <= 2.000002)
		tmp = Float64(1.0 + eps);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	t_0 = (1.0 + eps) * x;
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))) - (((1.0 / eps) - 1.0) * exp(-t_0))) <= 2.000002)
		tmp = 1.0 + eps;
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-t$95$0)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.000002], N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\\
\mathbf{if}\;\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-t\_0} \leq 2.000002:\\
\;\;\;\;1 + \varepsilon\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x))))) < 2.00000199999999984

    1. Initial program 55.9%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites51.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)\right) + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right)} \]
    6. Applied rewrites47.1%

      \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\varepsilon} \]

    if 2.00000199999999984 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))) (*.f64 (-.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) #s(literal 1 binary64)) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) eps) x)))))

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto 2 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{3}\right) - \frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{3} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right) + \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]
    6. Applied rewrites17.5%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 77.7% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := -\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\\ \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq 3300000:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{t\_0} - t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))
   (if (<= eps 3300000.0)
     (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x)))
     (- (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp t_0)) t_0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = -((1.0 - eps) * x);
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= 3300000.0) {
		tmp = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	} else {
		tmp = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(t_0)) - t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = -((1.0d0 - eps) * x)
    if (eps <= 3300000.0d0) then
        tmp = exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x))
    else
        tmp = ((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(t_0)) - t_0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = -((1.0 - eps) * x);
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= 3300000.0) {
		tmp = Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	} else {
		tmp = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(t_0)) - t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps):
	t_0 = -((1.0 - eps) * x)
	tmp = 0
	if eps <= 3300000.0:
		tmp = math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x))
	else:
		tmp = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(t_0)) - t_0
	return tmp
function code(x, eps)
	t_0 = Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (eps <= 3300000.0)
		tmp = exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(t_0)) - t_0);
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	t_0 = -((1.0 - eps) * x);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (eps <= 3300000.0)
		tmp = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	else
		tmp = ((1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(t_0)) - t_0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = (-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])}, If[LessEqual[eps, 3300000.0], N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := -\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\\
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq 3300000:\\
\;\;\;\;e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{t\_0} - t\_0\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if eps < 3.3e6

    1. Initial program 65.8%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites44.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}\right) \]
    6. Applied rewrites49.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} \]
    7. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-x \cdot \left(1 + \varepsilon\right)} \]
    8. Applied rewrites19.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\frac{1}{\varepsilon}} \]
    9. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(e^{\varepsilon \cdot x - x} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) - e^{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(x + \varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)} \]
    10. Applied rewrites84.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]

    if 3.3e6 < eps

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites76.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\left(x \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right) + x \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{6} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{3} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) - \color{blue}{1}\right) \]
    6. Applied rewrites74.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\right) \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 77.4% accurate, 2.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq 2.8 \cdot 10^{+44}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= eps 2.8e+44)
   (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x)))
   (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= 2.8e+44) {
		tmp = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	} else {
		tmp = (1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (eps <= 2.8d+44) then
        tmp = exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x))
    else
        tmp = (1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0d0 - eps) * x))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= 2.8e+44) {
		tmp = Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	} else {
		tmp = (1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * Math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x));
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps):
	tmp = 0
	if eps <= 2.8e+44:
		tmp = math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x))
	else:
		tmp = (1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * math.exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x))
	return tmp
function code(x, eps)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (eps <= 2.8e+44)
		tmp = exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / eps)) * exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 - eps) * x))));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (eps <= 2.8e+44)
		tmp = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
	else
		tmp = (1.0 + (1.0 / eps)) * exp(-((1.0 - eps) * x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[x_, eps_] := If[LessEqual[eps, 2.8e+44], N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 - eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq 2.8 \cdot 10^{+44}:\\
\;\;\;\;e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if eps < 2.8000000000000001e44

    1. Initial program 67.5%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites45.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}\right) \]
    6. Applied rewrites49.9%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} \]
    7. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-x \cdot \left(1 + \varepsilon\right)} \]
    8. Applied rewrites20.3%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\frac{1}{\varepsilon}} \]
    9. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(e^{\varepsilon \cdot x - x} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) - e^{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(x + \varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)} \]
    10. Applied rewrites83.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]

    if 2.8000000000000001e44 < eps

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites67.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 77.4% accurate, 2.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = exp(-((1.0d0 + eps) * x))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
}
def code(x, eps):
	return math.exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x))
function code(x, eps)
	return exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 + eps) * x)))
end
function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = exp(-((1.0 + eps) * x));
end
code[x_, eps_] := N[Exp[(-N[(N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 75.0%

    \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
  4. Applied rewrites50.5%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
  5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}\right) \]
  6. Applied rewrites52.1%

    \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} \]
  7. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-x \cdot \left(1 + \varepsilon\right)} \]
  8. Applied rewrites22.3%

    \[\leadsto \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\frac{1}{\varepsilon}} \]
  9. Taylor expanded in x around inf

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(e^{\varepsilon \cdot x - x} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) - e^{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(x + \varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)} \]
  10. Applied rewrites77.9%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
  11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 29.2% accurate, 68.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 + \varepsilon \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (+ 1.0 eps))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 1.0 + eps;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = 1.0d0 + eps
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 1.0 + eps;
}
def code(x, eps):
	return 1.0 + eps
function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(1.0 + eps)
end
function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = 1.0 + eps;
end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(1.0 + eps), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
1 + \varepsilon
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 75.0%

    \[\frac{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x} - \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}}{2} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot {\left(\varepsilon - 1\right)}^{2}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({\left(1 + \varepsilon\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right) - -1 \cdot \left(\left(1 + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\varepsilon} - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
  4. Applied rewrites50.5%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot e^{-\left(1 - \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}} \]
  5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon - 1\right)\right) + \frac{1}{\varepsilon}\right)} \]
  6. Applied rewrites27.8%

    \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\varepsilon} \]
  7. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

?
herbie shell --seed 2024321 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "NMSE Section 6.1 mentioned, A"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (TRUE)
  (/ (- (* (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 eps)) (exp (- (* (- 1.0 eps) x)))) (* (- (/ 1.0 eps) 1.0) (exp (- (* (+ 1.0 eps) x))))) 2.0))