Falkner and Boettcher, Equation (20:1,3)

Percentage Accurate: 99.3% → 99.6%
Time: 8.3s
Alternatives: 10
Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v t)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  (- 1.0 (* 5.0 (* v v)))
  (* (* (* (PI) t) (sqrt (* 2.0 (- 1.0 (* 3.0 (* v v)))))) (- 1.0 (* v v)))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 10 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v t)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  (- 1.0 (* 5.0 (* v v)))
  (* (* (* (PI) t) (sqrt (* 2.0 (- 1.0 (* 3.0 (* v v)))))) (- 1.0 (* v v)))))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.6% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot {\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}\right)}^{-1} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v t)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (/ (fma -5.0 (* v v) 1.0) t)
  (pow (* (* (PI) (- 1.0 (* v v))) (sqrt (fma -6.0 (* v v) 2.0))) -1.0)))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot {\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}\right)}^{-1}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.1%

    \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
    2. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
    3. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
    4. associate-*l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
    5. *-rgt-identityN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
    6. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
    7. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
    8. associate-*l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)}} \]
    9. times-fracN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
  4. Applied rewrites99.5%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
  5. Final simplification99.5%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot {\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}\right)}^{-1} \]
  6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.5% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{t} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}^{-1} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v t) :precision binary64 (* (/ 1.0 t) (pow (* (sqrt 2.0) (PI)) -1.0)))
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{t} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}^{-1}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.1%

    \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
    2. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
    3. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
    4. associate-*l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
    5. *-rgt-identityN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
    6. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
    7. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
    8. associate-*l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)}} \]
    9. times-fracN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
  4. Applied rewrites99.5%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
  5. Taylor expanded in v around 0

    \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}}} \]
  6. Step-by-step derivation
    1. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    2. lower-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
    3. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
    4. lower-PI.f6498.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
  7. Applied rewrites98.3%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
  8. Taylor expanded in v around 0

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
  9. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Applied rewrites98.3%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
    2. Final simplification98.3%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{t} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}^{-1} \]
    3. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 3: 98.5% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-1}}{\sqrt{2} \cdot t} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (v t) :precision binary64 (/ (pow (PI) -1.0) (* (sqrt 2.0) t)))
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-1}}{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 99.1%

      \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
      2. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
      3. associate-/r*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
      4. div-invN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
      5. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - v \cdot v} \]
      6. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - v \cdot v} \]
      7. associate-*l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - v \cdot v} \]
      8. associate-/r*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{t \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - v \cdot v} \]
      9. frac-timesN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 1}{\left(t \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
    4. Applied rewrites99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot 1}{\left(t \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in v around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{\left(t \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{\left(t \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
      2. lower-PI.f6497.9

        \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{\left(t \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
    7. Applied rewrites97.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{\left(t \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in v around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \sqrt{2}}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}} \]
      2. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}} \]
      3. lower-sqrt.f6498.0

        \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot t} \]
    10. Applied rewrites98.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot t}} \]
    11. Final simplification98.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-1}}{\sqrt{2} \cdot t} \]
    12. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 4: 98.4% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right)}^{-1} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (v t) :precision binary64 (pow (* (* (sqrt 2.0) (PI)) t) -1.0))
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    {\left(\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right)}^{-1}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 99.1%

      \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in v around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}} \]
      2. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot t}} \]
      3. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot t}} \]
      4. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot t} \]
      5. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot t} \]
      6. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t} \]
      7. lower-PI.f6497.9

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot t} \]
    5. Applied rewrites97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t}} \]
    6. Final simplification97.9%

      \[\leadsto {\left(\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right)}^{-1} \]
    7. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 5: 98.3% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}^{-1} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (v t) :precision binary64 (pow (* (* (PI) t) (sqrt 2.0)) -1.0))
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    {\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}^{-1}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 99.1%

      \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in v around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}} \]
      2. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot t}} \]
      3. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot t}} \]
      4. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot t} \]
      5. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot t} \]
      6. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t} \]
      7. lower-PI.f6497.9

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot t} \]
    5. Applied rewrites97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites97.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{2}}} \]
      2. Final simplification97.9%

        \[\leadsto {\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}\right)}^{-1} \]
      3. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 6: 99.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (v t)
       :precision binary64
       (/
        (/ (fma -5.0 (* v v) 1.0) (* t (PI)))
        (* (- 1.0 (* v v)) (sqrt (fma -6.0 (* v v) 2.0)))))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 99.1%

        \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        3. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        4. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
        5. associate-/r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t}}{\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        6. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t}}{\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites99.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
      5. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 7: 99.3% accurate, 1.1× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-v, v, 1\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (v t)
       :precision binary64
       (/
        (fma -5.0 (* v v) 1.0)
        (* (* (fma (- v) v 1.0) (* t (PI))) (sqrt (fma -6.0 (* v v) 2.0)))))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-v, v, 1\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 99.1%

        \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift--.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        2. sub-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        3. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)\right) + 1}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        4. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right)\right) + 1}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        5. distribute-lft-neg-inN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5\right)\right) \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} + 1}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        6. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5\right), v \cdot v, 1\right)}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        7. metadata-eval99.1

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-5}, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        8. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        9. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)}} \]
        10. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)}} \]
        11. associate-*r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \]
        12. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites99.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        3. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        4. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        5. lower-*.f6499.1

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        6. lift--.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        7. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(1 - \color{blue}{v \cdot v}\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        8. sub-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        9. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(v \cdot v\right)\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        10. distribute-lft-neg-inN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(v\right)\right) \cdot v} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        11. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(v\right), v, 1\right)} \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        12. lower-neg.f6499.1

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-v}, v, 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        13. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-v, v, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        14. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-v, v, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
        15. lower-*.f6499.1

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-v, v, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
      6. Applied rewrites99.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-v, v, 1\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \]
      7. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 8: 99.3% accurate, 1.1× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (v t)
       :precision binary64
       (/
        (fma -5.0 (* v v) 1.0)
        (* (* (* (- 1.0 (* v v)) (PI)) t) (sqrt (fma -6.0 (* v v) 2.0)))))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 99.1%

        \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift--.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        2. sub-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        3. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)\right) + 1}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        4. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right)\right) + 1}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        5. distribute-lft-neg-inN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5\right)\right) \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} + 1}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        6. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(5\right), v \cdot v, 1\right)}}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        7. metadata-eval99.1

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-5}, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        8. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        9. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)}} \]
        10. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)}} \]
        11. associate-*r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \]
        12. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites99.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{\left(\left(\left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
      5. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 9: 98.7% accurate, 1.6× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(5 \cdot v, v, 1\right)}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{t} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (v t)
       :precision binary64
       (/ (/ (fma (* 5.0 v) v 1.0) (* (sqrt 2.0) (PI))) t))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(5 \cdot v, v, 1\right)}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{t}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 99.1%

        \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        3. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        4. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
        5. *-rgt-identityN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
        6. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
        7. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
        8. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)}} \]
        9. times-fracN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites99.5%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
      5. Taylor expanded in v around 0

        \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \sqrt{2}}} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        2. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        3. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        4. lower-PI.f6498.3

          \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      7. Applied rewrites98.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      8. Applied rewrites98.5%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(5 \cdot v, v, 1\right)}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{t}} \]
      9. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 10: 97.8% accurate, 2.8× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (v t) :precision binary64 (/ (sqrt 0.5) (* t (PI))))
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 99.1%

        \[\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        2. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}} \]
        3. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)} \]
        4. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
        5. *-rgt-identityN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
        6. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot t\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
        7. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
        8. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)\right)}} \]
        9. times-fracN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 5 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites99.5%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(-5, v \cdot v, 1\right)}{t} \cdot \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-6, v \cdot v, 2\right)}}} \]
      5. Taylor expanded in v around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. associate-/r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        2. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        3. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        4. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
        5. lower-PI.f6497.6

          \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      7. Applied rewrites97.6%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t}}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
      8. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites97.3%

          \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{\color{blue}{t \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing

        Reproduce

        ?
        herbie shell --seed 2024321 
        (FPCore (v t)
          :name "Falkner and Boettcher, Equation (20:1,3)"
          :precision binary64
          (/ (- 1.0 (* 5.0 (* v v))) (* (* (* (PI) t) (sqrt (* 2.0 (- 1.0 (* 3.0 (* v v)))))) (- 1.0 (* v v)))))