Development.Shake.Progress:message from shake-0.15.5

Percentage Accurate: 99.4% → 99.7%
Time: 5.8s
Alternatives: 5
Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 100.0) (+ x y)))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return (x * 100.0) / (x + y);
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = (x * 100.0d0) / (x + y)
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return (x * 100.0) / (x + y);
}
def code(x, y):
	return (x * 100.0) / (x + y)
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(x * 100.0) / Float64(x + y))
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = (x * 100.0) / (x + y);
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(x * 100.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 5 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 100.0) (+ x y)))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return (x * 100.0) / (x + y);
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = (x * 100.0d0) / (x + y)
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return (x * 100.0) / (x + y);
}
def code(x, y):
	return (x * 100.0) / (x + y)
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(x * 100.0) / Float64(x + y))
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = (x * 100.0) / (x + y);
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(x * 100.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x}{y + x} \cdot 100 \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (* (/ x (+ y x)) 100.0))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return (x / (y + x)) * 100.0;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = (x / (y + x)) * 100.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return (x / (y + x)) * 100.0;
}
def code(x, y):
	return (x / (y + x)) * 100.0
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(x / Float64(y + x)) * 100.0)
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = (x / (y + x)) * 100.0;
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(x / N[(y + x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 100.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{x}{y + x} \cdot 100
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.4%

    \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y}} \]
    2. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot 100}}{x + y} \]
    3. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{100 \cdot x}}{x + y} \]
    4. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100 \cdot \frac{x}{x + y}} \]
    5. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{x + y} \cdot 100} \]
    6. lower-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{x + y} \cdot 100} \]
    7. lower-/.f6499.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{x + y}} \cdot 100 \]
    8. lift-+.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x}{\color{blue}{x + y}} \cdot 100 \]
    9. +-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x}{\color{blue}{y + x}} \cdot 100 \]
    10. lower-+.f6499.8

      \[\leadsto \frac{x}{\color{blue}{y + x}} \cdot 100 \]
  4. Applied rewrites99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{y + x} \cdot 100} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.2% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \leq 2:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{100 \cdot x}{y}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-100}{x}, y, 100\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (/ (* x 100.0) (+ x y)) 2.0)
   (/ (* 100.0 x) y)
   (fma (/ -100.0 x) y 100.0)))
double code(double x, double y) {
	double tmp;
	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0) {
		tmp = (100.0 * x) / y;
	} else {
		tmp = fma((-100.0 / x), y, 100.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(x, y)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(x * 100.0) / Float64(x + y)) <= 2.0)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(100.0 * x) / y);
	else
		tmp = fma(Float64(-100.0 / x), y, 100.0);
	end
	return tmp
end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(x * 100.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], N[(N[(100.0 * x), $MachinePrecision] / y), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(-100.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] * y + 100.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \leq 2:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{100 \cdot x}{y}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-100}{x}, y, 100\right)\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (/.f64 (*.f64 x #s(literal 100 binary64)) (+.f64 x y)) < 2

    1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100 \cdot \frac{x}{y}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-lft-identityN/A

        \[\leadsto 100 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot x}}{y} \]
      2. associate-*l/N/A

        \[\leadsto 100 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{y} \cdot x\right)} \]
      3. associate-*l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{y}\right) \cdot x} \]
      4. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{y}\right) \cdot x} \]
      5. associate-*r/N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100 \cdot 1}{y}} \cdot x \]
      6. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{100}}{y} \cdot x \]
      7. lower-/.f6497.6

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100}{y}} \cdot x \]
    5. Applied rewrites97.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100}{y} \cdot x} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites97.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{100 \cdot x}{\color{blue}{y}} \]

      if 2 < (/.f64 (*.f64 x #s(literal 100 binary64)) (+.f64 x y))

      1. Initial program 99.0%

        \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100 + -100 \cdot \frac{y}{x}} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-100 \cdot \frac{y}{x} + 100} \]
        2. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-100 \cdot y}{x}} + 100 \]
        3. associate-*l/N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-100}{x} \cdot y} + 100 \]
        4. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(100\right)}}{x} \cdot y + 100 \]
        5. distribute-neg-fracN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{100}{x}\right)\right)} \cdot y + 100 \]
        6. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{100 \cdot 1}}{x}\right)\right) \cdot y + 100 \]
        7. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{100 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}\right)\right) \cdot y + 100 \]
        8. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right), y, 100\right)} \]
        9. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{100 \cdot 1}{x}}\right), y, 100\right) \]
        10. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{100}}{x}\right), y, 100\right) \]
        11. distribute-neg-fracN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(100\right)}{x}}, y, 100\right) \]
        12. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{-100}}{x}, y, 100\right) \]
        13. lower-/.f6499.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{-100}{x}}, y, 100\right) \]
      5. Applied rewrites99.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-100}{x}, y, 100\right)} \]
    7. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
    8. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 3: 97.7% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \leq 2:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{100 \cdot x}{y}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;100\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (x y)
     :precision binary64
     (if (<= (/ (* x 100.0) (+ x y)) 2.0) (/ (* 100.0 x) y) 100.0))
    double code(double x, double y) {
    	double tmp;
    	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0) {
    		tmp = (100.0 * x) / y;
    	} else {
    		tmp = 100.0;
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    real(8) function code(x, y)
        real(8), intent (in) :: x
        real(8), intent (in) :: y
        real(8) :: tmp
        if (((x * 100.0d0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0d0) then
            tmp = (100.0d0 * x) / y
        else
            tmp = 100.0d0
        end if
        code = tmp
    end function
    
    public static double code(double x, double y) {
    	double tmp;
    	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0) {
    		tmp = (100.0 * x) / y;
    	} else {
    		tmp = 100.0;
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    def code(x, y):
    	tmp = 0
    	if ((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0:
    		tmp = (100.0 * x) / y
    	else:
    		tmp = 100.0
    	return tmp
    
    function code(x, y)
    	tmp = 0.0
    	if (Float64(Float64(x * 100.0) / Float64(x + y)) <= 2.0)
    		tmp = Float64(Float64(100.0 * x) / y);
    	else
    		tmp = 100.0;
    	end
    	return tmp
    end
    
    function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
    	tmp = 0.0;
    	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0)
    		tmp = (100.0 * x) / y;
    	else
    		tmp = 100.0;
    	end
    	tmp_2 = tmp;
    end
    
    code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(x * 100.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], N[(N[(100.0 * x), $MachinePrecision] / y), $MachinePrecision], 100.0]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    \mathbf{if}\;\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \leq 2:\\
    \;\;\;\;\frac{100 \cdot x}{y}\\
    
    \mathbf{else}:\\
    \;\;\;\;100\\
    
    
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Split input into 2 regimes
    2. if (/.f64 (*.f64 x #s(literal 100 binary64)) (+.f64 x y)) < 2

      1. Initial program 99.8%

        \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100 \cdot \frac{x}{y}} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-lft-identityN/A

          \[\leadsto 100 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot x}}{y} \]
        2. associate-*l/N/A

          \[\leadsto 100 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{y} \cdot x\right)} \]
        3. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{y}\right) \cdot x} \]
        4. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{y}\right) \cdot x} \]
        5. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100 \cdot 1}{y}} \cdot x \]
        6. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{100}}{y} \cdot x \]
        7. lower-/.f6497.6

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100}{y}} \cdot x \]
      5. Applied rewrites97.6%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100}{y} \cdot x} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites97.6%

          \[\leadsto \frac{100 \cdot x}{\color{blue}{y}} \]

        if 2 < (/.f64 (*.f64 x #s(literal 100 binary64)) (+.f64 x y))

        1. Initial program 99.0%

          \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites99.2%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100} \]
        5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        6. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 4: 97.7% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \leq 2:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{100}{y} \cdot x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;100\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= (/ (* x 100.0) (+ x y)) 2.0) (* (/ 100.0 y) x) 100.0))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0) {
        		tmp = (100.0 / y) * x;
        	} else {
        		tmp = 100.0;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        real(8) function code(x, y)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            real(8) :: tmp
            if (((x * 100.0d0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0d0) then
                tmp = (100.0d0 / y) * x
            else
                tmp = 100.0d0
            end if
            code = tmp
        end function
        
        public static double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0) {
        		tmp = (100.0 / y) * x;
        	} else {
        		tmp = 100.0;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        def code(x, y):
        	tmp = 0
        	if ((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0:
        		tmp = (100.0 / y) * x
        	else:
        		tmp = 100.0
        	return tmp
        
        function code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (Float64(Float64(x * 100.0) / Float64(x + y)) <= 2.0)
        		tmp = Float64(Float64(100.0 / y) * x);
        	else
        		tmp = 100.0;
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if (((x * 100.0) / (x + y)) <= 2.0)
        		tmp = (100.0 / y) * x;
        	else
        		tmp = 100.0;
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(x * 100.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], N[(N[(100.0 / y), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision], 100.0]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \leq 2:\\
        \;\;\;\;\frac{100}{y} \cdot x\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;100\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if (/.f64 (*.f64 x #s(literal 100 binary64)) (+.f64 x y)) < 2

          1. Initial program 99.8%

            \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100 \cdot \frac{x}{y}} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. *-lft-identityN/A

              \[\leadsto 100 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot x}}{y} \]
            2. associate-*l/N/A

              \[\leadsto 100 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{y} \cdot x\right)} \]
            3. associate-*l*N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{y}\right) \cdot x} \]
            4. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(100 \cdot \frac{1}{y}\right) \cdot x} \]
            5. associate-*r/N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100 \cdot 1}{y}} \cdot x \]
            6. metadata-evalN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{100}}{y} \cdot x \]
            7. lower-/.f6497.6

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100}{y}} \cdot x \]
          5. Applied rewrites97.6%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{100}{y} \cdot x} \]

          if 2 < (/.f64 (*.f64 x #s(literal 100 binary64)) (+.f64 x y))

          1. Initial program 99.0%

            \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites99.2%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100} \]
          5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
          6. Add Preprocessing

          Alternative 5: 51.0% accurate, 20.0× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ 100 \end{array} \]
          (FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 100.0)
          double code(double x, double y) {
          	return 100.0;
          }
          
          real(8) function code(x, y)
              real(8), intent (in) :: x
              real(8), intent (in) :: y
              code = 100.0d0
          end function
          
          public static double code(double x, double y) {
          	return 100.0;
          }
          
          def code(x, y):
          	return 100.0
          
          function code(x, y)
          	return 100.0
          end
          
          function tmp = code(x, y)
          	tmp = 100.0;
          end
          
          code[x_, y_] := 100.0
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          
          \\
          100
          \end{array}
          
          Derivation
          1. Initial program 99.4%

            \[\frac{x \cdot 100}{x + y} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites52.9%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{100} \]
            2. Add Preprocessing

            Developer Target 1: 99.7% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

            \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x}{1} \cdot \frac{100}{x + y} \end{array} \]
            (FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (* (/ x 1.0) (/ 100.0 (+ x y))))
            double code(double x, double y) {
            	return (x / 1.0) * (100.0 / (x + y));
            }
            
            real(8) function code(x, y)
                real(8), intent (in) :: x
                real(8), intent (in) :: y
                code = (x / 1.0d0) * (100.0d0 / (x + y))
            end function
            
            public static double code(double x, double y) {
            	return (x / 1.0) * (100.0 / (x + y));
            }
            
            def code(x, y):
            	return (x / 1.0) * (100.0 / (x + y))
            
            function code(x, y)
            	return Float64(Float64(x / 1.0) * Float64(100.0 / Float64(x + y)))
            end
            
            function tmp = code(x, y)
            	tmp = (x / 1.0) * (100.0 / (x + y));
            end
            
            code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(x / 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(100.0 / N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
            
            \begin{array}{l}
            
            \\
            \frac{x}{1} \cdot \frac{100}{x + y}
            \end{array}
            

            Reproduce

            ?
            herbie shell --seed 2024313 
            (FPCore (x y)
              :name "Development.Shake.Progress:message from shake-0.15.5"
              :precision binary64
            
              :alt
              (! :herbie-platform default (* (/ x 1) (/ 100 (+ x y))))
            
              (/ (* x 100.0) (+ x y)))