bug500, discussion (missed optimization)

Percentage Accurate: 52.2% → 96.8%

Time: 11.3s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 19.3×

• Could not converge on a ground truth

  1. x = 2.03528397488672e+157

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (/ (sinh x) x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((sinh(x) / x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((sinh(x) / x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((Math.sinh(x) / x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((math.sinh(x) / x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(sinh(x) / x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((sinh(x) / x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(N[Sinh[x], $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 52.2% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (/ (sinh x) x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((sinh(x) / x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((sinh(x) / x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((Math.sinh(x) / x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((math.sinh(x) / x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(sinh(x) / x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((sinh(x) / x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(N[Sinh[x], $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 96.8% accurate, 4.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x \cdot x}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003527336860670194, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right)}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  (* x x)
  (/
   1.0
   (fma
    (fma (* x x) 0.0003527336860670194 -0.005555555555555556)
    (* x x)
    0.16666666666666666))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (x * x) / (1.0 / fma(fma((x * x), 0.0003527336860670194, -0.005555555555555556), (x * x), 0.16666666666666666));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(x * x) / Float64(1.0 / fma(fma(Float64(x * x), 0.0003527336860670194, -0.005555555555555556), Float64(x * x), 0.16666666666666666)))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.0003527336860670194 + -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{180}\right)\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{180}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{180}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, x \cdot x, \frac{-1}{180}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   16. lower-*.f64 98.7

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003527336860670194, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right)}}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 96.8% accurate, 6.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (*
   (fma
    (fma 0.0003527336860670194 (* x x) -0.005555555555555556)
    (* x x)
    0.16666666666666666)
   x)
  x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (fma(fma(0.0003527336860670194, (x * x), -0.005555555555555556), (x * x), 0.16666666666666666) * x) * x;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(fma(fma(0.0003527336860670194, Float64(x * x), -0.005555555555555556), Float64(x * x), 0.16666666666666666) * x) * x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(0.0003527336860670194 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{180}\right)\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{180}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{180}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, x \cdot x, \frac{-1}{180}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   16. lower-*.f64 98.7

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 96.8% accurate, 7.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x \cdot x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.2, x \cdot x, 6\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x x) (fma 0.2 (* x x) 6.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (x * x) / fma(0.2, (x * x), 6.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(x * x) / fma(0.2, Float64(x * x), 6.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / N[(0.2 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 6.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{180}\right)\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{180}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{180}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, x \cdot x, \frac{-1}{180}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   16. lower-*.f64 98.7

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003527336860670194, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right)}}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{6 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.2, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 6\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 96.3% accurate, 7.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.16666666666666666, \left(-0.005555555555555556 \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (* (fma x 0.16666666666666666 (* (* -0.005555555555555556 x) (* x x))) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(x, 0.16666666666666666, ((-0.005555555555555556 * x) * (x * x))) * x;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(fma(x, 0.16666666666666666, Float64(Float64(-0.005555555555555556 * x) * Float64(x * x))) * x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 0.16666666666666666 + N[(N[(-0.005555555555555556 * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{180}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. lower-*.f64 98.4

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005555555555555556, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005555555555555556, x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.16666666666666666, {x}^{3} \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right) \cdot x \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.16666666666666666, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(-0.005555555555555556 \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot x \]

10. Final simplification 98.4%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.16666666666666666, \left(-0.005555555555555556 \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot x \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 96.3% accurate, 9.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005555555555555556, x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (* (* (fma -0.005555555555555556 (* x x) 0.16666666666666666) x) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (fma(-0.005555555555555556, (x * x), 0.16666666666666666) * x) * x;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(fma(-0.005555555555555556, Float64(x * x), 0.16666666666666666) * x) * x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(-0.005555555555555556 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{180} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{180}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. lower-*.f64 98.4

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005555555555555556, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005555555555555556, x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 96.2% accurate, 12.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{x}{6} \cdot x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (/ x 6.0) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (x / 6.0) * x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (x / 6.0d0) * x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (x / 6.0) * x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (x / 6.0) * x

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(x / 6.0) * x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (x / 6.0) * x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(x / 6.0), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{180}\right)\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{180}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{180}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, x \cdot x, \frac{-1}{180}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   16. lower-*.f64 98.7

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003527336860670194, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right)}}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{6} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 98.1%

    \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot x}{6} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

12. Applied rewrites 98.1%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{6} \cdot x} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 96.2% accurate, 19.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot x\right) \cdot x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (* 0.16666666666666666 x) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (0.16666666666666666 * x) * x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (0.16666666666666666d0 * x) * x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (0.16666666666666666 * x) * x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (0.16666666666666666 * x) * x

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(0.16666666666666666 * x) * x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (0.16666666666666666 * x) * x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(0.16666666666666666 * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot x \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{180}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right)} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   10. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{180}\right)\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{180}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{180}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{180}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2835}, x \cdot x, \frac{-1}{180}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

   16. lower-*.f64 98.7

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0003527336860670194, x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 98.0%

   \[\leadsto \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot x\right) \cdot x \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 96.1% accurate, 19.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* 0.16666666666666666 (* x x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 0.16666666666666666 * (x * x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 0.16666666666666666d0 * (x * x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 0.16666666666666666 * (x * x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 0.16666666666666666 * (x * x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(0.16666666666666666 * Float64(x * x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 0.16666666666666666 * (x * x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(0.16666666666666666 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 52.1%

   \[\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{6}} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{6}} \]

   3. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{6} \]

   4. lower-*.f64 98.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot 0.16666666666666666 \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.16666666666666666} \]

6. Final simplification 98.0%

   \[\leadsto 0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 97.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|x\right| < 0.085:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-2.6455026455026456 \cdot 10^{-5}, x \cdot x, 0.0003527336860670194\right), x \cdot x, -0.005555555555555556\right), x \cdot x, 0.16666666666666666\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{\sinh x}{x}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (< (fabs x) 0.085)
   (*
    (* x x)
    (fma
     (fma
      (fma -2.6455026455026456e-5 (* x x) 0.0003527336860670194)
      (* x x)
      -0.005555555555555556)
     (* x x)
     0.16666666666666666))
   (log (/ (sinh x) x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (fabs(x) < 0.085) {
		tmp = (x * x) * fma(fma(fma(-2.6455026455026456e-5, (x * x), 0.0003527336860670194), (x * x), -0.005555555555555556), (x * x), 0.16666666666666666);
	} else {
		tmp = log((sinh(x) / x));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (abs(x) < 0.085)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(x * x) * fma(fma(fma(-2.6455026455026456e-5, Float64(x * x), 0.0003527336860670194), Float64(x * x), -0.005555555555555556), Float64(x * x), 0.16666666666666666));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(sinh(x) / x));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[Less[N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision], 0.085], N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(-2.6455026455026456e-5 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.0003527336860670194), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(N[Sinh[x], $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024308 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "bug500, discussion (missed optimization)"
  :precision binary64

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform default (if (< (fabs x) 17/200) (let ((x2 (* x x))) (* x2 (fma (fma (fma -1/37800 x2 1/2835) x2 -1/180) x2 1/6))) (log (/ (sinh x) x))))

  (log (/ (sinh x) x)))