Hyperbolic secant

Percentage Accurate: 100.0% → 100.0%

Time: 3.7s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 1.9×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 2.0 (+ (exp x) (exp (- x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 / (exp(x) + exp(-x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 2.0d0 / (exp(x) + exp(-x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 / (Math.exp(x) + Math.exp(-x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 2.0 / (math.exp(x) + math.exp(-x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(2.0 / Float64(exp(x) + exp(Float64(-x))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 2.0 / (exp(x) + exp(-x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(2.0 / N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 2.0 (+ (exp x) (exp (- x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 / (exp(x) + exp(-x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 2.0d0 / (exp(x) + exp(-x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 / (Math.exp(x) + Math.exp(-x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 2.0 / (math.exp(x) + math.exp(-x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(2.0 / Float64(exp(x) + exp(Float64(-x))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 2.0 / (exp(x) + exp(-x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(2.0 / N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\cosh x} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (cosh x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / cosh(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 1.0d0 / cosh(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / Math.cosh(x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 1.0 / math.cosh(x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(1.0 / cosh(x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 1.0 / cosh(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[Cosh[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}} \]

   2. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2}}} \]

   3. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   4. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x}} + e^{-x}}{2}} \]

   5. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + \color{blue}{e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   6. lift-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}}}{2}} \]

   7. cosh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

   8. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

   9. lower-cosh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 91.9% accurate, 4.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889 \cdot x, x, 0.041666666666666664\right), 0.5\right) \cdot x, x, 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  1.0
  (fma
   (*
    (fma (* x x) (fma (* 0.001388888888888889 x) x 0.041666666666666664) 0.5)
    x)
   x
   1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / fma((fma((x * x), fma((0.001388888888888889 * x), x, 0.041666666666666664), 0.5) * x), x, 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(fma(Float64(x * x), fma(Float64(0.001388888888888889 * x), x, 0.041666666666666664), 0.5) * x), x, 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(0.001388888888888889 * x), $MachinePrecision] * x + 0.041666666666666664), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}} \]

   2. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2}}} \]

   3. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   4. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x}} + e^{-x}}{2}} \]

   5. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + \color{blue}{e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   6. lift-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}}}{2}} \]

   7. cosh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

   8. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

   9. lower-cosh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + 1} \]

   3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)}} \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{24}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{24}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{24}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   10. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{24}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   11. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{24}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   12. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{24}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{24}\right), x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

   14. lower-*.f64 92.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889, x \cdot x, 0.041666666666666664\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889, x \cdot x, 0.041666666666666664\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889 \cdot x, x, 0.041666666666666664\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)} \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

11. Applied rewrites 92.3%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889 \cdot x, x, 0.041666666666666664\right), 0.5\right) \cdot x, \color{blue}{x}, 1\right)} \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 91.4% accurate, 4.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889, x \cdot x, 0.041666666666666664\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x, x \cdot x, 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  1.0
  (fma
   (* (* (fma 0.001388888888888889 (* x x) 0.041666666666666664) x) x)
   (* x x)
   1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / fma(((fma(0.001388888888888889, (x * x), 0.041666666666666664) * x) * x), (x * x), 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(Float64(fma(0.001388888888888889, Float64(x * x), 0.041666666666666664) * x) * x), Float64(x * x), 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(N[(0.001388888888888889 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.041666666666666664), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}} \]

   2. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2}}} \]

   3. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   4. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x}} + e^{-x}}{2}} \]

   5. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + \color{blue}{e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   6. lift-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}}}{2}} \]

   7. cosh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

   8. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

   9. lower-cosh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + 1} \]

   3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)}} \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{720} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{24}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{24}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{24}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   10. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{24}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   11. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{24}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   12. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{24}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{720}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{24}\right), x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

   14. lower-*.f64 92.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889, x \cdot x, 0.041666666666666664\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889, x \cdot x, 0.041666666666666664\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around inf

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{4} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{720} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right), \color{blue}{x} \cdot x, 1\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 91.9%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.001388888888888889, x \cdot x, 0.041666666666666664\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x, \color{blue}{x} \cdot x, 1\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 68.9% accurate, 5.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.45:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.20833333333333334, x \cdot x, -0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot x}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x 1.45)
   (fma (fma 0.20833333333333334 (* x x) -0.5) (* x x) 1.0)
   (/ 1.0 (* (* (fma 0.041666666666666664 (* x x) 0.5) x) x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.45) {
		tmp = fma(fma(0.20833333333333334, (x * x), -0.5), (x * x), 1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0 / ((fma(0.041666666666666664, (x * x), 0.5) * x) * x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 1.45)
		tmp = fma(fma(0.20833333333333334, Float64(x * x), -0.5), Float64(x * x), 1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(fma(0.041666666666666664, Float64(x * x), 0.5) * x) * x));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.45], N[(N[(0.20833333333333334 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + -0.5), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(0.041666666666666664 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 1.44999999999999996

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{5}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{5}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + 1} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{5}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + 1 \]

      3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{5}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} - \frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

      4. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{5}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{5}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}, {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{5}{24}, {x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{2}\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{5}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

      8. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{5}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{5}{24}, x \cdot x, \frac{-1}{2}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f64 67.3

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.20833333333333334, x \cdot x, -0.5\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 67.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.20833333333333334, x \cdot x, -0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)} \]

   if 1.44999999999999996 < x

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}} \]

      2. clear-num N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2}}} \]

      3. lift-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

      4. lift-exp.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x}} + e^{-x}}{2}} \]

      5. lift-exp.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + \color{blue}{e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

      6. lift-neg.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}}}{2}} \]

      7. cosh-def N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

      8. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

      9. lower-cosh.f64 100.0

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1}} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + 1} \]

      3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)}} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

      9. lower-*.f64 82.2

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 82.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{{x}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{24} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 82.2%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 88.0% accurate, 6.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right) \cdot x, x, 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ 1.0 (fma (* (fma 0.041666666666666664 (* x x) 0.5) x) x 1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / fma((fma(0.041666666666666664, (x * x), 0.5) * x), x, 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(fma(0.041666666666666664, Float64(x * x), 0.5) * x), x, 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(0.041666666666666664 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision] * x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}} \]

   2. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2}}} \]

   3. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   4. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x}} + e^{-x}}{2}} \]

   5. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + \color{blue}{e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   6. lift-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}}}{2}} \]

   7. cosh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

   8. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

   9. lower-cosh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + 1} \]

   3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)}} \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   8. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

   9. lower-*.f64 90.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 90.0%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 90.0%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right) \cdot x, \color{blue}{x}, 1\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 87.6% accurate, 6.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ 1.0 (fma (* 0.041666666666666664 (* x x)) (* x x) 1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / fma((0.041666666666666664 * (x * x)), (x * x), 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(0.041666666666666664 * Float64(x * x)), Float64(x * x), 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(0.041666666666666664 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}} \]

   2. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{-x}}{2}}} \]

   3. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x} + e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   4. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{x}} + e^{-x}}{2}} \]

   5. lift-exp.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + \color{blue}{e^{-x}}}{2}} \]

   6. lift-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{e^{x} + e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)}}}{2}} \]

   7. cosh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

   8. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

   9. lower-cosh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\cosh x}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\cosh x}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + 1} \]

   3. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)}} \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}, {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right), {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   8. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

   9. lower-*.f64 90.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 1\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 90.0%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, x \cdot x, 0.5\right), x \cdot x, 1\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around inf

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{2}, \color{blue}{x} \cdot x, 1\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 89.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{x} \cdot x, 1\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 76.1% accurate, 12.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{2}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 2\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 2.0 (fma x x 2.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 / fma(x, x, 2.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(2.0 / fma(x, x, 2.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(2.0 / N[(x * x + 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{2}{\color{blue}{2 + {x}^{2}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{2}{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} + 2}} \]

   2. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{2}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x} + 2} \]

   3. lower-fma.f64 77.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 2\right)}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 77.0%

   \[\leadsto \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 2\right)}} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 51.7% accurate, 217.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 1.0)

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 1.0;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 1.0

Julia

function code(x)
	return 1.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := 1.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 100.0%

   \[\frac{2}{e^{x} + e^{-x}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

5. Applied rewrites 50.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024304 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic secant"
  :precision binary64
  (/ 2.0 (+ (exp x) (exp (- x)))))