HairBSDF, Mp, upper

Percentage Accurate: 98.6% → 98.8%
Time: 14.5s
Alternatives: 12
Speedup: 1.5×

Specification

?
\[\left(\left(\left(\left(\left(-1 \leq cosTheta\_i \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(-1 \leq cosTheta\_O \land cosTheta\_O \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(-1 \leq sinTheta\_i \land sinTheta\_i \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(-1 \leq sinTheta\_O \land sinTheta\_O \leq 1\right)\right) \land 0.1 < v\right) \land v \leq 1.5707964\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  (* (exp (- (/ (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_O) v))) (/ (* cosTheta_i cosTheta_O) v))
  (* (* (sinh (/ 1.0 v)) 2.0) v)))
float code(float cosTheta_i, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return (expf(-((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) * ((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v)) / ((sinhf((1.0f / v)) * 2.0f) * v);
}
real(4) function code(costheta_i, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = (exp(-((sintheta_i * sintheta_o) / v)) * ((costheta_i * costheta_o) / v)) / ((sinh((1.0e0 / v)) * 2.0e0) * v)
end function
function code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return Float32(Float32(exp(Float32(-Float32(Float32(sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v))) * Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v)) / Float32(Float32(sinh(Float32(Float32(1.0) / v)) * Float32(2.0)) * v))
end
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = (exp(-((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) * ((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v)) / ((sinh((single(1.0) / v)) * single(2.0)) * v);
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary32 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 12 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 98.6% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  (* (exp (- (/ (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_O) v))) (/ (* cosTheta_i cosTheta_O) v))
  (* (* (sinh (/ 1.0 v)) 2.0) v)))
float code(float cosTheta_i, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return (expf(-((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) * ((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v)) / ((sinhf((1.0f / v)) * 2.0f) * v);
}
real(4) function code(costheta_i, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = (exp(-((sintheta_i * sintheta_o) / v)) * ((costheta_i * costheta_o) / v)) / ((sinh((1.0e0 / v)) * 2.0e0) * v)
end function
function code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return Float32(Float32(exp(Float32(-Float32(Float32(sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v))) * Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v)) / Float32(Float32(sinh(Float32(Float32(1.0) / v)) * Float32(2.0)) * v))
end
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = (exp(-((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) * ((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v)) / ((sinh((single(1.0) / v)) * single(2.0)) * v);
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 98.8% accurate, 1.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta\_i\_m - \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \cdot cosTheta\_O\right)\right) \end{array} \]
cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta_i_s
  (*
   (* (/ (/ 0.5 v) (sinh (/ 1.0 v))) (/ 1.0 v))
   (*
    (- cosTheta_i_m (* (/ (* sinTheta_O sinTheta_i) v) cosTheta_i_m))
    cosTheta_O))))
cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return cosTheta_i_s * ((((0.5f / v) / sinhf((1.0f / v))) * (1.0f / v)) * ((cosTheta_i_m - (((sinTheta_O * sinTheta_i) / v) * cosTheta_i_m)) * cosTheta_O));
}
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = costheta_i_s * ((((0.5e0 / v) / sinh((1.0e0 / v))) * (1.0e0 / v)) * ((costheta_i_m - (((sintheta_o * sintheta_i) / v) * costheta_i_m)) * costheta_o))
end function
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(0.5) / v) / sinh(Float32(Float32(1.0) / v))) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / v)) * Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i_m - Float32(Float32(Float32(sinTheta_O * sinTheta_i) / v) * cosTheta_i_m)) * cosTheta_O)))
end
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * ((((single(0.5) / v) / sinh((single(1.0) / v))) * (single(1.0) / v)) * ((cosTheta_i_m - (((sinTheta_O * sinTheta_i) / v) * cosTheta_i_m)) * cosTheta_O));
end
\begin{array}{l}
cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
\\
cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
\\
[cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
\\
cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta\_i\_m - \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \cdot cosTheta\_O\right)\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 98.7%

    \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. lift-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    3. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}\right)}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    4. clear-numN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}\right)}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    5. un-div-invN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    6. lower-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    7. lower-/.f3298.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  4. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  5. Applied rewrites98.9%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_O}\right)}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}} \]
  6. Applied rewrites99.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_i}\right)}^{\left(\frac{sinTheta\_O}{v}\right)}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right)} \]
  7. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_i around 0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)\right)}{v} + cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
  8. Step-by-step derivation
    1. mul-1-negN/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)\right)}{v}\right)\right)} + cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    2. +-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)\right)}{v}\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    3. sub-negN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i - \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)\right)}{v}\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    4. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i - \color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)}{v}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    5. distribute-lft-out--N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)}{v}\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    6. lower-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)}{v}\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    7. lower--.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i - \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)}{v}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    8. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - \color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    9. lower-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - \color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    10. lower-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
    11. lower-*.f3299.0

      \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}}{v}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
  9. Applied rewrites99.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i - cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{v} \cdot \frac{\frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}\right) \]
  10. Final simplification99.0%

    \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot \left(\left(cosTheta\_i - \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_i\right) \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \]
  11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.5% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \end{array} \]
cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta_i_s
  (/ (* (* (/ cosTheta_i_m v) cosTheta_O) (/ 0.5 v)) (sinh (/ 1.0 v)))))
cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return cosTheta_i_s * ((((cosTheta_i_m / v) * cosTheta_O) * (0.5f / v)) / sinhf((1.0f / v)));
}
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = costheta_i_s * ((((costheta_i_m / v) * costheta_o) * (0.5e0 / v)) / sinh((1.0e0 / v)))
end function
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i_m / v) * cosTheta_O) * Float32(Float32(0.5) / v)) / sinh(Float32(Float32(1.0) / v))))
end
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * ((((cosTheta_i_m / v) * cosTheta_O) * (single(0.5) / v)) / sinh((single(1.0) / v)));
end
\begin{array}{l}
cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
\\
cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
\\
[cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
\\
cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{0.5}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 98.7%

    \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. lift-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    3. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}\right)}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    4. clear-numN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}\right)}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    5. un-div-invN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    6. lower-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    7. lower-/.f3298.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  4. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  5. Applied rewrites98.9%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_O}\right)}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}} \]
  6. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_i around 0

    \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lower-/.f3298.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{0.5}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  8. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{0.5}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.4% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{\frac{0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \end{array} \]
cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta_i_s
  (/ (* (/ (* 0.5 cosTheta_O) v) (/ cosTheta_i_m v)) (sinh (/ 1.0 v)))))
cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return cosTheta_i_s * ((((0.5f * cosTheta_O) / v) * (cosTheta_i_m / v)) / sinhf((1.0f / v)));
}
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = costheta_i_s * ((((0.5e0 * costheta_o) / v) * (costheta_i_m / v)) / sinh((1.0e0 / v)))
end function
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(0.5) * cosTheta_O) / v) * Float32(cosTheta_i_m / v)) / sinh(Float32(Float32(1.0) / v))))
end
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * ((((single(0.5) * cosTheta_O) / v) * (cosTheta_i_m / v)) / sinh((single(1.0) / v)));
end
\begin{array}{l}
cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
\\
cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
\\
[cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
\\
cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{\frac{0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 98.7%

    \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. lift-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    3. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}\right)}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    4. clear-numN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}\right)}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    5. un-div-invN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    6. lower-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    7. lower-/.f3298.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  4. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  5. Applied rewrites98.9%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_O}\right)}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}} \]
  6. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_O around 0

    \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + sinTheta\_O\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lower-+.f3298.8

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + sinTheta\_O\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  8. Applied rewrites98.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + sinTheta\_O\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  9. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_i around 0

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  10. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*r/N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i\right)}{{v}^{2}}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    2. associate-*r*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{{v}^{2}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    3. unpow2N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{v \cdot v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    4. times-fracN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    5. lower-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    6. lower-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    7. lower-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    8. lower-/.f3298.6

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  11. Applied rewrites98.6%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
  12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 98.4% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \end{array} \]
cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta_i_s
  (*
   (/ (/ cosTheta_O v) (* (* (sinh (/ -1.0 v)) (* -2.0 v)) 1.0))
   cosTheta_i_m)))
cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_O / v) / ((sinhf((-1.0f / v)) * (-2.0f * v)) * 1.0f)) * cosTheta_i_m);
}
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = costheta_i_s * (((costheta_o / v) / ((sinh(((-1.0e0) / v)) * ((-2.0e0) * v)) * 1.0e0)) * costheta_i_m)
end function
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_O / v) / Float32(Float32(sinh(Float32(Float32(-1.0) / v)) * Float32(Float32(-2.0) * v)) * Float32(1.0))) * cosTheta_i_m))
end
cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_O / v) / ((sinh((single(-1.0) / v)) * (single(-2.0) * v)) * single(1.0))) * cosTheta_i_m);
end
\begin{array}{l}
cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
\\
cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
\\
[cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
\\
cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 98.7%

    \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. lift-*.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    3. associate-/l*N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}\right)}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    4. clear-numN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}\right)}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    5. un-div-invN/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    6. lower-/.f32N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    7. lower-/.f3298.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  4. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
  5. Applied rewrites98.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_O}\right)}^{\left(\frac{sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)} \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot v\right) \cdot \sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right)\right)}} \]
  6. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_i around 0

    \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{1} \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot v\right) \cdot \sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right)\right)} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Applied rewrites98.6%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{1} \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot v\right) \cdot \sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right)\right)} \]
    2. Final simplification98.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot v\right)\right) \cdot 1} \cdot cosTheta\_i \]
    3. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 5: 98.3% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v \cdot v} \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O\right)}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \end{array} \]
    cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
     :precision binary32
     (*
      cosTheta_i_s
      (/ (* (/ cosTheta_i_m (* v v)) (* 0.5 cosTheta_O)) (sinh (/ 1.0 v)))))
    cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
    assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
    float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
    	return cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_i_m / (v * v)) * (0.5f * cosTheta_O)) / sinhf((1.0f / v)));
    }
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
        real(4), intent (in) :: v
        code = costheta_i_s * (((costheta_i_m / (v * v)) * (0.5e0 * costheta_o)) / sinh((1.0e0 / v)))
    end function
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
    function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i_m / Float32(v * v)) * Float32(Float32(0.5) * cosTheta_O)) / sinh(Float32(Float32(1.0) / v))))
    end
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
    cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
    function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_i_m / (v * v)) * (single(0.5) * cosTheta_O)) / sinh((single(1.0) / v)));
    end
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
    \\
    cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
    \\
    [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
    \\
    cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v \cdot v} \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O\right)}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      2. lift-*.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      3. associate-/l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}\right)}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      4. clear-numN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}\right)}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      5. un-div-invN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      6. lower-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      7. lower-/.f3298.7

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    4. Applied rewrites98.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    5. Applied rewrites98.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_O}\right)}^{\left(\frac{-sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}{2 \cdot v}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_i around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-/l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}\right)}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
      2. associate-*r*N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
      3. lower-*.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
      4. lower-*.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right)} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
      5. lower-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{{v}^{2}}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
      6. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{v \cdot v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
      7. lower-*.f3298.5

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{v \cdot v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    8. Applied rewrites98.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v \cdot v}}}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    9. Final simplification98.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v \cdot v} \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot cosTheta\_O\right)}{\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right)} \]
    10. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 6: 64.1% accurate, 3.2× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{2 - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_i, sinTheta\_O, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\left(sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O, 0.5, 0.16666666666666666\right)}{v}\right) \cdot -2}{v}} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \end{array} \]
    cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
     :precision binary32
     (*
      cosTheta_i_s
      (*
       (/
        (/ cosTheta_O v)
        (-
         2.0
         (/
          (*
           (fma
            sinTheta_i
            sinTheta_O
            (/
             (fma
              (* (* (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_i) sinTheta_O) sinTheta_O)
              0.5
              0.16666666666666666)
             v))
           -2.0)
          v)))
       cosTheta_i_m)))
    cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
    assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
    float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
    	return cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_O / v) / (2.0f - ((fmaf(sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, (fmaf((((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_i) * sinTheta_O) * sinTheta_O), 0.5f, 0.16666666666666666f) / v)) * -2.0f) / v))) * cosTheta_i_m);
    }
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
    function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_O / v) / Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(Float32(fma(sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, Float32(fma(Float32(Float32(Float32(sinTheta_i * sinTheta_i) * sinTheta_O) * sinTheta_O), Float32(0.5), Float32(0.16666666666666666)) / v)) * Float32(-2.0)) / v))) * cosTheta_i_m))
    end
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
    \\
    cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
    \\
    [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
    \\
    cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{2 - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_i, sinTheta\_O, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\left(sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O, 0.5, 0.16666666666666666\right)}{v}\right) \cdot -2}{v}} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right)
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      2. lift-*.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      3. associate-/l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}\right)}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      4. clear-numN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \left(cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}\right)}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      5. un-div-invN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      6. lower-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
      7. lower-/.f3298.7

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    4. Applied rewrites98.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_i}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_O}}}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    5. Applied rewrites98.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{{\left(e^{sinTheta\_O}\right)}^{\left(\frac{sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)} \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot v\right) \cdot \sinh \left(\frac{-1}{v}\right)\right)}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in v around -inf

      \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{-2 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) + -2 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({sinTheta\_O}^{2} \cdot {sinTheta\_i}^{2}\right)}{v}}{v}}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-negN/A

        \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{-2 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) + -2 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({sinTheta\_O}^{2} \cdot {sinTheta\_i}^{2}\right)}{v}}{v}\right)\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{-2 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) + -2 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({sinTheta\_O}^{2} \cdot {sinTheta\_i}^{2}\right)}{v}}{v}}} \]
      3. lower--.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{-2 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) + -2 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({sinTheta\_O}^{2} \cdot {sinTheta\_i}^{2}\right)}{v}}{v}}} \]
      4. lower-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{2 - \color{blue}{\frac{-2 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) + -2 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({sinTheta\_O}^{2} \cdot {sinTheta\_i}^{2}\right)}{v}}{v}}} \]
    8. Applied rewrites65.3%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{-2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_i, sinTheta\_O, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\left(sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O, 0.5, 0.16666666666666666\right)}{v}\right)}{v}}} \]
    9. Final simplification65.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v}}{2 - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_i, sinTheta\_O, \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\left(sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O\right) \cdot sinTheta\_O, 0.5, 0.16666666666666666\right)}{v}\right) \cdot -2}{v}} \cdot cosTheta\_i \]
    10. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 7: 58.8% accurate, 8.2× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{v}{\left(cosTheta\_i\_m \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot 0.5}} \end{array} \]
    cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
     :precision binary32
     (* cosTheta_i_s (/ 1.0 (/ v (* (* cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O) 0.5)))))
    cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
    assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
    float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
    	return cosTheta_i_s * (1.0f / (v / ((cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O) * 0.5f)));
    }
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
    real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
        real(4), intent (in) :: v
        code = costheta_i_s * (1.0e0 / (v / ((costheta_i_m * costheta_o) * 0.5e0)))
    end function
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
    function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(v / Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O) * Float32(0.5)))))
    end
    
    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
    cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
    function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (single(1.0) / (v / ((cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O) * single(0.5))));
    end
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
    \\
    cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
    \\
    [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
    \\
    cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{v}{\left(cosTheta\_i\_m \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot 0.5}}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in v around inf

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites59.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in v around inf

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lower-*.f32N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
        2. lower-/.f32N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
        3. lower-*.f3259.6

          \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{v} \]
      4. Applied rewrites59.6%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites60.1%

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i\right) \cdot 0.5}}} \]
        2. Final simplification60.1%

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{v}{\left(cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]
        3. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 8: 58.8% accurate, 9.7× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{0.5}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_i\_m \cdot cosTheta\_O}} \end{array} \]
        cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
        cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
        NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
         :precision binary32
         (* cosTheta_i_s (/ 0.5 (/ v (* cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O)))))
        cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
        cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
        assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
        float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
        	return cosTheta_i_s * (0.5f / (v / (cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O)));
        }
        
        cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
        cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
        NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
            real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
            real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
            real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
            real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
            real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
            real(4), intent (in) :: v
            code = costheta_i_s * (0.5e0 / (v / (costheta_i_m * costheta_o)))
        end function
        
        cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
        cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
        cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
        function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
        	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(0.5) / Float32(v / Float32(cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O))))
        end
        
        cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
        cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
        cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
        function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
        	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (single(0.5) / (v / (cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O)));
        end
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
        \\
        cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
        \\
        [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
        \\
        cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \frac{0.5}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_i\_m \cdot cosTheta\_O}}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Initial program 98.7%

          \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in v around inf

          \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites59.6%

            \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
          2. Taylor expanded in v around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
          3. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lower-*.f32N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
            2. lower-/.f32N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
            3. lower-*.f3259.6

              \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{v} \]
          4. Applied rewrites59.6%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
          5. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites59.7%

              \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} \]
            2. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites60.1%

                \[\leadsto \frac{0.5}{\color{blue}{\frac{v}{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}}} \]
              2. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 9: 58.3% accurate, 12.4× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \end{array} \]
              cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
              cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
              NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
               :precision binary32
               (* cosTheta_i_s (* (* (/ cosTheta_O v) cosTheta_i_m) 0.5)))
              cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
              cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
              assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
              float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
              	return cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_O / v) * cosTheta_i_m) * 0.5f);
              }
              
              cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
              cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
              NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
                  real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
                  real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
                  real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
                  real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
                  real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
                  real(4), intent (in) :: v
                  code = costheta_i_s * (((costheta_o / v) * costheta_i_m) * 0.5e0)
              end function
              
              cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
              cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
              cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
              function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
              	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_O / v) * cosTheta_i_m) * Float32(0.5)))
              end
              
              cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
              cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
              cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
              function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
              	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_O / v) * cosTheta_i_m) * single(0.5));
              end
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
              \\
              cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
              \\
              [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
              \\
              cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \cdot 0.5\right)
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Initial program 98.7%

                \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
              2. Add Preprocessing
              3. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
              4. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites59.6%

                  \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. lower-*.f32N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                  2. lower-/.f32N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                  3. lower-*.f3259.6

                    \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{v} \]
                4. Applied rewrites59.6%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                5. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites59.7%

                    \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} \]
                  2. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites59.7%

                      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_i\right) \cdot 0.5 \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing

                    Alternative 10: 58.3% accurate, 12.4× speedup?

                    \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \end{array} \]
                    cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
                    cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
                    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
                     :precision binary32
                     (* cosTheta_i_s (* (* (/ cosTheta_i_m v) cosTheta_O) 0.5)))
                    cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
                    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
                    assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
                    float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
                    	return cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_i_m / v) * cosTheta_O) * 0.5f);
                    }
                    
                    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
                    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
                    NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                    real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
                        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
                        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
                        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
                        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
                        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
                        real(4), intent (in) :: v
                        code = costheta_i_s * (((costheta_i_m / v) * costheta_o) * 0.5e0)
                    end function
                    
                    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
                    cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
                    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
                    function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
                    	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i_m / v) * cosTheta_O) * Float32(0.5)))
                    end
                    
                    cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
                    cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
                    cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
                    function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
                    	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_i_m / v) * cosTheta_O) * single(0.5));
                    end
                    
                    \begin{array}{l}
                    cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
                    \\
                    cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
                    \\
                    [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
                    \\
                    cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot 0.5\right)
                    \end{array}
                    
                    Derivation
                    1. Initial program 98.7%

                      \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
                    2. Add Preprocessing
                    3. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                    4. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites59.6%

                        \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                      2. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                      3. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. lower-*.f32N/A

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                        2. lower-/.f32N/A

                          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                        3. lower-*.f3259.6

                          \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{v} \]
                      4. Applied rewrites59.6%

                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                      5. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. Applied rewrites59.7%

                          \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} \]
                        2. Final simplification59.7%

                          \[\leadsto \left(\frac{cosTheta\_i}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot 0.5 \]
                        3. Add Preprocessing

                        Alternative 11: 58.3% accurate, 12.4× speedup?

                        \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{0.5}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right) \end{array} \]
                        cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
                        cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
                        NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                        (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
                         :precision binary32
                         (* cosTheta_i_s (* (* (/ 0.5 v) cosTheta_O) cosTheta_i_m)))
                        cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
                        cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
                        assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
                        float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
                        	return cosTheta_i_s * (((0.5f / v) * cosTheta_O) * cosTheta_i_m);
                        }
                        
                        cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
                        cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
                        NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                        real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
                            real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
                            real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
                            real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
                            real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
                            real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
                            real(4), intent (in) :: v
                            code = costheta_i_s * (((0.5e0 / v) * costheta_o) * costheta_i_m)
                        end function
                        
                        cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
                        cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
                        cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
                        function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
                        	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(0.5) / v) * cosTheta_O) * cosTheta_i_m))
                        end
                        
                        cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
                        cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
                        cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
                        function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
                        	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (((single(0.5) / v) * cosTheta_O) * cosTheta_i_m);
                        end
                        
                        \begin{array}{l}
                        cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
                        \\
                        cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
                        \\
                        [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
                        \\
                        cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\left(\frac{0.5}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot cosTheta\_i\_m\right)
                        \end{array}
                        
                        Derivation
                        1. Initial program 98.7%

                          \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
                        2. Add Preprocessing
                        3. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                          \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                          1. Applied rewrites59.6%

                            \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                          2. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                          3. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. lower-*.f32N/A

                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                            2. lower-/.f32N/A

                              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                            3. lower-*.f3259.6

                              \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{v} \]
                          4. Applied rewrites59.6%

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                          5. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. Applied rewrites59.7%

                              \[\leadsto \left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i}{v}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} \]
                            2. Step-by-step derivation
                              1. Applied rewrites59.6%

                                \[\leadsto cosTheta\_i \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta\_O \cdot \frac{0.5}{v}\right)} \]
                              2. Final simplification59.6%

                                \[\leadsto \left(\frac{0.5}{v} \cdot cosTheta\_O\right) \cdot cosTheta\_i \]
                              3. Add Preprocessing

                              Alternative 12: 58.3% accurate, 12.4× speedup?

                              \[\begin{array}{l} cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right| \\ cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right) \\ [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\ \\ cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot 0.5\right) \end{array} \]
                              cosTheta_i\_m = (fabs.f32 cosTheta_i)
                              cosTheta_i\_s = (copysign.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) cosTheta_i)
                              NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              (FPCore (cosTheta_i_s cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
                               :precision binary32
                               (* cosTheta_i_s (* (/ (* cosTheta_i_m cosTheta_O) v) 0.5)))
                              cosTheta_i\_m = fabs(cosTheta_i);
                              cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i);
                              assert(cosTheta_i_m < cosTheta_O && cosTheta_O < sinTheta_i && sinTheta_i < sinTheta_O && sinTheta_O < v);
                              float code(float cosTheta_i_s, float cosTheta_i_m, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
                              	return cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O) / v) * 0.5f);
                              }
                              
                              cosTheta_i\_m = abs(costheta_i)
                              cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0d0, costheta_i)
                              NOTE: cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, and v should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                              real(4) function code(costheta_i_s, costheta_i_m, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_s
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i_m
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
                                  real(4), intent (in) :: v
                                  code = costheta_i_s * (((costheta_i_m * costheta_o) / v) * 0.5e0)
                              end function
                              
                              cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i)
                              cosTheta_i\_s = copysign(1.0, cosTheta_i)
                              cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])
                              function code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
                              	return Float32(cosTheta_i_s * Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O) / v) * Float32(0.5)))
                              end
                              
                              cosTheta_i\_m = abs(cosTheta_i);
                              cosTheta_i\_s = sign(cosTheta_i) * abs(1.0);
                              cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v = num2cell(sort([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])){:}
                              function tmp = code(cosTheta_i_s, cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
                              	tmp = cosTheta_i_s * (((cosTheta_i_m * cosTheta_O) / v) * single(0.5));
                              end
                              
                              \begin{array}{l}
                              cosTheta_i\_m = \left|cosTheta\_i\right|
                              \\
                              cosTheta_i\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, cosTheta\_i\right)
                              \\
                              [cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v] = \mathsf{sort}([cosTheta_i_m, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v])\\
                              \\
                              cosTheta\_i\_s \cdot \left(\frac{cosTheta\_i\_m \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot 0.5\right)
                              \end{array}
                              
                              Derivation
                              1. Initial program 98.7%

                                \[\frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\left(\sinh \left(\frac{1}{v}\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot v} \]
                              2. Add Preprocessing
                              3. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                                \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                              4. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. Applied rewrites59.6%

                                  \[\leadsto \frac{e^{-\frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v}}{\color{blue}{2}} \]
                                2. Taylor expanded in v around inf

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                                3. Step-by-step derivation
                                  1. lower-*.f32N/A

                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                                  2. lower-/.f32N/A

                                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                                  3. lower-*.f3259.6

                                    \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}}{v} \]
                                4. Applied rewrites59.6%

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i}{v}} \]
                                5. Final simplification59.6%

                                  \[\leadsto \frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} \cdot 0.5 \]
                                6. Add Preprocessing

                                Reproduce

                                ?
                                herbie shell --seed 2024297 
                                (FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
                                  :name "HairBSDF, Mp, upper"
                                  :precision binary32
                                  :pre (and (and (and (and (and (and (<= -1.0 cosTheta_i) (<= cosTheta_i 1.0)) (and (<= -1.0 cosTheta_O) (<= cosTheta_O 1.0))) (and (<= -1.0 sinTheta_i) (<= sinTheta_i 1.0))) (and (<= -1.0 sinTheta_O) (<= sinTheta_O 1.0))) (< 0.1 v)) (<= v 1.5707964))
                                  (/ (* (exp (- (/ (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_O) v))) (/ (* cosTheta_i cosTheta_O) v)) (* (* (sinh (/ 1.0 v)) 2.0) v)))