1/2(abs(p)+abs(r) - sqrt((p-r)^2 + 4q^2))

Percentage Accurate: 24.0% → 69.1%
Time: 9.2s
Alternatives: 4
Speedup: 2.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (p r q)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (/ 1.0 2.0)
  (- (+ (fabs p) (fabs r)) (sqrt (+ (pow (- p r) 2.0) (* 4.0 (pow q 2.0)))))))
double code(double p, double r, double q) {
	return (1.0 / 2.0) * ((fabs(p) + fabs(r)) - sqrt((pow((p - r), 2.0) + (4.0 * pow(q, 2.0)))));
}
real(8) function code(p, r, q)
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: q
    code = (1.0d0 / 2.0d0) * ((abs(p) + abs(r)) - sqrt((((p - r) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (q ** 2.0d0)))))
end function
public static double code(double p, double r, double q) {
	return (1.0 / 2.0) * ((Math.abs(p) + Math.abs(r)) - Math.sqrt((Math.pow((p - r), 2.0) + (4.0 * Math.pow(q, 2.0)))));
}
def code(p, r, q):
	return (1.0 / 2.0) * ((math.fabs(p) + math.fabs(r)) - math.sqrt((math.pow((p - r), 2.0) + (4.0 * math.pow(q, 2.0)))))
function code(p, r, q)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(Float64(abs(p) + abs(r)) - sqrt(Float64((Float64(p - r) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * (q ^ 2.0))))))
end
function tmp = code(p, r, q)
	tmp = (1.0 / 2.0) * ((abs(p) + abs(r)) - sqrt((((p - r) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (q ^ 2.0)))));
end
code[p_, r_, q_] := N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[Abs[p], $MachinePrecision] + N[Abs[r], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[Sqrt[N[(N[Power[N[(p - r), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[Power[q, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 4 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 24.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (p r q)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (/ 1.0 2.0)
  (- (+ (fabs p) (fabs r)) (sqrt (+ (pow (- p r) 2.0) (* 4.0 (pow q 2.0)))))))
double code(double p, double r, double q) {
	return (1.0 / 2.0) * ((fabs(p) + fabs(r)) - sqrt((pow((p - r), 2.0) + (4.0 * pow(q, 2.0)))));
}
real(8) function code(p, r, q)
    real(8), intent (in) :: p
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: q
    code = (1.0d0 / 2.0d0) * ((abs(p) + abs(r)) - sqrt((((p - r) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (q ** 2.0d0)))))
end function
public static double code(double p, double r, double q) {
	return (1.0 / 2.0) * ((Math.abs(p) + Math.abs(r)) - Math.sqrt((Math.pow((p - r), 2.0) + (4.0 * Math.pow(q, 2.0)))));
}
def code(p, r, q):
	return (1.0 / 2.0) * ((math.fabs(p) + math.fabs(r)) - math.sqrt((math.pow((p - r), 2.0) + (4.0 * math.pow(q, 2.0)))))
function code(p, r, q)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 / 2.0) * Float64(Float64(abs(p) + abs(r)) - sqrt(Float64((Float64(p - r) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * (q ^ 2.0))))))
end
function tmp = code(p, r, q)
	tmp = (1.0 / 2.0) * ((abs(p) + abs(r)) - sqrt((((p - r) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (q ^ 2.0)))));
end
code[p_, r_, q_] := N[(N[(1.0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[Abs[p], $MachinePrecision] + N[Abs[r], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[Sqrt[N[(N[Power[N[(p - r), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[Power[q, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 69.1% accurate, 1.1× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 10^{-43}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| - r\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + p\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - \mathsf{hypot}\left(-2 \cdot q, p - r\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (p r q)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (pow q 2.0) 1e-43)
   (* (+ (- (fabs r) r) (+ (fabs p) p)) 0.5)
   (* (- (+ (fabs r) (fabs p)) (hypot (* -2.0 q) (- p r))) 0.5)))
assert(p < r && r < q);
double code(double p, double r, double q) {
	double tmp;
	if (pow(q, 2.0) <= 1e-43) {
		tmp = ((fabs(r) - r) + (fabs(p) + p)) * 0.5;
	} else {
		tmp = ((fabs(r) + fabs(p)) - hypot((-2.0 * q), (p - r))) * 0.5;
	}
	return tmp;
}
assert p < r && r < q;
public static double code(double p, double r, double q) {
	double tmp;
	if (Math.pow(q, 2.0) <= 1e-43) {
		tmp = ((Math.abs(r) - r) + (Math.abs(p) + p)) * 0.5;
	} else {
		tmp = ((Math.abs(r) + Math.abs(p)) - Math.hypot((-2.0 * q), (p - r))) * 0.5;
	}
	return tmp;
}
[p, r, q] = sort([p, r, q])
def code(p, r, q):
	tmp = 0
	if math.pow(q, 2.0) <= 1e-43:
		tmp = ((math.fabs(r) - r) + (math.fabs(p) + p)) * 0.5
	else:
		tmp = ((math.fabs(r) + math.fabs(p)) - math.hypot((-2.0 * q), (p - r))) * 0.5
	return tmp
p, r, q = sort([p, r, q])
function code(p, r, q)
	tmp = 0.0
	if ((q ^ 2.0) <= 1e-43)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(abs(r) - r) + Float64(abs(p) + p)) * 0.5);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(abs(r) + abs(p)) - hypot(Float64(-2.0 * q), Float64(p - r))) * 0.5);
	end
	return tmp
end
p, r, q = num2cell(sort([p, r, q])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(p, r, q)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((q ^ 2.0) <= 1e-43)
		tmp = ((abs(r) - r) + (abs(p) + p)) * 0.5;
	else
		tmp = ((abs(r) + abs(p)) - hypot((-2.0 * q), (p - r))) * 0.5;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
code[p_, r_, q_] := If[LessEqual[N[Power[q, 2.0], $MachinePrecision], 1e-43], N[(N[(N[(N[Abs[r], $MachinePrecision] - r), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Abs[p], $MachinePrecision] + p), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(N[Abs[r], $MachinePrecision] + N[Abs[p], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[Sqrt[N[(-2.0 * q), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(p - r), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 10^{-43}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| - r\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + p\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - \mathsf{hypot}\left(-2 \cdot q, p - r\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (pow.f64 q #s(literal 2 binary64)) < 1.00000000000000008e-43

    1. Initial program 27.7%

      \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in p around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-lft-outN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}} + \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
      2. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}} + \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]
      3. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}} + \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]
    5. Applied rewrites11.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 4, r \cdot r\right)}}, r \cdot p, \left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 4, r \cdot r\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in r around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - 2 \cdot q\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites8.1%

        \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - q \cdot 2\right) \cdot 0.5 \]
      2. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites8.1%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(q, -2, \left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) \cdot 0.5 \]
        2. Taylor expanded in q around 0

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(p + \left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right)\right) - r\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \]
        3. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites41.2%

            \[\leadsto \left(\left(p + \left|p\right|\right) + \left(\left|r\right| - r\right)\right) \cdot 0.5 \]

          if 1.00000000000000008e-43 < (pow.f64 q #s(literal 2 binary64))

          1. Initial program 23.4%

            \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lift--.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)} \]
            2. sub-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]
            3. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right)\right)} \]
            4. lift-+.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right)}\right) \]
            5. flip-+N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\left|p\right| \cdot \left|p\right| - \left|r\right| \cdot \left|r\right|}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}}\right) \]
            6. lift-fabs.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\left|p\right|} \cdot \left|p\right| - \left|r\right| \cdot \left|r\right|}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) \]
            7. lift-fabs.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{\left|p\right| \cdot \color{blue}{\left|p\right|} - \left|r\right| \cdot \left|r\right|}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) \]
            8. sqr-absN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{p \cdot p} - \left|r\right| \cdot \left|r\right|}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) \]
            9. lift-fabs.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{p \cdot p - \color{blue}{\left|r\right|} \cdot \left|r\right|}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) \]
            10. lift-fabs.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{p \cdot p - \left|r\right| \cdot \color{blue}{\left|r\right|}}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) \]
            11. sqr-absN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{p \cdot p - \color{blue}{r \cdot r}}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) \]
            12. div-subN/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{p \cdot p}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|} - \frac{r \cdot r}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right)}\right) \]
            13. associate-+r-N/A

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{p \cdot p}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) - \frac{r \cdot r}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right)} \]
          4. Applied rewrites21.8%

            \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, q \cdot q, {\left(p - r\right)}^{2}\right)}, \frac{p \cdot p}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right) - \frac{r \cdot r}{\left|p\right| - \left|r\right|}\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites59.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - \mathsf{hypot}\left(-2 \cdot q, p - r\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \]
        4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        5. Final simplification51.3%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 10^{-43}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| - r\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + p\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - \mathsf{hypot}\left(-2 \cdot q, p - r\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\ \end{array} \]
        6. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 2: 52.5% accurate, 2.0× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 10^{-43}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| - r\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + p\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-q\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        (FPCore (p r q)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= (pow q 2.0) 1e-43) (* (+ (- (fabs r) r) (+ (fabs p) p)) 0.5) (- q)))
        assert(p < r && r < q);
        double code(double p, double r, double q) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (pow(q, 2.0) <= 1e-43) {
        		tmp = ((fabs(r) - r) + (fabs(p) + p)) * 0.5;
        	} else {
        		tmp = -q;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        real(8) function code(p, r, q)
            real(8), intent (in) :: p
            real(8), intent (in) :: r
            real(8), intent (in) :: q
            real(8) :: tmp
            if ((q ** 2.0d0) <= 1d-43) then
                tmp = ((abs(r) - r) + (abs(p) + p)) * 0.5d0
            else
                tmp = -q
            end if
            code = tmp
        end function
        
        assert p < r && r < q;
        public static double code(double p, double r, double q) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (Math.pow(q, 2.0) <= 1e-43) {
        		tmp = ((Math.abs(r) - r) + (Math.abs(p) + p)) * 0.5;
        	} else {
        		tmp = -q;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        [p, r, q] = sort([p, r, q])
        def code(p, r, q):
        	tmp = 0
        	if math.pow(q, 2.0) <= 1e-43:
        		tmp = ((math.fabs(r) - r) + (math.fabs(p) + p)) * 0.5
        	else:
        		tmp = -q
        	return tmp
        
        p, r, q = sort([p, r, q])
        function code(p, r, q)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if ((q ^ 2.0) <= 1e-43)
        		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(abs(r) - r) + Float64(abs(p) + p)) * 0.5);
        	else
        		tmp = Float64(-q);
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        p, r, q = num2cell(sort([p, r, q])){:}
        function tmp_2 = code(p, r, q)
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if ((q ^ 2.0) <= 1e-43)
        		tmp = ((abs(r) - r) + (abs(p) + p)) * 0.5;
        	else
        		tmp = -q;
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
        code[p_, r_, q_] := If[LessEqual[N[Power[q, 2.0], $MachinePrecision], 1e-43], N[(N[(N[(N[Abs[r], $MachinePrecision] - r), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Abs[p], $MachinePrecision] + p), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision], (-q)]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 10^{-43}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| - r\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + p\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;-q\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if (pow.f64 q #s(literal 2 binary64)) < 1.00000000000000008e-43

          1. Initial program 27.7%

            \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in p around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. distribute-lft-outN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}} + \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
            2. *-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}} + \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(p \cdot r\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}} + \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{4 \cdot {q}^{2} + {r}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \]
          5. Applied rewrites11.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 4, r \cdot r\right)}}, r \cdot p, \left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 4, r \cdot r\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5} \]
          6. Taylor expanded in r around 0

            \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - 2 \cdot q\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \]
          7. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites8.1%

              \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left|r\right| + \left|p\right|\right) - q \cdot 2\right) \cdot 0.5 \]
            2. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites8.1%

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(q, -2, \left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) \cdot 0.5 \]
              2. Taylor expanded in q around 0

                \[\leadsto \left(\left(p + \left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right)\right) - r\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \]
              3. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites41.2%

                  \[\leadsto \left(\left(p + \left|p\right|\right) + \left(\left|r\right| - r\right)\right) \cdot 0.5 \]

                if 1.00000000000000008e-43 < (pow.f64 q #s(literal 2 binary64))

                1. Initial program 23.4%

                  \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Taylor expanded in q around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot q} \]
                4. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(q\right)} \]
                  2. lower-neg.f6429.8

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-q} \]
                5. Applied rewrites29.8%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-q} \]
              4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
              5. Final simplification34.8%

                \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 10^{-43}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left|r\right| - r\right) + \left(\left|p\right| + p\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-q\\ \end{array} \]
              6. Add Preprocessing

              Alternative 3: 34.4% accurate, 2.0× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\ \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 20000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-q\right) \cdot q}{r}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-q\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              (FPCore (p r q)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= (pow q 2.0) 20000000.0) (/ (* (- q) q) r) (- q)))
              assert(p < r && r < q);
              double code(double p, double r, double q) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (pow(q, 2.0) <= 20000000.0) {
              		tmp = (-q * q) / r;
              	} else {
              		tmp = -q;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              real(8) function code(p, r, q)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: p
                  real(8), intent (in) :: r
                  real(8), intent (in) :: q
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if ((q ** 2.0d0) <= 20000000.0d0) then
                      tmp = (-q * q) / r
                  else
                      tmp = -q
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              assert p < r && r < q;
              public static double code(double p, double r, double q) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (Math.pow(q, 2.0) <= 20000000.0) {
              		tmp = (-q * q) / r;
              	} else {
              		tmp = -q;
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              [p, r, q] = sort([p, r, q])
              def code(p, r, q):
              	tmp = 0
              	if math.pow(q, 2.0) <= 20000000.0:
              		tmp = (-q * q) / r
              	else:
              		tmp = -q
              	return tmp
              
              p, r, q = sort([p, r, q])
              function code(p, r, q)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if ((q ^ 2.0) <= 20000000.0)
              		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(-q) * q) / r);
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(-q);
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              p, r, q = num2cell(sort([p, r, q])){:}
              function tmp_2 = code(p, r, q)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if ((q ^ 2.0) <= 20000000.0)
              		tmp = (-q * q) / r;
              	else
              		tmp = -q;
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
              code[p_, r_, q_] := If[LessEqual[N[Power[q, 2.0], $MachinePrecision], 20000000.0], N[(N[((-q) * q), $MachinePrecision] / r), $MachinePrecision], (-q)]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;{q}^{2} \leq 20000000:\\
              \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-q\right) \cdot q}{r}\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;-q\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              
              Derivation
              1. Split input into 2 regimes
              2. if (pow.f64 q #s(literal 2 binary64)) < 2e7

                1. Initial program 28.6%

                  \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Applied rewrites7.5%

                  \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({r}^{3} + {p}^{3}, \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(r, r, p \cdot p\right) - \left|r \cdot p\right|}, -\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, q \cdot q, {\left(p - r\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]
                4. Taylor expanded in r around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot p + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\left|p \cdot r\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}} \]
                5. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. distribute-lft-outN/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|p \cdot r\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right)} \]
                  2. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|p \cdot r\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right)} \]
                  3. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(p + \frac{\left|p \cdot r\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right)} \]
                  4. lower-/.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \color{blue}{\frac{\left|p \cdot r\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}}\right) \]
                  5. lower--.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\color{blue}{\left|p \cdot r\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}}{r}\right) \]
                  6. lower-fabs.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\color{blue}{\left|p \cdot r\right|} - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  7. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|\color{blue}{r \cdot p}\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  8. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|\color{blue}{r \cdot p}\right| - \left(2 \cdot {q}^{2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  9. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \left(\color{blue}{{q}^{2} \cdot 2} + {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  10. lower-fma.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({q}^{2}, 2, {p}^{2}\right)}}{r}\right) \]
                  11. unpow2N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{q \cdot q}, 2, {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  12. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{q \cdot q}, 2, {p}^{2}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  13. unpow2N/A

                    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 2, \color{blue}{p \cdot p}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                  14. lower-*.f6421.8

                    \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 2, \color{blue}{p \cdot p}\right)}{r}\right) \]
                6. Applied rewrites21.8%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \left(p + \frac{\left|r \cdot p\right| - \mathsf{fma}\left(q \cdot q, 2, p \cdot p\right)}{r}\right)} \]
                7. Taylor expanded in q around inf

                  \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{q}^{2}}{r}} \]
                8. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites38.6%

                    \[\leadsto \frac{\left(-q\right) \cdot q}{\color{blue}{r}} \]

                  if 2e7 < (pow.f64 q #s(literal 2 binary64))

                  1. Initial program 22.2%

                    \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
                  2. Add Preprocessing
                  3. Taylor expanded in q around inf

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot q} \]
                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. mul-1-negN/A

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(q\right)} \]
                    2. lower-neg.f6430.6

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-q} \]
                  5. Applied rewrites30.6%

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-q} \]
                9. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                10. Add Preprocessing

                Alternative 4: 19.0% accurate, 83.3× speedup?

                \[\begin{array}{l} [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\ \\ -q \end{array} \]
                NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                (FPCore (p r q) :precision binary64 (- q))
                assert(p < r && r < q);
                double code(double p, double r, double q) {
                	return -q;
                }
                
                NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                real(8) function code(p, r, q)
                    real(8), intent (in) :: p
                    real(8), intent (in) :: r
                    real(8), intent (in) :: q
                    code = -q
                end function
                
                assert p < r && r < q;
                public static double code(double p, double r, double q) {
                	return -q;
                }
                
                [p, r, q] = sort([p, r, q])
                def code(p, r, q):
                	return -q
                
                p, r, q = sort([p, r, q])
                function code(p, r, q)
                	return Float64(-q)
                end
                
                p, r, q = num2cell(sort([p, r, q])){:}
                function tmp = code(p, r, q)
                	tmp = -q;
                end
                
                NOTE: p, r, and q should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
                code[p_, r_, q_] := (-q)
                
                \begin{array}{l}
                [p, r, q] = \mathsf{sort}([p, r, q])\\
                \\
                -q
                \end{array}
                
                Derivation
                1. Initial program 25.3%

                  \[\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left|p\right| + \left|r\right|\right) - \sqrt{{\left(p - r\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot {q}^{2}}\right) \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Taylor expanded in q around inf

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot q} \]
                4. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. mul-1-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(q\right)} \]
                  2. lower-neg.f6420.8

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-q} \]
                5. Applied rewrites20.8%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-q} \]
                6. Add Preprocessing

                Reproduce

                ?
                herbie shell --seed 2024285 
                (FPCore (p r q)
                  :name "1/2(abs(p)+abs(r) - sqrt((p-r)^2 + 4q^2))"
                  :precision binary64
                  (* (/ 1.0 2.0) (- (+ (fabs p) (fabs r)) (sqrt (+ (pow (- p r) 2.0) (* 4.0 (pow q 2.0)))))))