Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_x

Percentage Accurate: 57.8% → 91.4%

Time: 8.6s

Alternatives: 7

Speedup: 11.6×

Specification

\[\left(\left(cosTheta\_i > 0.9999 \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u1 \land u1 \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u2 \land u2 \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Initial Program: 57.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Alternative 1: 91.4% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := -\log \left(1 - u1\right)\\ t_1 := \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.00013080000644549727:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(\left(t\_1 \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot {t\_1}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{t\_0}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (t_1 (cbrt (PI))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.00013080000644549727)
     (* (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2)) (sqrt u1))
     (* (cos (* (* (* t_1 u2) 2.0) (pow t_1 2.0))) (sqrt t_0)))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1))) < 1.30800006e-4

   1. Initial program 39.7%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{-1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-sqrt.f32 3.6

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 3.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 91.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}} \]

   if 1.30800006e-4 < (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))

   1. Initial program 89.3%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]

      2. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot u2\right)\right)} \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

      5. lift-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

      6. add-cube-cbrt N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

      7. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right)\right)} \cdot 2\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)} \]

      9. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)} \]

      10. pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

      11. lower-pow.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

      12. lift-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

      13. lower-cbrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)}\right) \]

      15. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right)} \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

      16. lift-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

      17. lower-cbrt.f32 89.4

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 89.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 90.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;-\log \left(1 - u1\right) \leq 0.00013080000644549727:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 91.4% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := -\log \left(1 - u1\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.00013080000644549727:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(\left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{0.16666666666666666}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{t\_0}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.00013080000644549727)
     (* (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2)) (sqrt u1))
     (*
      (cos
       (*
        (* (* (* (sqrt (PI)) u2) 2.0) (pow (PI) 0.16666666666666666))
        (cbrt (PI))))
      (sqrt t_0)))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1))) < 1.30800006e-4

   1. Initial program 39.7%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{-1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-sqrt.f32 3.6

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 3.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 91.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}} \]

   if 1.30800006e-4 < (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))

   1. Initial program 89.3%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(u2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \]

      5. lift-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      7. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)} \]

      8. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)} \]

      9. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \]

      11. lift-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \]

      13. lift-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right) \]

      14. lower-sqrt.f32 89.2

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 89.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. pow1/2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6}\right)}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{3} + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. pow-prod-up N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{2}\right)}\right)} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      8. pow1/3 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{2}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      9. lift-cbrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{2}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      10. sqrt-pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot {\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}}^{\frac{1}{3}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \]

      12. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]

      13. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]

      14. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      15. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}}^{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. sqrt-pow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{2}\right)}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. lower-pow.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{2}\right)}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. metadata-eval 89.3

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\color{blue}{0.16666666666666666}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. lift-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      20. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot 2\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 89.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \left({\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{0.16666666666666666} \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right)\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 90.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;-\log \left(1 - u1\right) \leq 0.00013080000644549727:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(\left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot u2\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{0.16666666666666666}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 91.5% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := -\log \left(1 - u1\right)\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.00013080000644549727:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1 \cdot \sqrt{t\_0}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (t_1 (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.00013080000644549727) (* t_1 (sqrt u1)) (* t_1 (sqrt t_0)))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1))) < 1.30800006e-4

   1. Initial program 39.7%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{-1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. lower-sqrt.f32 3.6

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 3.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 91.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}} \]

   if 1.30800006e-4 < (neg.f32 (log.f32 (-.f32 #s(literal 1 binary32) u1)))

   1. Initial program 89.3%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 90.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;-\log \left(1 - u1\right) \leq 0.00013080000644549727:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 76.4% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\sqrt{u1} + \left(\left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (+ (sqrt u1) (* (* (* 0.16666666666666666 (sqrt u1)) u1) u1))
  (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 59.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

4. Applied rewrites 43.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} + {u1}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{4} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({u1}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{-1}{4} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) + \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{4} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot {u1}^{2}} + \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{4} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}, {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}} \cdot \frac{-1}{4}} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}, {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)}, {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right), {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{u1}}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right), {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}}\right), {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{6} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right), {u1}^{2}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right), \color{blue}{u1 \cdot u1}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, \frac{-1}{4}, \frac{1}{6} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right), \color{blue}{u1 \cdot u1}, \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. lower-sqrt.f32 75.9

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, -0.25, 0.16666666666666666 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right), u1 \cdot u1, \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 75.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{u1}}, -0.25, 0.16666666666666666 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right), u1 \cdot u1, \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 75.7%

   \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-0.25}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot u1, u1, \sqrt{u1}\right)}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

10. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1 + \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

12. Applied rewrites 76.0%

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1 + \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

13. Final simplification 76.0%

    \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{u1} + \left(\left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot u1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 76.3% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2)) (sqrt u1)))

Derivation

1. Initial program 59.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. rem-square-sqrt N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{-1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-sqrt.f32 3.5

      \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 3.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 75.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(u2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}} \]

8. Final simplification 75.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 64.6% accurate, 11.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 \cdot \sqrt{-\left(-u1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2) :precision binary32 (* 1.0 (sqrt (- (- u1)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return 1.0f * sqrtf(-(-u1));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = 1.0e0 * sqrt(-(-u1))
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) * sqrt(Float32(-Float32(-u1))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = single(1.0) * sqrt(-(-u1));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 59.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{-1 \cdot u1}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. lower-neg.f32 75.9

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 75.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

6. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 62.6%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]

9. Final simplification 62.6%

   \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \sqrt{-\left(-u1\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 4.9% accurate, 12.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(-\sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2) :precision binary32 (* (- (sqrt u1)) 1.0))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return -sqrtf(u1) * 1.0f;
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(costheta_i, u1, u2)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: u1
    real(4), intent (in) :: u2
    code = -sqrt(u1) * 1.0e0
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(Float32(-sqrt(u1)) * Float32(1.0))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = -sqrt(u1) * single(1.0);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 59.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. rem-square-sqrt N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{-1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{u1}\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. lower-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. lower-sqrt.f32 3.5

      \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 3.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

6. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \left(-\sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 5.7%

   \[\leadsto \left(-\sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024285 
(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (> cosTheta_i 0.9999) (<= cosTheta_i 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u1) (<= u1 1.0))) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u2) (<= u2 1.0)))
  (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (cos (* (* 2.0 (PI)) u2))))