Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (26)

Percentage Accurate: 99.9% → 100.0%

Time: 8.9s

Alternatives: 15

Speedup: 2.8×

• 60.9% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (* b b))) 1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (b * b))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(b * b))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 99.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (* b b))) 1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (b * b))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(b * b))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (- (fma (* (fma b b (fma (* a a) 2.0 4.0)) b) b (pow a 4.0)) 1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma((fma(b, b, fma((a * a), 2.0, 4.0)) * b), b, pow(a, 4.0)) - 1.0;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(fma(Float64(fma(b, b, fma(Float64(a * a), 2.0, 4.0)) * b), b, (a ^ 4.0)) - 1.0)
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(b * b + N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b + N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.9%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot b} + {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   4. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right), b, {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot b}, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot b}, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2}\right)} \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   8. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} + \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b} + \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   11. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \color{blue}{2 \cdot {a}^{2} + 4}\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   12. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot 2} + 4\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   13. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, 2, 4\right)}\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   14. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   15. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   16. lower-pow.f64 100.0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, \color{blue}{{a}^{4}}\right) - 1 \]

5. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.9% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, a \cdot a, \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a \cdot a, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (- (fma (* a a) (* a a) (* (* (fma b b (fma 2.0 (* a a) 4.0)) b) b)) 1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma((a * a), (a * a), ((fma(b, b, fma(2.0, (a * a), 4.0)) * b) * b)) - 1.0;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(fma(Float64(a * a), Float64(a * a), Float64(Float64(fma(b, b, fma(2.0, Float64(a * a), 4.0)) * b) * b)) - 1.0)
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(b * b + N[(2.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.9%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   2. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot b} + {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   4. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right), b, {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot b}, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   6. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot b}, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2}\right)} \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   8. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} + \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b} + \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   11. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \color{blue}{2 \cdot {a}^{2} + 4}\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   12. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot 2} + 4\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   13. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, 2, 4\right)}\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   14. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   15. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

   16. lower-pow.f64 100.0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, \color{blue}{{a}^{4}}\right) - 1 \]

5. Applied rewrites 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b, b, {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a \cdot a, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) - 1 \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.0% accurate, 3.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+41}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, b, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 2e+41)
   (- (* (* (fma (* b b) 2.0 (* a a)) a) a) 1.0)
   (* (fma (* b b) b (* (* (* a a) b) 2.0)) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 2e+41) {
		tmp = ((fma((b * b), 2.0, (a * a)) * a) * a) - 1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = fma((b * b), b, (((a * a) * b) * 2.0)) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 2e+41)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(fma(Float64(b * b), 2.0, Float64(a * a)) * a) * a) - 1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(fma(Float64(b * b), b, Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * b) * 2.0)) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 2e+41], N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * b + N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 2.00000000000000001e41

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} - 1 \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) - 1 \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   if 2.00000000000000001e41 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot 1 + {b}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right)} \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}} \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      4. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      5. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      9. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      10. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      11. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{4}\right)}\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}}\right) \]

      13. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{4}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      16. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a \cdot a, 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, b, 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot b \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, b, \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot 2\right) \cdot b \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 97.0% accurate, 3.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+41}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 2e+41)
   (- (* (* (fma (* b b) 2.0 (* a a)) a) a) 1.0)
   (* (* (fma b b (fma (* a a) 2.0 4.0)) b) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 2e+41) {
		tmp = ((fma((b * b), 2.0, (a * a)) * a) * a) - 1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (fma(b, b, fma((a * a), 2.0, 4.0)) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 2e+41)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(fma(Float64(b * b), 2.0, Float64(a * a)) * a) * a) - 1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(fma(b, b, fma(Float64(a * a), 2.0, 4.0)) * b) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 2e+41], N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b + N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 2.00000000000000001e41

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} - 1 \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) - 1 \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   if 2.00000000000000001e41 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot 1 + {b}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right)} \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}} \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      4. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      5. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      9. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      10. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      11. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{4}\right)}\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}}\right) \]

      13. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{4}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      16. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 82.1% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot a \leq 4 \cdot 10^{+80}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 0.001)
   (fma (* b b) 4.0 -1.0)
   (if (<= (* a a) 4e+80) (* (* (fma b b 4.0) b) b) (* (* (* a a) a) a))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	} else if ((a * a) <= 4e+80) {
		tmp = (fma(b, b, 4.0) * b) * b;
	} else {
		tmp = ((a * a) * a) * a;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 0.001)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	elseif (Float64(a * a) <= 4e+80)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(fma(b, b, 4.0) * b) * b);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * a) * a);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 4e+80], N[(N[(N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 99.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 77.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]

   if 1e-3 < (*.f64 a a) < 4e80

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot 1 + {b}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right)} \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}} \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      4. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      5. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      9. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      10. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      11. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{4}\right)}\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}}\right) \]

      13. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{4}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      16. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 76.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 + {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

   if 4e80 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 93.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 97.0% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+41}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 2e+41)
   (- (* (* (* a a) a) a) 1.0)
   (* (* (fma b b (fma (* a a) 2.0 4.0)) b) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 2e+41) {
		tmp = (((a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (fma(b, b, fma((a * a), 2.0, 4.0)) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 2e+41)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(fma(b, b, fma(Float64(a * a), 2.0, 4.0)) * b) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 2e+41], N[(N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b + N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 2.00000000000000001e41

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} - 1 \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) - 1 \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1 \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1 \]

   if 2.00000000000000001e41 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot 1 + {b}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right)} \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}} \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      4. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      5. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      9. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      10. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      11. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{4}\right)}\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}}\right) \]

      13. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{4}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      16. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 82.1% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot a \leq 4 \cdot 10^{+80}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 0.001)
   (fma (* b b) 4.0 -1.0)
   (if (<= (* a a) 4e+80) (* (* b b) (* b b)) (* (* (* a a) a) a))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	} else if ((a * a) <= 4e+80) {
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b);
	} else {
		tmp = ((a * a) * a) * a;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 0.001)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	elseif (Float64(a * a) <= 4e+80)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(b * b));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * a) * a);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 4e+80], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 99.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 77.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]

   if 1e-3 < (*.f64 a a) < 4e80

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-pow.f64 76.9

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 76.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \]

   if 4e80 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 93.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 82.0% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 0.065:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot a \leq 3.3 \cdot 10^{+80}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 0.065)
   (fma (* b b) 4.0 -1.0)
   (if (<= (* a a) 3.3e+80) (* (* b b) (* b b)) (* (* a a) (* a a)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 0.065) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	} else if ((a * a) <= 3.3e+80) {
		tmp = (b * b) * (b * b);
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 0.065)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	elseif (Float64(a * a) <= 3.3e+80)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(b * b));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a * a));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 0.065], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 3.3e+80], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 0.065000000000000002

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 99.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 77.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]

   if 0.065000000000000002 < (*.f64 a a) < 3.29999999999999991e80

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-pow.f64 76.9

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 76.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \]

   if 3.29999999999999991e80 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 93.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 93.0%

       \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 84.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 0.065:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot a \leq 3.3 \cdot 10^{+80}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 97.1% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+41}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 2e+41)
   (fma (* b b) (fma b b 4.0) -1.0)
   (* (fma (* b b) 2.0 (* a a)) (* a a))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 2e+41) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma((b * b), 2.0, (a * a)) * (a * a);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 2e+41)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(fma(Float64(b * b), 2.0, Float64(a * a)) * Float64(a * a));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 2e+41], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 2.00000000000000001e41

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 97.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   if 2.00000000000000001e41 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 98.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 97.1% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+41}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 2e+41)
   (fma (* b b) (fma b b 4.0) -1.0)
   (* (* (fma (* b b) 2.0 (* a a)) a) a)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 2e+41) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = (fma((b * b), 2.0, (a * a)) * a) * a;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 2e+41)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(fma(Float64(b * b), 2.0, Float64(a * a)) * a) * a);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 2e+41], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0 + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 2.00000000000000001e41

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 97.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   if 2.00000000000000001e41 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 94.0% accurate, 4.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+50}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 5e+50) (- (* (* (* a a) a) a) 1.0) (* (* (* b b) b) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e+50) {
		tmp = (((a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if ((b * b) <= 5d+50) then
        tmp = (((a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0d0
    else
        tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e+50) {
		tmp = (((a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if (b * b) <= 5e+50:
		tmp = (((a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0
	else:
		tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 5e+50)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * b) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e+50)
		tmp = (((a * a) * a) * a) - 1.0;
	else
		tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 5e+50], N[(N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 5e50

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} - 1 \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right)} - 1 \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}\right) - 1 \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}}\right) - 1 \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1 \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) - 1 \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} - 1 \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1 \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a - 1 \]

   if 5e50 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot 1 + {b}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right)} \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {a}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}} \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      4. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      5. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      9. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      10. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}\right) \]

      11. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{4}\right)}\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot {b}^{4}}{{b}^{2}}}\right) \]

      13. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{4}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}}{{b}^{2}}\right) \]

      16. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot 1 + \left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{b}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, 2, 4\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 93.6%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 93.6% accurate, 4.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 4 \cdot 10^{+80}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 4e+80) (fma (* b b) (fma b b 4.0) -1.0) (* (* (* a a) a) a)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 4e+80) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = ((a * a) * a) * a;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 4e+80)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * a) * a);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 4e+80], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision] * a), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 4e80

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 95.2

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   if 4e80 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 93.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 81.5% accurate, 4.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 6.8 \cdot 10^{+56}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 6.8e+56) (fma (* b b) 4.0 -1.0) (* (* a a) (* a a))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 6.8e+56) {
		tmp = fma((b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 6.8e+56)
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a * a));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 6.8e+56], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 6.80000000000000002e56

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 96.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 73.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]

   if 6.80000000000000002e56 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {a}^{4} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4}} \]

      2. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {a}^{4} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}{{a}^{2}}} \]

      8. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{4}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      9. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{{a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      10. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \frac{\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      14. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right) \]

      17. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      18. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

      19. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(2 \cdot {b}^{2} + {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot a} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 2, a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 90.3%

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 90.3%

       \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 81.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 6.8 \cdot 10^{+56}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 14: 50.8% accurate, 10.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (fma (* b b) 4.0 -1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma((b * b), 4.0, -1.0);
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return fma(Float64(b * b), 4.0, -1.0)
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.9%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   3. pow-sqr N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   7. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   8. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval 70.7

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 70.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 51.3%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, 4, -1\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 15: 24.8% accurate, 131.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 -1.0)

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = -1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return -1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return -1.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = -1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := -1.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.9%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   3. pow-sqr N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   7. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, 4 + {b}^{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   8. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{{b}^{2} + 4}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   10. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, \mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval 70.7

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 70.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto -1 \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 24.2%

   \[\leadsto -1 \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024282 
(FPCore (a b)
  :name "Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (26)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (* b b))) 1.0))