VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (6)

Percentage Accurate: 76.4% → 99.1%

Time: 7.8s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 3.7×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\\ t\_0 - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan t\_0 \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (F l)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (PI) l))) (- t_0 (* (/ 1.0 (* F F)) (tan t_0)))))

Initial Program: 76.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\\ t\_0 - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan t\_0 \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (F l)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (PI) l))) (- t_0 (* (/ 1.0 (* F F)) (tan t_0)))))

Alternative 1: 99.1% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 2000000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\tan t\_0 \cdot \frac{-1}{F}}{F} + t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (*
    l_s
    (if (<= t_0 2000000000000.0) (+ (/ (* (tan t_0) (/ -1.0 F)) F) t_0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) < 2e12

   1. Initial program 72.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      2. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F}} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]

      3. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]

      4. associate-/r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{F}}{F}} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]

      5. frac-2neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]

      6. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right) \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}} \]

      7. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right) \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}} \]

      8. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right) \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      9. distribute-neg-frac N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)}{F}} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      10. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{-1}}{F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      11. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{F}} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      12. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{-1}{F} \cdot \tan \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      13. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{-1}{F} \cdot \tan \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{-1}{F} \cdot \tan \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)} \]

      15. lower-neg.f64 88.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{-1}{F} \cdot \tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{-F}} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-1}{F} \cdot \tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{-F}} \]

   if 2e12 < (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)

   1. Initial program 60.4%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 99.7

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 91.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \leq 2000000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{F}}{F} + \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 88.6% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 - \tan t\_0 \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \leq -2 \cdot 10^{-250}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{l\_m}{F}}{F} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (*
    l_s
    (if (<= (- t_0 (* (tan t_0) (/ 1.0 (* F F)))) -2e-250)
      (* (/ (/ l_m F) F) (- (PI)))
      t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (-.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 F F)) (tan.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)))) < -2.0000000000000001e-250

   1. Initial program 74.7%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \ell \]

      4. lower-PI.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      6. lower-PI.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      8. lower-*.f64 69.3

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 69.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F \cdot F}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in F around 0

      \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 34.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{F}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 34.8%

       \[\leadsto \left(-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\ell}{F}}{\color{blue}{F}} \]

   if -2.0000000000000001e-250 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 F F)) (tan.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l))))

   1. Initial program 65.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 68.7

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 68.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 52.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \leq -2 \cdot 10^{-250}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{\ell}{F}}{F} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 83.2% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 - \tan t\_0 \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \leq -2 \cdot 10^{-250}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{l\_m}{F \cdot F} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (*
    l_s
    (if (<= (- t_0 (* (tan t_0) (/ 1.0 (* F F)))) -2e-250)
      (* (/ l_m (* F F)) (- (PI)))
      t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (-.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 F F)) (tan.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)))) < -2.0000000000000001e-250

   1. Initial program 74.7%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \ell \]

      4. lower-PI.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      6. lower-PI.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      8. lower-*.f64 69.3

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 69.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F \cdot F}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in F around 0

      \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 34.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{F}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 26.4%

       \[\leadsto \left(-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\ell}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}} \]

   if -2.0000000000000001e-250 < (-.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) (*.f64 (/.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 F F)) (tan.f64 (*.f64 (PI.f64) l))))

   1. Initial program 65.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 68.7

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 68.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 49.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \leq -2 \cdot 10^{-250}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\ell}{F \cdot F} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 99.1% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 2000000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\tan t\_0}{F}, \frac{-1}{F}, t\_0\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (*
    l_s
    (if (<= t_0 2000000000000.0) (fma (/ (tan t_0) F) (/ -1.0 F) t_0) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) < 2e12

   1. Initial program 72.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      2. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)\right)\right)} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      6. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      7. un-div-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F \cdot F}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      8. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F \cdot F\right)}} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      9. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot 1}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F \cdot F\right)} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      10. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot 1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{F \cdot F}\right)} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      11. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{F \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)\right)}} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      12. times-frac N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      13. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      14. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{F}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \]

   if 2e12 < (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)

   1. Initial program 60.4%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 99.7

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 91.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \leq 2000000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{F}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 99.2% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 2000000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 - \frac{\frac{\tan t\_0}{F}}{F}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (* l_s (if (<= t_0 2000000000000.0) (- t_0 (/ (/ (tan t_0) F) F)) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) < 2e12

   1. Initial program 72.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F}} \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F}} \]

      4. un-div-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F \cdot F}} \]

      5. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}} \]

      6. associate-/r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F}}{F}} \]

      7. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F}}{F}} \]

      8. lower-/.f64 88.4

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F}}}{F} \]

      9. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{\tan \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}}{F}}{F} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{\tan \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}}{F}}{F} \]

      11. lower-*.f64 88.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\frac{\tan \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}}{F}}{F} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{F}}{F}} \]

   if 2e12 < (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)

   1. Initial program 60.4%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 99.7

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 91.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \leq 2000000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\frac{\tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{F}}{F}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.1% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 10000:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), l\_m, \frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot l\_m}{-F}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (*
    l_s
    (if (<= t_0 10000.0) (fma (PI) l_m (/ (* (/ (PI) F) l_m) (- F))) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) < 1e4

   1. Initial program 72.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      2. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)\right)\right)} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      4. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      6. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      7. un-div-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F \cdot F}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      8. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F \cdot F\right)}} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      9. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot 1}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F \cdot F\right)} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      10. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot 1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{F \cdot F}\right)} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      11. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{F \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)\right)}} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      12. times-frac N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      13. distribute-neg-frac2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)} + \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell \]

      14. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)}{F}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{F}\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

   4. Applied rewrites 88.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\tan \left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{F}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in l around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F}}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}}{F}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]

      2. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]

      3. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]

      4. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F}} \cdot \ell, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]

      5. lower-PI.f64 85.2

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{F} \cdot \ell, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 85.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}, \frac{-1}{F}, \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{F} + \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{F}} \]

      3. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{F} \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} + \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{F} \]

      5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{F}\right)} \]

      6. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{F}}\right) \]

      7. frac-2neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}}\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}\right) \]

      9. un-div-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}{\mathsf{neg}\left(F\right)}}\right) \]

      11. lower-neg.f64 85.3

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}{\color{blue}{-F}}\right) \]

   9. Applied rewrites 85.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}{-F}\right)} \]

   if 1e4 < (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)

   1. Initial program 60.7%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 96.5

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 88.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \leq 10000:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \ell, \frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F} \cdot \ell}{-F}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 98.1% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 10000:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 - \frac{\frac{t\_0}{F}}{F}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (* l_s (if (<= t_0 10000.0) (- t_0 (/ (/ t_0 F) F)) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) < 1e4

   1. Initial program 72.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 69.5

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 69.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{1}{F \cdot F}} \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{F \cdot F}} \]

      4. un-div-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}{F \cdot F}} \]

      5. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}} \]

      6. associate-/r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}{F}}{F}} \]

      7. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}{F}}{F}} \]

      8. lower-/.f64 85.2

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}{F}}}{F} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 85.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell}{F}}{F}} \]

   if 1e4 < (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)

   1. Initial program 60.7%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 96.5

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 87.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \leq 10000:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\frac{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F}}{F}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 92.4% accurate, 3.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ l\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 10000:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F \cdot F}\right) \cdot l\_m\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* l_m (PI))))
   (* l_s (if (<= t_0 10000.0) (* (- (PI) (/ (PI) (* F F))) l_m) t_0))))

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 (PI.f64) l) < 1e4

   1. Initial program 72.8%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in l around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right)} \cdot \ell \]

      4. lower-PI.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{{F}^{2}}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      6. lower-PI.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{{F}^{2}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

      8. lower-*.f64 69.6

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{\color{blue}{F \cdot F}}\right) \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 69.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F \cdot F}\right) \cdot \ell} \]

   if 1e4 < (*.f64 (PI.f64) l)

   1. Initial program 60.7%

      \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

      3. lower-PI.f64 96.5

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 76.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \leq 10000:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{F \cdot F}\right) \cdot \ell\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 74.1% accurate, 22.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l\_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ l\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, \ell\right) \\ l\_s \cdot \left(l\_m \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

l\_m = (fabs.f64 l)
l\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) l)
(FPCore (l_s F l_m) :precision binary64 (* l_s (* l_m (PI))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 69.9%

   \[\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell - \frac{1}{F \cdot F} \cdot \tan \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in F around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

   3. lower-PI.f64 67.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \ell \]

5. Applied rewrites 67.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \ell} \]

6. Final simplification 67.4%

   \[\leadsto \ell \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024276 
(FPCore (F l)
  :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (6)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (* (PI) l) (* (/ 1.0 (* F F)) (tan (* (PI) l)))))