
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
return acos((1.0 - x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}
def code(x): return math.acos((1.0 - x))
function code(x) return acos(Float64(1.0 - x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos((1.0 - x)); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 11 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
return acos((1.0 - x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}
def code(x): return math.acos((1.0 - x))
function code(x) return acos(Float64(1.0 - x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos((1.0 - x)); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (asin (- 1.0 x))) (t_1 (sqrt t_0)))
(/
1.0
(/
(fma 0.5 (PI) t_0)
(*
(fma (* (pow (* (PI) (PI)) 0.25) 0.5) (sqrt (PI)) (- t_0))
(fma t_1 t_1 (* (PI) 0.5)))))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
t_1 := \sqrt{t\_0}\\
\frac{1}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_0\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}^{0.25} \cdot 0.5, \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, -t\_0\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_1, t\_1, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot 0.5\right)}}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
clear-numN/A
lower-/.f64N/A
lower-/.f64N/A
clear-numN/A
associate-/r/N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
lower-asin.f64N/A
difference-of-squaresN/A
acos-asinN/A
lift-acos.f64N/A
Applied rewrites7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
lift-asin.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
*-commutativeN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
add-sqr-sqrtN/A
associate-*r*N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-*.f64N/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lower-neg.f646.0
Applied rewrites6.0%
lift-sqrt.f64N/A
pow1/2N/A
metadata-evalN/A
pow-prod-upN/A
pow-prod-downN/A
lift-*.f64N/A
lower-pow.f6411.0
Applied rewrites11.0%
lift-fma.f64N/A
+-commutativeN/A
lift-asin.f64N/A
asin-acosN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
rem-cube-cbrtN/A
lift-cbrt.f64N/A
pow3N/A
unpow2N/A
lift-pow.f64N/A
associate-*r*N/A
lift-*.f64N/A
lift-acos.f64N/A
*-commutativeN/A
Applied rewrites11.0%
Final simplification11.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (asin (- 1.0 x))) (t_1 (fma 0.5 (PI) t_0)))
(/
1.0
(/
t_1
(* (fma (* (pow (* (PI) (PI)) 0.25) 0.5) (sqrt (PI)) (- t_0)) t_1)))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_0\right)\\
\frac{1}{\frac{t\_1}{\mathsf{fma}\left({\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}^{0.25} \cdot 0.5, \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, -t\_0\right) \cdot t\_1}}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
clear-numN/A
lower-/.f64N/A
lower-/.f64N/A
clear-numN/A
associate-/r/N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
lower-asin.f64N/A
difference-of-squaresN/A
acos-asinN/A
lift-acos.f64N/A
Applied rewrites7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
lift-asin.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
*-commutativeN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
add-sqr-sqrtN/A
associate-*r*N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-*.f64N/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lower-neg.f646.0
Applied rewrites6.0%
lift-sqrt.f64N/A
pow1/2N/A
metadata-evalN/A
pow-prod-upN/A
pow-prod-downN/A
lift-*.f64N/A
lower-pow.f6411.0
Applied rewrites11.0%
Final simplification11.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* (PI) (PI))) (t_1 (asin (- 1.0 x))))
(/
(fma t_0 (* 0.125 (PI)) (- (pow t_1 3.0)))
(fma 0.25 t_0 (* (fma 0.5 (PI) t_1) t_1)))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\
t_1 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, 0.125 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), -{t\_1}^{3}\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, t\_0, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_1\right) \cdot t\_1\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip3--N/A
lower-/.f64N/A
Applied rewrites7.8%
lift--.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
lift-*.f64N/A
*-commutativeN/A
lift-pow.f64N/A
unpow3N/A
lift-*.f64N/A
associate-*l*N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-*.f64N/A
lower-neg.f6410.9
Applied rewrites10.9%
Final simplification10.9%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (fma 0.5 (PI) (asin (- 1.0 x))))
(t_1 (sqrt (PI)))
(t_2 (* t_1 0.5)))
(/
1.0
(/ t_0 (* (fma t_2 t_1 (- (fma t_2 t_1 (- (acos (- 1.0 x)))))) t_0)))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)\\
t_1 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
t_2 := t\_1 \cdot 0.5\\
\frac{1}{\frac{t\_0}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_2, t\_1, -\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_2, t\_1, -\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)\right) \cdot t\_0}}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
clear-numN/A
lower-/.f64N/A
lower-/.f64N/A
clear-numN/A
associate-/r/N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
lower-asin.f64N/A
difference-of-squaresN/A
acos-asinN/A
lift-acos.f64N/A
Applied rewrites7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
lift-asin.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
*-commutativeN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
add-sqr-sqrtN/A
associate-*r*N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-*.f64N/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lower-neg.f646.0
Applied rewrites6.0%
lift-asin.f64N/A
asin-acosN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
lift-acos.f64N/A
unsub-negN/A
lift-neg.f64N/A
*-commutativeN/A
rem-square-sqrtN/A
lift-sqrt.f64N/A
lift-sqrt.f64N/A
associate-*l*N/A
lift-*.f64N/A
lower-fma.f6410.9
lift-*.f64N/A
*-commutativeN/A
lower-*.f6410.9
Applied rewrites10.9%
Final simplification10.9%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (sqrt (PI))))
(if (<= (- 1.0 x) 0.9999999999999996)
(fma (* t_0 t_0) 0.5 (- (asin (- 1.0 x))))
(acos (- x)))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
\mathbf{if}\;1 - x \leq 0.9999999999999996:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0 \cdot t\_0, 0.5, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) < 0.99999999999999956Initial program 62.2%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
sub-negN/A
div-invN/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-neg.f64N/A
lower-asin.f6462.2
Applied rewrites62.2%
rem-square-sqrtN/A
lift-sqrt.f64N/A
lift-sqrt.f64N/A
lower-*.f6462.5
Applied rewrites62.5%
if 0.99999999999999956 < (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) Initial program 3.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.4
Applied rewrites6.4%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (sqrt (PI))))
(if (<= (- 1.0 x) 0.9999999999999996)
(fma t_0 (* t_0 0.5) (- (asin (- 1.0 x))))
(acos (- x)))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
\mathbf{if}\;1 - x \leq 0.9999999999999996:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, t\_0 \cdot 0.5, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) < 0.99999999999999956Initial program 62.2%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
sub-negN/A
div-invN/A
add-sqr-sqrtN/A
associate-*l*N/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
lower-*.f64N/A
lower-sqrt.f64N/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-neg.f64N/A
lower-asin.f6462.5
Applied rewrites62.5%
if 0.99999999999999956 < (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) Initial program 3.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.4
Applied rewrites6.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (PI)))) (fma (PI) 0.5 (fma (* t_0 0.5) (- t_0) (acos (- 1.0 x))))))
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 0.5, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0 \cdot 0.5, -t\_0, \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
sub-negN/A
div-invN/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-neg.f64N/A
lower-asin.f647.8
Applied rewrites7.8%
Applied rewrites10.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (- 1.0 x) 0.9999999999999996) (fma (PI) 0.5 (fma (PI) -0.5 (acos (- 1.0 x)))) (acos (- x))))
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;1 - x \leq 0.9999999999999996:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 0.5, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), -0.5, \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) < 0.99999999999999956Initial program 62.2%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
sub-negN/A
div-invN/A
lower-fma.f64N/A
lower-PI.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
lower-neg.f64N/A
lower-asin.f6462.2
Applied rewrites62.2%
lift-neg.f64N/A
neg-sub0N/A
lift-asin.f64N/A
asin-acosN/A
lift-PI.f64N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
rem-cube-cbrtN/A
lift-cbrt.f64N/A
pow3N/A
unpow2N/A
lift-pow.f64N/A
associate-*r*N/A
lift-*.f64N/A
lift-acos.f64N/A
associate--r-N/A
Applied rewrites62.3%
if 0.99999999999999956 < (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) Initial program 3.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.4
Applied rewrites6.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (- 1.0 x) 0.9999999999999996) (acos (- 1.0 x)) (acos (- x))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999999996) {
tmp = acos((1.0 - x));
} else {
tmp = acos(-x);
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((1.0d0 - x) <= 0.9999999999999996d0) then
tmp = acos((1.0d0 - x))
else
tmp = acos(-x)
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999999996) {
tmp = Math.acos((1.0 - x));
} else {
tmp = Math.acos(-x);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999999996: tmp = math.acos((1.0 - x)) else: tmp = math.acos(-x) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999999996) tmp = acos(Float64(1.0 - x)); else tmp = acos(Float64(-x)); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999999996) tmp = acos((1.0 - x)); else tmp = acos(-x); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision], 0.9999999999999996], N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcCos[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;1 - x \leq 0.9999999999999996:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) < 0.99999999999999956Initial program 62.2%
if 0.99999999999999956 < (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) Initial program 3.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.4
Applied rewrites6.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- x)))
double code(double x) {
return acos(-x);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos(-x)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos(-x);
}
def code(x): return math.acos(-x)
function code(x) return acos(Float64(-x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos(-x); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.9
Applied rewrites6.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos 1.0))
double code(double x) {
return acos(1.0);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos(1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos(1.0);
}
def code(x): return math.acos(1.0)
function code(x) return acos(1.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos(1.0); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[1.0], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} 1
\end{array}
Initial program 7.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
Applied rewrites3.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ x 2.0)))))
double code(double x) {
return 2.0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 2.0d0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt((x / 2.0)));
}
def code(x): return 2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt((x / 2.0)))
function code(x) return Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(x / 2.0)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 2.0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0))); end
code[x_] := N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(x / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{x}{2}}\right)
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024270
(FPCore (x)
:name "bug323 (missed optimization)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (<= 0.0 x) (<= x 0.5))
:alt
(! :herbie-platform default (* 2 (asin (sqrt (/ x 2)))))
(acos (- 1.0 x)))