Hyperbolic arc-(co)secant

Percentage Accurate: 100.0% → 99.7%

Time: 5.2s

Alternatives: 4

Speedup: N/A×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (log (+ (/ 1.0 x) (/ (sqrt (- 1.0 (* x x))) x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log(((1.0 / x) + (sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log(((1.0d0 / x) + (sqrt((1.0d0 - (x * x))) / x)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log(((1.0 / x) + (Math.sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log(((1.0 / x) + (math.sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) + Float64(sqrt(Float64(1.0 - Float64(x * x))) / x)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log(((1.0 / x) + (sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (log (+ (/ 1.0 x) (/ (sqrt (- 1.0 (* x x))) x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log(((1.0 / x) + (sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log(((1.0d0 / x) + (sqrt((1.0d0 - (x * x))) / x)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log(((1.0 / x) + (Math.sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log(((1.0 / x) + (math.sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) + Float64(sqrt(Float64(1.0 - Float64(x * x))) / x)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log(((1.0 / x) + (sqrt((1.0 - (x * x))) / x)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.7% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0625, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (log (* (fma (fma 0.0625 (* x x) 0.125) (* x x) 0.5) x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return -log((fma(fma(0.0625, (x * x), 0.125), (x * x), 0.5) * x));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(-log(Float64(fma(fma(0.0625, Float64(x * x), 0.125), Float64(x * x), 0.5) * x)))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := (-N[Log[N[(N[(N[(0.0625 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.125), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision])

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.6%

   \[\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)} \]

   2. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)} \]

   3. flip3-+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}\right)} \]

   4. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}}\right)} \]

   5. log-rec N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-x, x, 1\right)} + 1}{x}}\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}} + \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{16} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{8}}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   7. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{16}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{8}\right)}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   8. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{16}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{8}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   9. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{16}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{8}\right), {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   10. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{16}, x \cdot x, \frac{1}{8}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   11. lower-*.f64 99.8

       \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0625, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.8%

   \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.0625, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), x \cdot x, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.5% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.125, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (log (* (fma (* x x) 0.125 0.5) x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return -log((fma((x * x), 0.125, 0.5) * x));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(-log(Float64(fma(Float64(x * x), 0.125, 0.5) * x)))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := (-N[Log[N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.125 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision])

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.6%

   \[\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)} \]

   2. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)} \]

   3. flip3-+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}\right)} \]

   4. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}}\right)} \]

   5. log-rec N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-x, x, 1\right)} + 1}{x}}\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{8} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{8}} + \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   5. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   7. lower-*.f64 99.6

      \[\leadsto -\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.125, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.6%

   \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.125, 0.5\right) \cdot x\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.0% accurate, 1.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -\log \left(0.5 \cdot x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (log (* 0.5 x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return -log((0.5 * x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = -log((0.5d0 * x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return -Math.log((0.5 * x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return -math.log((0.5 * x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(-log(Float64(0.5 * x)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = -log((0.5 * x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := (-N[Log[N[(0.5 * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision])

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.6%

   \[\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-log.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)} \]

   2. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)} \]

   3. flip3-+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}\right)} \]

   4. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}}\right)} \]

   5. log-rec N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-neg.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x} - \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right)}^{3}}\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 99.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-x, x, 1\right)} + 1}{x}}\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot x\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \]

   2. lower-*.f64 99.1

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 0.5\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.1%

   \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 0.5\right)} \]

8. Final simplification 99.1%

   \[\leadsto -\log \left(0.5 \cdot x\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 0.0% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(-0.5 \cdot x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (* -0.5 x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((-0.5 * x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log(((-0.5d0) * x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((-0.5 * x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((-0.5 * x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(-0.5 * x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((-0.5 * x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(-0.5 * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.6%

   \[\log \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{\sqrt{1 - x \cdot x}}{x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{2 + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2}}{x}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{2 + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2}}{x}\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2} + 2}}{x}\right) \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{-1}{2}} + 2}{x}\right) \]

   4. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{-1}{2}, 2\right)}}{x}\right) \]

   5. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{-1}{2}, 2\right)}{x}\right) \]

   6. lower-*.f64 99.2

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, -0.5, 2\right)}{x}\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, -0.5, 2\right)}{x}\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in x around inf

   \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{x}\right) \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 0.0%

   \[\leadsto \log \left(-0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{x}\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024270 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arc-(co)secant"
  :precision binary64
  (log (+ (/ 1.0 x) (/ (sqrt (- 1.0 (* x x))) x))))