Rust f32::asinh

Percentage Accurate: 37.7% → 97.7%

Time: 8.7s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 2.1×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sinh^{-1} x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (asinh x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return asinhf(x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return asinh(x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = asinh(x);
end

Initial Program: 37.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + sqrtf(((x * x) + 1.0f)))), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + sqrt(Float32(Float32(x * x) + Float32(1.0))))), x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + sqrt(((x * x) + single(1.0))))));
end

Alternative 1: 97.7% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\frac{-0.5}{x} - x\right) + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -1.0)
     (copysign (log (+ (- (/ -0.5 x) x) (fabs x))) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.4000000059604645)
       (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
       (copysign (log (/ 0.5 x)) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -1.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((((-0.5f / x) - x) + fabsf(x))), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((0.5f / x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-1.0))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(-0.5) / x) - x) + abs(x))), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-1.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((((single(-0.5) / x) - x) + abs(x))));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(0.5) / x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < -1

   1. Initial program 55.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + 1\right)}\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot x + 1 \cdot x\right)}\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot x + \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      5. distribute-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot x\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      6. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot x\right)\right) - x\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      7. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      8. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot x\right)} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}} \cdot x\right) - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      10. associate-/r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot x\right) - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      11. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot x}{x}} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      12. lft-mult-inverse N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{x} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      13. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      14. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\right) - x\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      15. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}{x}}\right)\right) - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      16. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}\right)\right) - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      17. distribute-neg-frac N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}{x}} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}}}{x} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      19. lower-/.f32 97.6

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-0.5}{x}} - x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x} - x\right)}\right), x\right) \]

   if -1 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 25.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 95.6

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 95.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 94.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 95.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) + 1\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) + 1\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) + 1\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + \left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      5. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      6. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot x\right)} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}} \cdot x\right) + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      10. associate-/r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot x\right) + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      11. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot x}{x}} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      12. lft-mult-inverse N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      13. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      14. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}{x}} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      15. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}}{x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      16. lower-/.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{x}} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      17. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{x} + x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\color{blue}{x}}\right), x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{\color{blue}{x}}\right), x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 96.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\frac{-0.5}{x} - x\right) + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 97.4% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -1.0)
     (copysign (log (- (fabs x) x)) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.4000000059604645)
       (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
       (copysign (log (/ 0.5 x)) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -1.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) - x)), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((0.5f / x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-1.0))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) - x)), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-1.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) - x)));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(0.5) / x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < -1

   1. Initial program 55.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) \cdot x + 1 \cdot x\right)}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) \cdot x + \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      5. distribute-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) \cdot x\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      7. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      8. distribute-rgt-neg-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      9. remove-double-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} \cdot x} - x\right), x\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left|x\right| \cdot x}{x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      13. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right| \cdot \frac{x}{x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      14. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| \cdot \color{blue}{1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      15. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} - x\right), x\right) \]

      16. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      17. lower-fabs.f32 96.0

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} - x\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -1 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 25.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 95.6

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 95.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 94.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 95.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) + 1\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}}{{x}^{2}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) + 1\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}} + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) + 1\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + \left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      5. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}} + \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      6. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{2}}\right) \cdot x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{x}^{2}} \cdot x\right)} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}} \cdot x\right) + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      10. associate-/r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot x\right) + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      11. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot x}{x}} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      12. lft-mult-inverse N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      13. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      14. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1}{x}} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      15. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}}{x} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      16. lower-/.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{x}} + x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      17. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{x} + x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\color{blue}{x}}\right), x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{\color{blue}{x}}\right), x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 96.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.2% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -1.0)
     (copysign (log (- (fabs x) x)) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.4000000059604645)
       (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
       (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) x)) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -1.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) - x)), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-1.0))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) - x)), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-1.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) - x)));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < -1

   1. Initial program 55.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) \cdot x + 1 \cdot x\right)}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) \cdot x + \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      5. distribute-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right) \cdot x\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      7. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      8. distribute-rgt-neg-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      9. remove-double-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

      10. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{\left|x\right|}{x} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} \cdot x} - x\right), x\right) \]

      12. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left|x\right| \cdot x}{x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      13. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right| \cdot \frac{x}{x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      14. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| \cdot \color{blue}{1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      15. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} - x\right), x\right) \]

      16. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      17. lower-fabs.f32 96.0

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} - x\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 96.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -1 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 25.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 95.6

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 95.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 94.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 95.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} \cdot x + 1 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left|x\right| \cdot x}{x}} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      4. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right| \cdot \frac{x}{x}} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      5. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| \cdot \color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      6. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      7. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]

      9. lower-fabs.f32 95.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} + x\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 95.6%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 83.4% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -1.600000023841858:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(-x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -1.600000023841858)
     (copysign (log (- x)) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.4000000059604645)
       (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
       (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) x)) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -1.600000023841858f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf(-x), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-1.600000023841858))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(-x)), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-1.600000023841858))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(-x));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < -1.60000002

   1. Initial program 54.6%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-neg.f32 44.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 44.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -1.60000002 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 27.1%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 94.5

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 94.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 94.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 93.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 94.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\left|x\right|}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} + 1\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\left|x\right|}{x} \cdot x + 1 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\left|x\right| \cdot x}{x}} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      4. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right| \cdot \frac{x}{x}} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      5. *-inverses N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| \cdot \color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      6. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} + 1 \cdot x\right), x\right) \]

      7. *-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. lower-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]

      9. lower-fabs.f32 95.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|} + x\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 95.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 81.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq -1.600000023841858:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(-x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 69.9% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -1.600000023841858:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(-x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -1.600000023841858)
     (copysign (log (- x)) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.4000000059604645)
       (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
       (copysign (log (+ 1.0 x)) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -1.600000023841858f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf(-x), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((1.0f + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-1.600000023841858))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(-x)), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(1.0) + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-1.600000023841858))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(-x));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(1.0) + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < -1.60000002

   1. Initial program 54.6%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-neg.f32 44.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 44.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -1.60000002 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 27.1%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 94.5

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 94.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 94.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 93.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 94.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 11.8

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 11.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 43.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + x\right), x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 67.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq -1.600000023841858:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(-x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 69.8% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -1.600000023841858:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(-x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log x, x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -1.600000023841858)
     (copysign (log (- x)) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.4000000059604645)
       (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
       (copysign (log x) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -1.600000023841858f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf(-x), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf(x), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-1.600000023841858))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(-x)), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(x), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-1.600000023841858))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(-x));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < -1.60000002

   1. Initial program 54.6%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-neg.f32 44.1

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 44.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(-x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -1.60000002 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 27.1%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 94.5

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 94.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 94.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 93.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 94.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. log-rec N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log x\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      3. remove-double-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log x}, x\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 43.6

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log x}, x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 43.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log x}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 67.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq -1.600000023841858:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(-x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log x, x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 61.3% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log x, x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<=
      (copysign (log (+ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* x x))) (fabs x))) x)
      0.4000000059604645)
   (copysign (* 1.0 x) x)
   (copysign (log x) x)))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (copysignf(logf((sqrtf((1.0f + (x * x))) + fabsf(x))), x) <= 0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf(x), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (copysign(log(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x * x))) + abs(x))), x) <= Float32(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(x), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if ((sign(x) * abs(log((sqrt((single(1.0) + (x * x))) + abs(x))))) <= single(0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x) < 0.400000006

   1. Initial program 36.8%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. lower-fabs.f32 65.2

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 65.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 65.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 64.7%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

   13. Applied rewrites 65.2%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]

   if 0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) #s(literal 1 binary32))))) x)

   1. Initial program 62.0%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. log-rec N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\log x\right)\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      3. remove-double-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log x}, x\right) \]

      4. lower-log.f32 43.6

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log x}, x\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 43.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log x}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 59.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} + \left|x\right|\right), x\right) \leq 0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log x, x\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 52.8% accurate, 2.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (copysign (* 1.0 x) x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return copysignf((1.0f * x), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return copysign(Float32(Float32(1.0) * x), x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = sign(x) * abs((single(1.0) * x));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 43.6%

   \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-log1p.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

   2. lower-fabs.f32 50.8

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\left|x\right|}\right), x\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 50.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 50.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot x - \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 50.5%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333, x, -0.5\right), x, 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

11. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
12. Step-by-step derivation

13. Applied rewrites 50.8%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(1 \cdot x, x\right) \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 52.3% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{1}{\left|x\right|}\\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right| + \frac{\left|x\right|}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, t\_0\right) + t\_0}\right), x\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (/ 1.0 (fabs x))))
   (copysign (log1p (+ (fabs x) (/ (fabs x) (+ (hypot 1.0 t_0) t_0)))) x)))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = 1.0f / fabsf(x);
	return copysignf(log1pf((fabsf(x) + (fabsf(x) / (hypotf(1.0f, t_0) + t_0)))), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(1.0) / abs(x))
	return copysign(log1p(Float32(abs(x) + Float32(abs(x) / Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), t_0) + t_0)))), x)
end

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024259 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Rust f32::asinh"
  :precision binary32

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform default (let* ((ax (fabs x)) (ix (/ 1 ax))) (copysign (log1p (+ ax (/ ax (+ (hypot 1 ix) ix)))) x)))

  (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x))