Beckmann Sample, normalization factor

Percentage Accurate: 97.8% → 98.7%

Time: 9.6s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 1.1×

Specification

\[\left(0 < cosTheta \land cosTheta < 0.9999\right) \land \left(-1 < c \land c < 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (PI))) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Initial Program: 97.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (PI))) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

Alternative 1: 98.7% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-0.16666666666666666}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (*
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))
    (/
     (* (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) (pow (PI) -0.16666666666666666))
     (* (cbrt (PI)) cosTheta)))
   (+ c 1.0))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. pow1/2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-PI.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. add-cube-cbrt N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. unpow-prod-down N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. pow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2}\right)}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. pow-pow N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   13. unpow1 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   14. times-frac N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   15. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{0.16666666666666666}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. associate-/l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. associate-*r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. lift-pow.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. pow-flip N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-pow.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   13. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{6}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   14. lower-*.f32 98.8

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-0.16666666666666666} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-0.16666666666666666} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

7. Final simplification 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{-0.16666666666666666}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.5% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (*
    (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) (* (sqrt (PI)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta)))
   (+ c 1.0))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 98.7

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Final simplification 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.1% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + 1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (*
    (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) (* (sqrt (PI)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta)))
   1.0)))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. pow1/2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-PI.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. add-cube-cbrt N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. unpow-prod-down N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. pow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\color{blue}{\left({\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{2}\right)}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. pow-pow N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   13. unpow1 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   14. times-frac N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   15. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{0.16666666666666666}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. frac-times N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. lift-pow.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lift-cbrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. pow1/3 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{6}} \cdot \color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\frac{1}{3}}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. pow-prod-up N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. pow1/2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   13. associate-*l/ N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   14. lift-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   15. frac-times N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   16. *-lft-identity N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   17. lower-/.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

6. Applied rewrites 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in c around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1} + \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

10. Final simplification 98.6%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + 1} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 98.0% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (*
    (/ (sqrt (/ (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta) (PI))) cosTheta)
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta)))
   (+ c 1.0))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. associate-*r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. associate-*l/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. sqrt-undiv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   12. lower-/.f32 98.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Final simplification 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 95.9% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (*
    (/ (- 1.0 cosTheta) (* (sqrt (PI)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta)))
   (+ c 1.0))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   2. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \left(-1 \cdot cosTheta\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   6. distribute-rgt-out-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right)}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right)}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right)}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right)}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. lower-PI.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right)}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   11. lower--.f32 96.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right)}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 96.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \left(1 - cosTheta\right)}{cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Applied rewrites 96.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

9. Applied rewrites 96.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \frac{1 - cosTheta}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

10. Final simplification 96.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + \left(c + 1\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 95.3% accurate, 1.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{1}{c + 1}\\ t_1 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\ \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{t\_0 - \frac{cosTheta}{c + 1}}{cosTheta} + t\_1}{t\_0 \cdot t\_1}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (/ 1.0 (+ c 1.0))) (t_1 (sqrt (PI))))
   (/
    1.0
    (/ (+ (/ (- t_0 (/ cosTheta (+ c 1.0))) cosTheta) t_1) (* t_0 t_1)))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. flip3-+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}}} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. associate-*l/ N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{{\left(e^{cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c} + \frac{1}{1 + c}}{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c} + \frac{1}{1 + c}}{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + c} + -1 \cdot \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\frac{1}{1 + c} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}\right)\right)}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   4. unsub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + c} - \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + c} - \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   6. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + c}} - \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   7. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{c + 1}} - \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   8. lower-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{c + 1}} - \frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   9. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\frac{1}{c + 1} - \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta}{1 + c}}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   10. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\frac{1}{c + 1} - \frac{cosTheta}{\color{blue}{c + 1}}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   11. lower-+.f32 96.5

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{\frac{1}{c + 1} - \frac{cosTheta}{\color{blue}{c + 1}}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{c + 1} - \frac{cosTheta}{c + 1}}{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

8. Final simplification 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{\frac{1}{c + 1} - \frac{cosTheta}{c + 1}}{cosTheta} + \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 95.3% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{1}{c + 1}\\ t_1 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\ \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{cosTheta} \cdot t\_0 + t\_1}{t\_0 \cdot t\_1}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (/ 1.0 (+ c 1.0))) (t_1 (sqrt (PI))))
   (/ 1.0 (/ (+ (* (/ (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta) t_0) t_1) (* t_0 t_1)))))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   2. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + c\right)} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   3. flip3-+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   4. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}}} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   5. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}} \]

   6. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}\right)} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   8. lift-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \left(\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   9. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

   10. associate-*l/ N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 \cdot 1 + \left(c \cdot c - 1 \cdot c\right)}{{1}^{3} + {c}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta} \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}} \]

4. Applied rewrites 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \frac{\frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{{\left(e^{cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta}{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 + -1 \cdot cosTheta}{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   2. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \frac{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(cosTheta\right)\right)}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   3. unsub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

   4. lower--.f32 96.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 96.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} + \frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{cosTheta}}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]

8. Final simplification 96.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\frac{1 - cosTheta}{cosTheta} \cdot \frac{1}{c + 1} + \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{\frac{1}{c + 1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 92.8% accurate, 11.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 (* (sqrt (PI)) cosTheta))

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \]

   3. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot cosTheta \]

   4. lower-PI.f32 94.3

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot cosTheta \]

5. Applied rewrites 94.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot cosTheta} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 5.0% accurate, 15.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{c} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 (/ 1.0 c))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / c;
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0 / c
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / c)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / c;
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 98.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in c around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{c}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-/.f32 5.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{c}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 5.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{c}} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024249 
(FPCore (cosTheta c)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, normalization factor"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (< 0.0 cosTheta) (< cosTheta 0.9999)) (and (< -1.0 c) (< c 1.0)))
  (/ 1.0 (+ (+ 1.0 c) (* (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (PI))) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta)) (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))