
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
return acos((1.0 - x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}
def code(x): return math.acos((1.0 - x))
function code(x) return acos(Float64(1.0 - x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos((1.0 - x)); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 8 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
return acos((1.0 - x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}
def code(x): return math.acos((1.0 - x))
function code(x) return acos(Float64(1.0 - x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos((1.0 - x)); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (asin (- 1.0 x)))
(t_1 (fma (* 0.25 (PI)) (PI) (pow t_0 2.0)))
(t_2 (fma 0.5 (PI) t_0)))
(-
(/ (pow (/ (* 0.25 (* (PI) (PI))) t_2) 2.0) (* t_1 (pow t_2 -1.0)))
(/ (/ (pow t_0 4.0) t_2) t_1))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), {t\_0}^{2}\right)\\
t_2 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_0\right)\\
\frac{{\left(\frac{0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{t\_2}\right)}^{2}}{t\_1 \cdot {t\_2}^{-1}} - \frac{\frac{{t\_0}^{4}}{t\_2}}{t\_1}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
div-subN/A
lower--.f64N/A
Applied rewrites6.8%
lift--.f64N/A
flip--N/A
div-subN/A
Applied rewrites10.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
associate-/r*N/A
sub-negN/A
mul-1-negN/A
sub-negN/A
mul-1-negN/A
sub-negN/A
mul-1-negN/A
lower-/.f64N/A
Applied rewrites10.5%
Final simplification10.5%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* (PI) (PI)))
(t_1 (asin (- 1.0 x)))
(t_2 (pow t_1 2.0))
(t_3 (fma (PI) 0.5 t_1)))
(-
(/ (* (pow (/ (* 0.25 t_0) t_3) 2.0) t_3) (fma t_0 0.25 t_2))
(/ (/ (pow t_1 4.0) (fma 0.5 (PI) t_1)) (fma (* 0.25 (PI)) (PI) t_2)))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\\
t_1 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
t_2 := {t\_1}^{2}\\
t_3 := \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 0.5, t\_1\right)\\
\frac{{\left(\frac{0.25 \cdot t\_0}{t\_3}\right)}^{2} \cdot t\_3}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, 0.25, t\_2\right)} - \frac{\frac{{t\_1}^{4}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_1\right)}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25 \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_2\right)}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
div-subN/A
lower--.f64N/A
Applied rewrites6.8%
lift--.f64N/A
flip--N/A
div-subN/A
Applied rewrites10.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
associate-/r*N/A
sub-negN/A
mul-1-negN/A
sub-negN/A
mul-1-negN/A
sub-negN/A
mul-1-negN/A
lower-/.f64N/A
Applied rewrites10.5%
Applied rewrites10.5%
Final simplification10.5%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (/ 2.0 (PI)))
(t_1 (asin (- 1.0 x)))
(t_2 (sqrt (PI)))
(t_3 (fma 0.5 (PI) t_1)))
(/
(fma
(/ (fma 2.0 t_1 (PI)) t_2)
t_2
(* (- t_3 (* (acos (- 1.0 x)) (fma t_0 t_1 1.0))) -2.0))
(* (* t_0 t_3) 2.0))))\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{2}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
t_1 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
t_2 := \sqrt{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\\
t_3 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), t\_1\right)\\
\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, t\_1, \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}{t\_2}, t\_2, \left(t\_3 - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, t\_1, 1\right)\right) \cdot -2\right)}{\left(t\_0 \cdot t\_3\right) \cdot 2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
asin-acosN/A
clear-numN/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
frac-subN/A
frac-subN/A
lower-/.f64N/A
Applied rewrites6.8%
lift-*.f64N/A
*-commutativeN/A
lift-*.f64N/A
lift-/.f64N/A
associate-*l/N/A
associate-*l/N/A
lower-/.f64N/A
lower-*.f64N/A
lower-*.f646.8
Applied rewrites6.8%
Applied rewrites10.5%
Final simplification10.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (- 1.0 x) 0.9999999999771291) (acos (- 1.0 x)) (fma (/ 2.0 (PI)) (* 0.25 (* (PI) (PI))) (- (asin 1.0)))))
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;1 - x \leq 0.9999999999771291:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right), -\sin^{-1} 1\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) < 0.999999999977129073Initial program 72.9%
if 0.999999999977129073 < (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) Initial program 3.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
Applied rewrites3.9%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
sub-negN/A
Applied rewrites7.6%
Final simplification10.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (fma (/ 2.0 (PI)) (* 0.25 (* (PI) (PI))) (- (asin (- 1.0 x)))))
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 0.25 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right), -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 6.8%
lift-acos.f64N/A
acos-asinN/A
flip--N/A
div-subN/A
lower--.f64N/A
Applied rewrites6.8%
lift--.f64N/A
lift-/.f64N/A
lift-/.f64N/A
sub-divN/A
Applied rewrites10.4%
Final simplification10.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (- 1.0 x) 0.9999999999771291) (acos (- 1.0 x)) (acos (- x))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999771291) {
tmp = acos((1.0 - x));
} else {
tmp = acos(-x);
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((1.0d0 - x) <= 0.9999999999771291d0) then
tmp = acos((1.0d0 - x))
else
tmp = acos(-x)
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999771291) {
tmp = Math.acos((1.0 - x));
} else {
tmp = Math.acos(-x);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999771291: tmp = math.acos((1.0 - x)) else: tmp = math.acos(-x) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999771291) tmp = acos(Float64(1.0 - x)); else tmp = acos(Float64(-x)); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((1.0 - x) <= 0.9999999999771291) tmp = acos((1.0 - x)); else tmp = acos(-x); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision], 0.9999999999771291], N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcCos[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;1 - x \leq 0.9999999999771291:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) < 0.999999999977129073Initial program 72.9%
if 0.999999999977129073 < (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x) Initial program 3.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.6
Applied rewrites6.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- x)))
double code(double x) {
return acos(-x);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos(-x)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos(-x);
}
def code(x): return math.acos(-x)
function code(x) return acos(Float64(-x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos(-x); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} \left(-x\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 6.8%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
lower-neg.f646.9
Applied rewrites6.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos 1.0))
double code(double x) {
return acos(1.0);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = acos(1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.acos(1.0);
}
def code(x): return math.acos(1.0)
function code(x) return acos(1.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = acos(1.0); end
code[x_] := N[ArcCos[1.0], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos^{-1} 1
\end{array}
Initial program 6.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
Applied rewrites3.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ x 2.0)))))
double code(double x) {
return 2.0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 2.0d0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt((x / 2.0)));
}
def code(x): return 2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt((x / 2.0)))
function code(x) return Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(x / 2.0)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 2.0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0))); end
code[x_] := N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(x / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{x}{2}}\right)
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024244
(FPCore (x)
:name "bug323 (missed optimization)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (<= 0.0 x) (<= x 0.5))
:alt
(! :herbie-platform default (* 2 (asin (sqrt (/ x 2)))))
(acos (- 1.0 x)))