Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (24)

Percentage Accurate: 74.0% → 98.2%

Time: 8.9s

Alternatives: 11

Speedup: 5.5×

• 60.5% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (+
   (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
   (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a)))))
  1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0d0 + a))))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 - a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(3.0 + a))))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 74.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (+
   (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
   (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a)))))
  1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0d0 + a))))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 - a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(3.0 + a))))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 98.2% accurate, 3.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 10^{-20}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 1e-20)
   (fma (fma (- a 4.0) a 4.0) (* a a) -1.0)
   (fma (fma b b (fma a (fma 2.0 a 4.0) 12.0)) (* b b) -1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e-20) {
		tmp = fma(fma((a - 4.0), a, 4.0), (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma(fma(b, b, fma(a, fma(2.0, a, 4.0), 12.0)), (b * b), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 1e-20)
		tmp = fma(fma(Float64(a - 4.0), a, 4.0), Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = fma(fma(b, b, fma(a, fma(2.0, a, 4.0), 12.0)), Float64(b * b), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 1e-20], N[(N[(N[(a - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(b * b + N[(a * N[(2.0 * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + 12.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 9.99999999999999945e-21

   1. Initial program 89.3%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 89.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4 + a \cdot \left(a - 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 99.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 9.99999999999999945e-21 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 65.1%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, -1\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, -1\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 69.2% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(\left(3 + a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \left(1 - a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot 4 + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} \leq 0.5:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (+
       (* (+ (* (+ 3.0 a) (* b b)) (* (- 1.0 a) (* a a))) 4.0)
       (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0))
      0.5)
   (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0)
   (* (* a a) (* a a))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((((((3.0 + a) * (b * b)) + ((1.0 - a) * (a * a))) * 4.0) + pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0)) <= 0.5) {
		tmp = fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * (a * a);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(3.0 + a) * Float64(b * b)) + Float64(Float64(1.0 - a) * Float64(a * a))) * 4.0) + (Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0)) <= 0.5)
		tmp = fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a * a));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.5], N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (+.f64 (pow.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a a) (*.f64 b b)) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 a a) (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) a)) (*.f64 (*.f64 b b) (+.f64 #s(literal 3 binary64) a))))) < 0.5

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 98.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 0.5 < (+.f64 (pow.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a a) (*.f64 b b)) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 a a) (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) a)) (*.f64 (*.f64 b b) (+.f64 #s(literal 3 binary64) a)))))

   1. Initial program 67.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} \]

      3. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} \]

      4. unpow3 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right)} \cdot a \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]

      6. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot a\right)} \cdot a \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]

      8. lower-*.f64 53.4

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \cdot a\right) \cdot a \]

   5. Applied rewrites 53.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot a} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Applied rewrites 53.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 69.1%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(\left(3 + a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \left(1 - a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right) \cdot 4 + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} \leq 0.5:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.0% accurate, 3.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right)\\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 3, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(t\_0, t\_0, -1\right)\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (fma b b (* a a)))) (fma (* (* b b) 3.0) 4.0 (fma t_0 t_0 -1.0))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = fma(b, b, (a * a));
	return fma(((b * b) * 3.0), 4.0, fma(t_0, t_0, -1.0));
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = fma(b, b, Float64(a * a))
	return fma(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 3.0), 4.0, fma(t_0, t_0, -1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(b * b + N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 3.0), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0 + N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 78.5%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1} \]

   2. lift-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

   4. associate--l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) + \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} - 1\right)} \]

   5. lift-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)} + \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} - 1\right) \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right) \cdot 4} + \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} - 1\right) \]

   7. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right), 4, {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} - 1\right)} \]

4. Applied rewrites 79.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot a, a, \left(\left(3 + a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{3 \cdot {b}^{2}}, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{3 \cdot {b}^{2}}, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   2. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(3 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. lower-*.f64 99.2

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(3 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{3 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right) \]

8. Final simplification 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 3, 4, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 97.7% accurate, 3.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-9}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 5e-9)
   (fma (fma (- a 4.0) a 4.0) (* a a) -1.0)
   (* (fma (fma 2.0 a 4.0) a (fma b b 12.0)) (* b b))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e-9) {
		tmp = fma(fma((a - 4.0), a, 4.0), (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma(fma(2.0, a, 4.0), a, fma(b, b, 12.0)) * (b * b);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 5e-9)
		tmp = fma(fma(Float64(a - 4.0), a, 4.0), Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(fma(fma(2.0, a, 4.0), a, fma(b, b, 12.0)) * Float64(b * b));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 5e-9], N[(N[(N[(a - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(2.0 * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * a + N[(b * b + 12.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 5.0000000000000001e-9

   1. Initial program 89.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 89.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.6

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4 + a \cdot \left(a - 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 99.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 5.0000000000000001e-9 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 64.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(12 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}} + \frac{a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot a\right)}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 98.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), \frac{a}{b \cdot b}, \frac{12}{b \cdot b} + 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \left(12 + \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)}\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 98.8%

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), a, 12\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

   12. Taylor expanded in b around 0

       \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \left(12 + \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)}\right) \]
   13. Step-by-step derivation

   14. Applied rewrites 98.9%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right)\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 97.7% accurate, 3.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-9}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), a, 12\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 5e-9)
   (fma (fma (- a 4.0) a 4.0) (* a a) -1.0)
   (* (* (fma b b (fma (fma 2.0 a 4.0) a 12.0)) b) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e-9) {
		tmp = fma(fma((a - 4.0), a, 4.0), (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = (fma(b, b, fma(fma(2.0, a, 4.0), a, 12.0)) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 5e-9)
		tmp = fma(fma(Float64(a - 4.0), a, 4.0), Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(fma(b, b, fma(fma(2.0, a, 4.0), a, 12.0)) * b) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 5e-9], N[(N[(N[(a - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b + N[(N[(2.0 * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * a + 12.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 5.0000000000000001e-9

   1. Initial program 89.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 89.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.6

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4 + a \cdot \left(a - 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 99.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 5.0000000000000001e-9 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 64.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto {b}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(12 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}} + \frac{a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot a\right)}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 98.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), \frac{a}{b \cdot b}, \frac{12}{b \cdot b} + 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \left(12 + \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)}\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 98.8%

       \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), a, 12\right)\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 94.1% accurate, 4.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 10^{+17}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 1e+17)
   (fma (fma (- a 4.0) a 4.0) (* a a) -1.0)
   (fma (* b b) (fma b b 12.0) -1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e+17) {
		tmp = fma(fma((a - 4.0), a, 4.0), (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma((b * b), fma(b, b, 12.0), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 1e+17)
		tmp = fma(fma(Float64(a - 4.0), a, 4.0), Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), fma(b, b, 12.0), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 1e+17], N[(N[(N[(a - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b + 12.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 1e17

   1. Initial program 88.2%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 89.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.6

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4 + a \cdot \left(a - 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 99.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(a - 4, a, 4\right), \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 1e17 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 65.7%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(12 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} + 12\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 12\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      7. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, {b}^{2} + 12, -1\right)} \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {b}^{2} + 12, -1\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {b}^{2} + 12, -1\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 12, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 92.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right)}, -1\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 92.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right), -1\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 93.2% accurate, 5.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 10^{+17}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 1e+17)
   (fma (* a a) (* a a) -1.0)
   (fma (* b b) (fma b b 12.0) -1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e+17) {
		tmp = fma((a * a), (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma((b * b), fma(b, b, 12.0), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 1e+17)
		tmp = fma(Float64(a * a), Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), fma(b, b, 12.0), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 1e+17], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b + 12.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 1e17

   1. Initial program 88.2%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 89.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.6

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 98.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 1e17 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 65.7%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(12 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(12 + {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} + 12\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 12\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      7. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, {b}^{2} + 12, -1\right)} \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {b}^{2} + 12, -1\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {b}^{2} + 12, -1\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 12, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 92.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right)}, -1\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 92.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 12\right), -1\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 93.3% accurate, 5.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 10^{+17}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 1e+17) (fma (* a a) (* a a) -1.0) (* (* (* b b) b) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e+17) {
		tmp = fma((a * a), (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 1e+17)
		tmp = fma(Float64(a * a), Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * b) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 1e+17], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 1e17

   1. Initial program 88.2%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 89.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 99.6

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 98.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 1e17 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 65.7%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} \]

      3. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b \]

      5. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot b\right)} \cdot b \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot b\right)} \cdot b \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

      9. lower-*.f64 92.4

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

   5. Applied rewrites 92.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 67.1% accurate, 7.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 250000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b 250000000.0) (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0) (* (* (* b b) b) b)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 250000000.0) {
		tmp = fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = ((b * b) * b) * b;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 250000000.0)
		tmp = fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * b) * b);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 250000000.0], N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 2.5e8

   1. Initial program 81.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      2. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      4. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 92.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      12. lower--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      16. lower-*.f64 81.4

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 81.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Applied rewrites 66.2%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]

   if 2.5e8 < b

   1. Initial program 66.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} \]

      3. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b \]

      5. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot b\right)} \cdot b \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot b\right)} \cdot b \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

      9. lower-*.f64 91.6

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot b\right) \cdot b \]

   5. Applied rewrites 91.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot b} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 51.4% accurate, 12.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0)
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 78.5%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   2. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

   4. associate--l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

   6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 94.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   5. pow-sqr N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

   10. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   12. lower--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   16. lower-*.f64 69.4

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

8. Applied rewrites 69.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

11. Applied rewrites 56.0%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a} \cdot a, -1\right) \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 24.4% accurate, 155.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 -1.0)

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = -1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return -1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return -1.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = -1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := -1.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 78.5%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   2. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right)}\right) - 1 \]

   4. associate--l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right) \]

   6. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(4 \cdot \left(3 + a\right) + {b}^{2}\right), {b}^{2}, \left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 94.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, 4\right), 12\right)\right), b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   5. pow-sqr N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

   10. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - a\right) \cdot 4} + {a}^{2}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   11. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, {a}^{2}\right)}, {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   12. lower--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - a}, 4, {a}^{2}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   14. lower-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}\right), {a}^{2}, -1\right) \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   16. lower-*.f64 69.4

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

8. Applied rewrites 69.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - a, 4, a \cdot a\right), a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto -1 \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

11. Applied rewrites 34.6%

    \[\leadsto -1 \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024240 
(FPCore (a b)
  :name "Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (24)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a))))) 1.0))