Ian Simplification

Percentage Accurate: 6.9% → 8.4%

Time: 15.3s

Alternatives: 5

Speedup: 1.1×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 x) 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI / 2.0) - (2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - x) / 2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 6.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 x) 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI / 2.0) - (2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) - Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - x) / 2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (pi / 2.0) - (2.0 * asin(sqrt(((1.0 - x) / 2.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 8.4% accurate, 0.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\\ t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, t\_0, -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)\\ \left(t\_1 \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right) - t\_1 \cdot {\left(-2 \cdot t\_0\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot {t\_1}^{-2} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (acos (sqrt (fma -0.5 x 0.5)))) (t_1 (fma -2.0 t_0 (* -0.5 PI))))
   (*
    (- (* t_1 (* 0.25 (* PI PI))) (* t_1 (pow (* -2.0 t_0) 2.0)))
    (pow t_1 -2.0))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)));
	double t_1 = fma(-2.0, t_0, (-0.5 * ((double) M_PI)));
	return ((t_1 * (0.25 * (((double) M_PI) * ((double) M_PI)))) - (t_1 * pow((-2.0 * t_0), 2.0))) * pow(t_1, -2.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))
	t_1 = fma(-2.0, t_0, Float64(-0.5 * pi))
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(t_1 * Float64(0.25 * Float64(pi * pi))) - Float64(t_1 * (Float64(-2.0 * t_0) ^ 2.0))) * (t_1 ^ -2.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[ArcCos[N[Sqrt[N[(-0.5 * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(-2.0 * t$95$0 + N[(-0.5 * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[(t$95$1 * N[(0.25 * N[(Pi * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(t$95$1 * N[Power[N[(-2.0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[t$95$1, -2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 7.5%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. asin-acos N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   4. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   5. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-neg.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   11. lower-acos.f64 8.6

       \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\color{blue}{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   12. lift-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. lift--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. div-sub N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   18. div-inv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   19. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   20. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   21. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   22. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{-2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   23. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   24. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]

   3. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. distribute-rgt-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + -1\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

9. Applied rewrites 8.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{0.25 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} - \color{blue}{\frac{4 \cdot {\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)}} \]

11. Applied rewrites 8.7%

    \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), \pi \cdot -0.5\right) \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right) - \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), \pi \cdot -0.5\right) \cdot {\left(-2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), \pi \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}^{-2}} \]

12. Final simplification 8.7%

    \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), -0.5 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(0.25 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right) - \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), -0.5 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot {\left(-2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot {\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{-2} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 8.4% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\\ t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, t\_0, -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)\\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.25, \frac{\pi}{t\_1}, \frac{{t\_0}^{2} \cdot -4}{t\_1}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (acos (sqrt (fma -0.5 x 0.5)))) (t_1 (fma -2.0 t_0 (* -0.5 PI))))
   (fma (* PI 0.25) (/ PI t_1) (/ (* (pow t_0 2.0) -4.0) t_1))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)));
	double t_1 = fma(-2.0, t_0, (-0.5 * ((double) M_PI)));
	return fma((((double) M_PI) * 0.25), (((double) M_PI) / t_1), ((pow(t_0, 2.0) * -4.0) / t_1));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))
	t_1 = fma(-2.0, t_0, Float64(-0.5 * pi))
	return fma(Float64(pi * 0.25), Float64(pi / t_1), Float64(Float64((t_0 ^ 2.0) * -4.0) / t_1))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[ArcCos[N[Sqrt[N[(-0.5 * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(-2.0 * t$95$0 + N[(-0.5 * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(Pi * 0.25), $MachinePrecision] * N[(Pi / t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[Power[t$95$0, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * -4.0), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 7.5%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. asin-acos N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   4. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   5. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-neg.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   11. lower-acos.f64 8.6

       \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\color{blue}{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   12. lift-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. lift--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. div-sub N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   18. div-inv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   19. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   20. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   21. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   22. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{-2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   23. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   24. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]

   3. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. distribute-rgt-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + -1\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

9. Applied rewrites 8.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{0.25 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} - \color{blue}{\frac{4 \cdot {\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)}} \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

11. Applied rewrites 8.7%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.25 \cdot \pi, \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), \pi \cdot -0.5\right)}}, \frac{{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot -4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), \pi \cdot -0.5\right)}\right) \]

12. Final simplification 8.7%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.25, \frac{\pi}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)}, \frac{{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot -4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 8.4% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\\ \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, \pi \cdot \pi, {t\_0}^{2} \cdot -4\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, t\_0, -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (acos (sqrt (fma -0.5 x 0.5)))))
   (/ (fma 0.25 (* PI PI) (* (pow t_0 2.0) -4.0)) (fma -2.0 t_0 (* -0.5 PI)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)));
	return fma(0.25, (((double) M_PI) * ((double) M_PI)), (pow(t_0, 2.0) * -4.0)) / fma(-2.0, t_0, (-0.5 * ((double) M_PI)));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))
	return Float64(fma(0.25, Float64(pi * pi), Float64((t_0 ^ 2.0) * -4.0)) / fma(-2.0, t_0, Float64(-0.5 * pi)))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[ArcCos[N[Sqrt[N[(-0.5 * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(0.25 * N[(Pi * Pi), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[t$95$0, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * -4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(-2.0 * t$95$0 + N[(-0.5 * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 7.5%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. asin-acos N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   4. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   5. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-neg.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   11. lower-acos.f64 8.6

       \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\color{blue}{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   12. lift-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. lift--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. div-sub N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   18. div-inv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   19. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   20. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   21. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   22. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{-2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   23. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   24. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]

   3. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. distribute-rgt-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + -1\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

9. Applied rewrites 8.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{0.25 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} - \color{blue}{\frac{4 \cdot {\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \pi, -2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)}} \]

11. Applied rewrites 8.6%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, \pi \cdot \pi, {\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot -4\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), \pi \cdot -0.5\right)}} \]

12. Final simplification 8.6%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25, \pi \cdot \pi, {\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)}^{2} \cdot -4\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right), -0.5 \cdot \pi\right)} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 8.4% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma PI -0.5 (* 2.0 (acos (sqrt (fma -0.5 x 0.5))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(((double) M_PI), -0.5, (2.0 * acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(pi, -0.5, Float64(2.0 * acos(sqrt(fma(-0.5, x, 0.5)))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(Pi * -0.5 + N[(2.0 * N[ArcCos[N[Sqrt[N[(-0.5 * x + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 7.5%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. asin-acos N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   4. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   5. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-neg.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   11. lower-acos.f64 8.6

       \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\color{blue}{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   12. lift-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. lift--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. div-sub N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   18. div-inv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   19. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   20. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   21. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   22. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{-2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   23. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   24. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]

   3. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. distribute-rgt-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + -1\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 5.4% accurate, 1.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (fma PI -0.5 (* 2.0 (acos (sqrt 0.5)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma(((double) M_PI), -0.5, (2.0 * acos(sqrt(0.5))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(pi, -0.5, Float64(2.0 * acos(sqrt(0.5))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(Pi * -0.5 + N[(2.0 * N[ArcCos[N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 7.5%

   \[\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-asin.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)} \]

   2. asin-acos N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-PI.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   4. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right) \]

   5. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lift-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. lower-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-neg.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   11. lower-acos.f64 8.6

       \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\color{blue}{\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - x}{2}}\right)}\right) \]

   12. lift-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1 - x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. lift--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{1 - x}}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. div-sub N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{x}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{x}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   18. div-inv N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   19. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   20. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   21. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   22. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{-2}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   23. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{x \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}} + \frac{1}{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   24. lower-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}{2} - 2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right)\right) \]

4. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, 0.5, -\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, -0.5, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - 2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right) \]

   3. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{-1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. distribute-rgt-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + -1\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2}} + -2 \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot x}\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Applied rewrites 8.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, x, 0.5\right)}\right)\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right), \frac{-1}{2}, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\right)\right) \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

10. Applied rewrites 5.2%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, -0.5, 2 \cdot \cos^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5}\right)\right) \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 100.0% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin^{-1} x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (asin x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return asin(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = asin(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.asin(x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.asin(x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return asin(x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = asin(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[ArcSin[x], $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024237 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Ian Simplification"
  :precision binary64

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform default (asin x))

  (- (/ PI 2.0) (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 x) 2.0))))))