Octave 3.8, oct_fill_randg

Percentage Accurate: 99.8% → 99.8%
Time: 11.5s
Alternatives: 12
Speedup: 2.4×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\ t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (- a (/ 1.0 3.0))))
   (* t_0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (* 9.0 t_0))) rand)))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
real(8) function code(a, rand)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: rand
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = a - (1.0d0 / 3.0d0)
    code = t_0 * (1.0d0 + ((1.0d0 / sqrt((9.0d0 * t_0))) * rand))
end function
public static double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / Math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
def code(a, rand):
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0)
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand))
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = Float64(a - Float64(1.0 / 3.0))
	return Float64(t_0 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(9.0 * t_0))) * rand)))
end
function tmp = code(a, rand)
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	tmp = t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a - N[(1.0 / 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(t$95$0 * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(9.0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\
t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 12 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\ t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (- a (/ 1.0 3.0))))
   (* t_0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (* 9.0 t_0))) rand)))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
real(8) function code(a, rand)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: rand
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = a - (1.0d0 / 3.0d0)
    code = t_0 * (1.0d0 + ((1.0d0 / sqrt((9.0d0 * t_0))) * rand))
end function
public static double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / Math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
def code(a, rand):
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0)
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand))
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = Float64(a - Float64(1.0 / 3.0))
	return Float64(t_0 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(9.0 * t_0))) * rand)))
end
function tmp = code(a, rand)
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	tmp = t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a - N[(1.0 / 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(t$95$0 * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(9.0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\
t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.8% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (fma
  (/ (+ a -0.3333333333333333) (sqrt (fma 9.0 a -3.0)))
  rand
  (+ a -0.3333333333333333)))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	return fma(((a + -0.3333333333333333) / sqrt(fma(9.0, a, -3.0))), rand, (a + -0.3333333333333333));
}
function code(a, rand)
	return fma(Float64(Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333) / sqrt(fma(9.0, a, -3.0))), rand, Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333))
end
code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[(N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[N[(9.0 * a + -3.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand + N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.8%

    \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. lift-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
    2. lift-+.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
    3. +-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
    4. distribute-lft-inN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
    5. *-lft-identityN/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot rand\right)}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
    6. lower-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
    7. associate-*r*N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
    8. *-rgt-identityN/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right) + \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
    9. lower-fma.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}, 1 \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
  4. Applied rewrites99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 92.0% accurate, 2.1× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a}\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -7.5 \cdot 10^{+74}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 4.9 \cdot 10^{+89}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* rand (sqrt a)))))
   (if (<= rand -7.5e+74)
     t_0
     (if (<= rand 4.9e+89) (fma a (/ -0.3333333333333333 a) a) t_0))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = 0.3333333333333333 * (rand * sqrt(a));
	double tmp;
	if (rand <= -7.5e+74) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (rand <= 4.9e+89) {
		tmp = fma(a, (-0.3333333333333333 / a), a);
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(rand * sqrt(a)))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (rand <= -7.5e+74)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (rand <= 4.9e+89)
		tmp = fma(a, Float64(-0.3333333333333333 / a), a);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(rand * N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[rand, -7.5e+74], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[rand, 4.9e+89], N[(a * N[(-0.3333333333333333 / a), $MachinePrecision] + a), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a}\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -7.5 \cdot 10^{+74}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\

\mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 4.9 \cdot 10^{+89}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if rand < -7.5e74 or 4.89999999999999996e89 < rand

    1. Initial program 99.5%

      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
      2. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
      3. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
      4. distribute-lft-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
      5. *-lft-identityN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot rand\right)}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
      6. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
      7. associate-*r*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
      8. *-rgt-identityN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right) + \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
      9. lower-fma.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}, 1 \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right)} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) + 1\right)} \]
      2. distribute-lft-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + a \cdot 1} \]
      3. *-rgt-identityN/A

        \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + \color{blue}{a} \]
      4. lower-fma.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right), a\right)} \]
      5. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \frac{1}{3}}, a\right) \]
      6. associate-*l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
      7. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
      8. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
      9. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
      10. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
      11. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
      12. lower-*.f6498.1

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)}, a\right) \]
    7. Applied rewrites98.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right), a\right)} \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites98.2%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{0.3333333333333333}, a\right) \]
      2. Taylor expanded in a around 0

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{3} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{a} \cdot rand\right)} \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites90.2%

          \[\leadsto 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a}\right)} \]

        if -7.5e74 < rand < 4.89999999999999996e89

        1. Initial program 99.9%

          \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. sub-negN/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
          2. metadata-evalN/A

            \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
          3. lower-+.f6494.3

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
        5. Applied rewrites94.3%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
        6. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites91.1%

            \[\leadsto \frac{\left(a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot rand}{\color{blue}{rand}} \]
          2. Taylor expanded in a around inf

            \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{a}\right)} \]
          3. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites94.3%

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}}, a\right) \]
          4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
          5. Add Preprocessing

          Alternative 3: 92.0% accurate, 2.1× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := rand \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -7.5 \cdot 10^{+74}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 4.9 \cdot 10^{+89}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
          (FPCore (a rand)
           :precision binary64
           (let* ((t_0 (* rand (* 0.3333333333333333 (sqrt a)))))
             (if (<= rand -7.5e+74)
               t_0
               (if (<= rand 4.9e+89) (fma a (/ -0.3333333333333333 a) a) t_0))))
          double code(double a, double rand) {
          	double t_0 = rand * (0.3333333333333333 * sqrt(a));
          	double tmp;
          	if (rand <= -7.5e+74) {
          		tmp = t_0;
          	} else if (rand <= 4.9e+89) {
          		tmp = fma(a, (-0.3333333333333333 / a), a);
          	} else {
          		tmp = t_0;
          	}
          	return tmp;
          }
          
          function code(a, rand)
          	t_0 = Float64(rand * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * sqrt(a)))
          	tmp = 0.0
          	if (rand <= -7.5e+74)
          		tmp = t_0;
          	elseif (rand <= 4.9e+89)
          		tmp = fma(a, Float64(-0.3333333333333333 / a), a);
          	else
          		tmp = t_0;
          	end
          	return tmp
          end
          
          code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(rand * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[rand, -7.5e+74], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[rand, 4.9e+89], N[(a * N[(-0.3333333333333333 / a), $MachinePrecision] + a), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          
          \\
          \begin{array}{l}
          t_0 := rand \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}\right)\\
          \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -7.5 \cdot 10^{+74}:\\
          \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
          
          \mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 4.9 \cdot 10^{+89}:\\
          \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\
          
          \mathbf{else}:\\
          \;\;\;\;t\_0\\
          
          
          \end{array}
          \end{array}
          
          Derivation
          1. Split input into 2 regimes
          2. if rand < -7.5e74 or 4.89999999999999996e89 < rand

            1. Initial program 99.5%

              \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
            2. Add Preprocessing
            3. Step-by-step derivation
              1. lift-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
              2. lift-+.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
              3. +-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
              4. distribute-lft-inN/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
              5. *-lft-identityN/A

                \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot rand\right)}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
              6. lower-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
              7. associate-*r*N/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
              8. *-rgt-identityN/A

                \[\leadsto \left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right) + \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
              9. lower-fma.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}, 1 \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
            4. Applied rewrites99.7%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
            5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right)} \]
            6. Step-by-step derivation
              1. +-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) + 1\right)} \]
              2. distribute-lft-inN/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + a \cdot 1} \]
              3. *-rgt-identityN/A

                \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + \color{blue}{a} \]
              4. lower-fma.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right), a\right)} \]
              5. *-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \frac{1}{3}}, a\right) \]
              6. associate-*l*N/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
              7. *-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
              8. lower-*.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
              9. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
              10. lower-/.f64N/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
              11. *-commutativeN/A

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
              12. lower-*.f6498.1

                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)}, a\right) \]
            7. Applied rewrites98.1%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right), a\right)} \]
            8. Taylor expanded in a around 0

              \[\leadsto \frac{1}{3} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{a} \cdot rand\right)} \]
            9. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites90.1%

                \[\leadsto rand \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}\right)} \]

              if -7.5e74 < rand < 4.89999999999999996e89

              1. Initial program 99.9%

                \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
              2. Add Preprocessing
              3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
              4. Step-by-step derivation
                1. sub-negN/A

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                2. metadata-evalN/A

                  \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                3. lower-+.f6494.3

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
              5. Applied rewrites94.3%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
              6. Step-by-step derivation
                1. Applied rewrites91.1%

                  \[\leadsto \frac{\left(a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot rand}{\color{blue}{rand}} \]
                2. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                  \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{a}\right)} \]
                3. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites94.3%

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}}, a\right) \]
                4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                5. Add Preprocessing

                Alternative 4: 99.8% accurate, 2.4× speedup?

                \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \end{array} \]
                (FPCore (a rand)
                 :precision binary64
                 (fma
                  (* rand (sqrt (+ a -0.3333333333333333)))
                  0.3333333333333333
                  (+ a -0.3333333333333333)))
                double code(double a, double rand) {
                	return fma((rand * sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333))), 0.3333333333333333, (a + -0.3333333333333333));
                }
                
                function code(a, rand)
                	return fma(Float64(rand * sqrt(Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333))), 0.3333333333333333, Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333))
                end
                
                code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[(rand * N[Sqrt[N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.3333333333333333 + N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                
                \begin{array}{l}
                
                \\
                \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)
                \end{array}
                
                Derivation
                1. Initial program 99.8%

                  \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                2. Add Preprocessing
                3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right)\right) - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                4. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. +-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + a\right)} - \frac{1}{3} \]
                  2. associate--l+N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                  3. associate-*r*N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  4. *-commutativeN/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  5. lower-fma.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                  6. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  7. sub-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  8. metadata-evalN/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  9. lower-+.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  10. lower-*.f64N/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand}, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                  11. sub-negN/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                  12. metadata-evalN/A

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}\right) \]
                  13. lower-+.f6499.8

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333}\right) \]
                5. Applied rewrites99.8%

                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
                6. Step-by-step derivation
                  1. Applied rewrites99.8%

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{0.3333333333333333}, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
                  2. Final simplification99.8%

                    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
                  3. Add Preprocessing

                  Alternative 5: 99.8% accurate, 2.4× speedup?

                  \[\begin{array}{l} \\ a + \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, -0.3333333333333333\right) \end{array} \]
                  (FPCore (a rand)
                   :precision binary64
                   (+
                    a
                    (fma
                     (sqrt (+ a -0.3333333333333333))
                     (* rand 0.3333333333333333)
                     -0.3333333333333333)))
                  double code(double a, double rand) {
                  	return a + fma(sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333)), (rand * 0.3333333333333333), -0.3333333333333333);
                  }
                  
                  function code(a, rand)
                  	return Float64(a + fma(sqrt(Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333)), Float64(rand * 0.3333333333333333), -0.3333333333333333))
                  end
                  
                  code[a_, rand_] := N[(a + N[(N[Sqrt[N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(rand * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                  
                  \begin{array}{l}
                  
                  \\
                  a + \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, -0.3333333333333333\right)
                  \end{array}
                  
                  Derivation
                  1. Initial program 99.8%

                    \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                  2. Add Preprocessing
                  3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right)\right) - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. +-commutativeN/A

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + a\right)} - \frac{1}{3} \]
                    2. associate--l+N/A

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                    3. associate-*r*N/A

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    4. *-commutativeN/A

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    5. lower-fma.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                    6. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    7. sub-negN/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    8. metadata-evalN/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    9. lower-+.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    10. lower-*.f64N/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand}, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                    11. sub-negN/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                    12. metadata-evalN/A

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}\right) \]
                    13. lower-+.f6499.8

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333}\right) \]
                  5. Applied rewrites99.8%

                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
                  6. Step-by-step derivation
                    1. Applied rewrites99.8%

                      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{0.3333333333333333}, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
                    2. Step-by-step derivation
                      1. Applied rewrites99.8%

                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, -0.3333333333333333\right) + \color{blue}{a} \]
                      2. Final simplification99.8%

                        \[\leadsto a + \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
                      3. Add Preprocessing

                      Alternative 6: 99.0% accurate, 2.7× speedup?

                      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \end{array} \]
                      (FPCore (a rand)
                       :precision binary64
                       (fma (sqrt a) (* rand 0.3333333333333333) (+ a -0.3333333333333333)))
                      double code(double a, double rand) {
                      	return fma(sqrt(a), (rand * 0.3333333333333333), (a + -0.3333333333333333));
                      }
                      
                      function code(a, rand)
                      	return fma(sqrt(a), Float64(rand * 0.3333333333333333), Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333))
                      end
                      
                      code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision] * N[(rand * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
                      
                      \begin{array}{l}
                      
                      \\
                      \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)
                      \end{array}
                      
                      Derivation
                      1. Initial program 99.8%

                        \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                      2. Add Preprocessing
                      3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right)\right) - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                      4. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. +-commutativeN/A

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + a\right)} - \frac{1}{3} \]
                        2. associate--l+N/A

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                        3. associate-*r*N/A

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        4. *-commutativeN/A

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        5. lower-fma.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                        6. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        7. sub-negN/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        8. metadata-evalN/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        9. lower-+.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        10. lower-*.f64N/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand}, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
                        11. sub-negN/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]
                        12. metadata-evalN/A

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}\right) \]
                        13. lower-+.f6499.8

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333}\right) \]
                      5. Applied rewrites99.8%

                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
                      6. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a}, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} \cdot rand, a + \frac{-1}{3}\right) \]
                      7. Step-by-step derivation
                        1. Applied rewrites98.9%

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a}, \color{blue}{0.3333333333333333} \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
                        2. Final simplification98.9%

                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a}, rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
                        3. Add Preprocessing

                        Alternative 7: 69.1% accurate, 2.8× speedup?

                        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq 4.1 \cdot 10^{+154}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{a \cdot rand}{rand}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                        (FPCore (a rand)
                         :precision binary64
                         (if (<= rand 4.1e+154)
                           (fma a (/ -0.3333333333333333 a) a)
                           (/ (* a rand) rand)))
                        double code(double a, double rand) {
                        	double tmp;
                        	if (rand <= 4.1e+154) {
                        		tmp = fma(a, (-0.3333333333333333 / a), a);
                        	} else {
                        		tmp = (a * rand) / rand;
                        	}
                        	return tmp;
                        }
                        
                        function code(a, rand)
                        	tmp = 0.0
                        	if (rand <= 4.1e+154)
                        		tmp = fma(a, Float64(-0.3333333333333333 / a), a);
                        	else
                        		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * rand) / rand);
                        	end
                        	return tmp
                        end
                        
                        code[a_, rand_] := If[LessEqual[rand, 4.1e+154], N[(a * N[(-0.3333333333333333 / a), $MachinePrecision] + a), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * rand), $MachinePrecision] / rand), $MachinePrecision]]
                        
                        \begin{array}{l}
                        
                        \\
                        \begin{array}{l}
                        \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq 4.1 \cdot 10^{+154}:\\
                        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\
                        
                        \mathbf{else}:\\
                        \;\;\;\;\frac{a \cdot rand}{rand}\\
                        
                        
                        \end{array}
                        \end{array}
                        
                        Derivation
                        1. Split input into 2 regimes
                        2. if rand < 4.1e154

                          1. Initial program 99.8%

                            \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                          2. Add Preprocessing
                          3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                          4. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. sub-negN/A

                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                            2. metadata-evalN/A

                              \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                            3. lower-+.f6468.0

                              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                          5. Applied rewrites68.0%

                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                          6. Step-by-step derivation
                            1. Applied rewrites63.5%

                              \[\leadsto \frac{\left(a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot rand}{\color{blue}{rand}} \]
                            2. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                              \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{a}\right)} \]
                            3. Step-by-step derivation
                              1. Applied rewrites68.1%

                                \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}}, a\right) \]

                              if 4.1e154 < rand

                              1. Initial program 99.6%

                                \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                              2. Add Preprocessing
                              3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                              4. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. sub-negN/A

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                                2. metadata-evalN/A

                                  \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                                3. lower-+.f645.8

                                  \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                              5. Applied rewrites5.8%

                                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                              6. Step-by-step derivation
                                1. Applied rewrites48.9%

                                  \[\leadsto \frac{\left(a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot rand}{\color{blue}{rand}} \]
                                2. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                                  \[\leadsto \frac{a \cdot rand}{rand} \]
                                3. Step-by-step derivation
                                  1. Applied rewrites48.9%

                                    \[\leadsto \frac{rand \cdot a}{rand} \]
                                4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                5. Final simplification65.2%

                                  \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq 4.1 \cdot 10^{+154}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{-0.3333333333333333}{a}, a\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{a \cdot rand}{rand}\\ \end{array} \]
                                6. Add Preprocessing

                                Alternative 8: 69.1% accurate, 3.0× speedup?

                                \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq 4.1 \cdot 10^{+154}:\\ \;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{a \cdot rand}{rand}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
                                (FPCore (a rand)
                                 :precision binary64
                                 (if (<= rand 4.1e+154) (+ a -0.3333333333333333) (/ (* a rand) rand)))
                                double code(double a, double rand) {
                                	double tmp;
                                	if (rand <= 4.1e+154) {
                                		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
                                	} else {
                                		tmp = (a * rand) / rand;
                                	}
                                	return tmp;
                                }
                                
                                real(8) function code(a, rand)
                                    real(8), intent (in) :: a
                                    real(8), intent (in) :: rand
                                    real(8) :: tmp
                                    if (rand <= 4.1d+154) then
                                        tmp = a + (-0.3333333333333333d0)
                                    else
                                        tmp = (a * rand) / rand
                                    end if
                                    code = tmp
                                end function
                                
                                public static double code(double a, double rand) {
                                	double tmp;
                                	if (rand <= 4.1e+154) {
                                		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
                                	} else {
                                		tmp = (a * rand) / rand;
                                	}
                                	return tmp;
                                }
                                
                                def code(a, rand):
                                	tmp = 0
                                	if rand <= 4.1e+154:
                                		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333
                                	else:
                                		tmp = (a * rand) / rand
                                	return tmp
                                
                                function code(a, rand)
                                	tmp = 0.0
                                	if (rand <= 4.1e+154)
                                		tmp = Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333);
                                	else
                                		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * rand) / rand);
                                	end
                                	return tmp
                                end
                                
                                function tmp_2 = code(a, rand)
                                	tmp = 0.0;
                                	if (rand <= 4.1e+154)
                                		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
                                	else
                                		tmp = (a * rand) / rand;
                                	end
                                	tmp_2 = tmp;
                                end
                                
                                code[a_, rand_] := If[LessEqual[rand, 4.1e+154], N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * rand), $MachinePrecision] / rand), $MachinePrecision]]
                                
                                \begin{array}{l}
                                
                                \\
                                \begin{array}{l}
                                \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq 4.1 \cdot 10^{+154}:\\
                                \;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\
                                
                                \mathbf{else}:\\
                                \;\;\;\;\frac{a \cdot rand}{rand}\\
                                
                                
                                \end{array}
                                \end{array}
                                
                                Derivation
                                1. Split input into 2 regimes
                                2. if rand < 4.1e154

                                  1. Initial program 99.8%

                                    \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                                  2. Add Preprocessing
                                  3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                                    1. sub-negN/A

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                                    2. metadata-evalN/A

                                      \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                                    3. lower-+.f6468.0

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                  5. Applied rewrites68.0%

                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]

                                  if 4.1e154 < rand

                                  1. Initial program 99.6%

                                    \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                                  2. Add Preprocessing
                                  3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                                  4. Step-by-step derivation
                                    1. sub-negN/A

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                                    2. metadata-evalN/A

                                      \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                                    3. lower-+.f645.8

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                  5. Applied rewrites5.8%

                                    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                  6. Step-by-step derivation
                                    1. Applied rewrites48.9%

                                      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot rand}{\color{blue}{rand}} \]
                                    2. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                                      \[\leadsto \frac{a \cdot rand}{rand} \]
                                    3. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. Applied rewrites48.9%

                                        \[\leadsto \frac{rand \cdot a}{rand} \]
                                    4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
                                    5. Final simplification65.2%

                                      \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq 4.1 \cdot 10^{+154}:\\ \;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{a \cdot rand}{rand}\\ \end{array} \]
                                    6. Add Preprocessing

                                    Alternative 9: 98.0% accurate, 3.1× speedup?

                                    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a}, 0.3333333333333333, a\right) \end{array} \]
                                    (FPCore (a rand)
                                     :precision binary64
                                     (fma (* rand (sqrt a)) 0.3333333333333333 a))
                                    double code(double a, double rand) {
                                    	return fma((rand * sqrt(a)), 0.3333333333333333, a);
                                    }
                                    
                                    function code(a, rand)
                                    	return fma(Float64(rand * sqrt(a)), 0.3333333333333333, a)
                                    end
                                    
                                    code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[(rand * N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 0.3333333333333333 + a), $MachinePrecision]
                                    
                                    \begin{array}{l}
                                    
                                    \\
                                    \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a}, 0.3333333333333333, a\right)
                                    \end{array}
                                    
                                    Derivation
                                    1. Initial program 99.8%

                                      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                                    2. Add Preprocessing
                                    3. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. lift-*.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
                                      2. lift-+.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
                                      3. +-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
                                      4. distribute-lft-inN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
                                      5. *-lft-identityN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot rand\right)}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
                                      6. lower-*.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
                                      7. associate-*r*N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
                                      8. *-rgt-identityN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right) + \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                                      9. lower-fma.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}, 1 \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                                    4. Applied rewrites99.8%

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
                                    5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right)} \]
                                    6. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. +-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) + 1\right)} \]
                                      2. distribute-lft-inN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + a \cdot 1} \]
                                      3. *-rgt-identityN/A

                                        \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + \color{blue}{a} \]
                                      4. lower-fma.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right), a\right)} \]
                                      5. *-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \frac{1}{3}}, a\right) \]
                                      6. associate-*l*N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
                                      7. *-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
                                      8. lower-*.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
                                      9. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
                                      10. lower-/.f64N/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
                                      11. *-commutativeN/A

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
                                      12. lower-*.f6497.4

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)}, a\right) \]
                                    7. Applied rewrites97.4%

                                      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right), a\right)} \]
                                    8. Step-by-step derivation
                                      1. Applied rewrites97.5%

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{0.3333333333333333}, a\right) \]
                                      2. Final simplification97.5%

                                        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a}, 0.3333333333333333, a\right) \]
                                      3. Add Preprocessing

                                      Alternative 10: 98.0% accurate, 3.1× speedup?

                                      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, \sqrt{a}, a\right) \end{array} \]
                                      (FPCore (a rand)
                                       :precision binary64
                                       (fma (* rand 0.3333333333333333) (sqrt a) a))
                                      double code(double a, double rand) {
                                      	return fma((rand * 0.3333333333333333), sqrt(a), a);
                                      }
                                      
                                      function code(a, rand)
                                      	return fma(Float64(rand * 0.3333333333333333), sqrt(a), a)
                                      end
                                      
                                      code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[(rand * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision] + a), $MachinePrecision]
                                      
                                      \begin{array}{l}
                                      
                                      \\
                                      \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, \sqrt{a}, a\right)
                                      \end{array}
                                      
                                      Derivation
                                      1. Initial program 99.8%

                                        \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                                      2. Add Preprocessing
                                      3. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. lift-*.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
                                        2. lift-+.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right)} \]
                                        3. +-commutativeN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
                                        4. distribute-lft-inN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
                                        5. *-lft-identityN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot rand\right)}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
                                        6. lower-*.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
                                        7. associate-*r*N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1 \]
                                        8. *-rgt-identityN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot rand\right) + \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                                        9. lower-fma.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}, 1 \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
                                      4. Applied rewrites99.8%

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
                                      5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right)} \]
                                      6. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. +-commutativeN/A

                                          \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) + 1\right)} \]
                                        2. distribute-lft-inN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + a \cdot 1} \]
                                        3. *-rgt-identityN/A

                                          \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right)\right) + \color{blue}{a} \]
                                        4. lower-fma.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right), a\right)} \]
                                        5. *-commutativeN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \frac{1}{3}}, a\right) \]
                                        6. associate-*l*N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
                                        7. *-commutativeN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
                                        8. lower-*.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)}, a\right) \]
                                        9. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
                                        10. lower-/.f64N/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{a}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right), a\right) \]
                                        11. *-commutativeN/A

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot \frac{1}{3}\right)}, a\right) \]
                                        12. lower-*.f6497.4

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)}, a\right) \]
                                      7. Applied rewrites97.4%

                                        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, \sqrt{\frac{1}{a}} \cdot \left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right), a\right)} \]
                                      8. Step-by-step derivation
                                        1. Applied rewrites97.4%

                                          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(rand \cdot 0.3333333333333333, \color{blue}{\sqrt{a}}, a\right) \]
                                        2. Add Preprocessing

                                        Alternative 11: 62.9% accurate, 17.0× speedup?

                                        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ a + -0.3333333333333333 \end{array} \]
                                        (FPCore (a rand) :precision binary64 (+ a -0.3333333333333333))
                                        double code(double a, double rand) {
                                        	return a + -0.3333333333333333;
                                        }
                                        
                                        real(8) function code(a, rand)
                                            real(8), intent (in) :: a
                                            real(8), intent (in) :: rand
                                            code = a + (-0.3333333333333333d0)
                                        end function
                                        
                                        public static double code(double a, double rand) {
                                        	return a + -0.3333333333333333;
                                        }
                                        
                                        def code(a, rand):
                                        	return a + -0.3333333333333333
                                        
                                        function code(a, rand)
                                        	return Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333)
                                        end
                                        
                                        function tmp = code(a, rand)
                                        	tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
                                        end
                                        
                                        code[a_, rand_] := N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]
                                        
                                        \begin{array}{l}
                                        
                                        \\
                                        a + -0.3333333333333333
                                        \end{array}
                                        
                                        Derivation
                                        1. Initial program 99.8%

                                          \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                                        2. Add Preprocessing
                                        3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                                          1. sub-negN/A

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                                          2. metadata-evalN/A

                                            \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                                          3. lower-+.f6458.8

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                        5. Applied rewrites58.8%

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                        6. Add Preprocessing

                                        Alternative 12: 61.9% accurate, 68.0× speedup?

                                        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ a \end{array} \]
                                        (FPCore (a rand) :precision binary64 a)
                                        double code(double a, double rand) {
                                        	return a;
                                        }
                                        
                                        real(8) function code(a, rand)
                                            real(8), intent (in) :: a
                                            real(8), intent (in) :: rand
                                            code = a
                                        end function
                                        
                                        public static double code(double a, double rand) {
                                        	return a;
                                        }
                                        
                                        def code(a, rand):
                                        	return a
                                        
                                        function code(a, rand)
                                        	return a
                                        end
                                        
                                        function tmp = code(a, rand)
                                        	tmp = a;
                                        end
                                        
                                        code[a_, rand_] := a
                                        
                                        \begin{array}{l}
                                        
                                        \\
                                        a
                                        \end{array}
                                        
                                        Derivation
                                        1. Initial program 99.8%

                                          \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
                                        2. Add Preprocessing
                                        3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
                                        4. Step-by-step derivation
                                          1. sub-negN/A

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
                                          2. metadata-evalN/A

                                            \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
                                          3. lower-+.f6458.8

                                            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                        5. Applied rewrites58.8%

                                          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
                                        6. Step-by-step derivation
                                          1. Applied rewrites58.4%

                                            \[\leadsto \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}} \]
                                          2. Taylor expanded in a around -inf

                                            \[\leadsto -1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \]
                                          3. Step-by-step derivation
                                            1. Applied rewrites57.4%

                                              \[\leadsto a \]
                                            2. Add Preprocessing

                                            Reproduce

                                            ?
                                            herbie shell --seed 2024234 
                                            (FPCore (a rand)
                                              :name "Octave 3.8, oct_fill_randg"
                                              :precision binary64
                                              (* (- a (/ 1.0 3.0)) (+ 1.0 (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (* 9.0 (- a (/ 1.0 3.0))))) rand))))