Kahan p9 Example

Percentage Accurate: 68.7% → 92.8%
Time: 8.2s
Alternatives: 4
Speedup: 0.5×

Specification

?
\[\left(0 < x \land x < 1\right) \land y < 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
def code(x, y):
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y)))
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 4 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 68.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
def code(x, y):
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y)))
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 92.8% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;\frac{t\_0}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \leq 2:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{t\_0}{\mathsf{fma}\left(y, y, x \cdot x\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{y}, \frac{x}{y \cdot 0.5}, -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- x y) (+ x y))))
   (if (<= (/ t_0 (+ (* x x) (* y y))) 2.0)
     (/ t_0 (fma y y (* x x)))
     (fma (/ x y) (/ x (* y 0.5)) -1.0))))
double code(double x, double y) {
	double t_0 = (x - y) * (x + y);
	double tmp;
	if ((t_0 / ((x * x) + (y * y))) <= 2.0) {
		tmp = t_0 / fma(y, y, (x * x));
	} else {
		tmp = fma((x / y), (x / (y * 0.5)), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(x, y)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(t_0 / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) <= 2.0)
		tmp = Float64(t_0 / fma(y, y, Float64(x * x)));
	else
		tmp = fma(Float64(x / y), Float64(x / Float64(y * 0.5)), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end
code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(t$95$0 / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], N[(t$95$0 / N[(y * y + N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / N[(y * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;\frac{t\_0}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \leq 2:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t\_0}{\mathsf{fma}\left(y, y, x \cdot x\right)}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{y}, \frac{x}{y \cdot 0.5}, -1\right)\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y))) < 2

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{\color{blue}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}} \]
      2. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{\color{blue}{y \cdot y + x \cdot x}} \]
      3. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{\color{blue}{y \cdot y} + x \cdot x} \]
      4. lower-fma.f64100.0

        \[\leadsto \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(y, y, x \cdot x\right)}} \]
    4. Applied rewrites100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(y, y, x \cdot x\right)}} \]

    if 2 < (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y)))

    1. Initial program 0.0%

      \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} - 1} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]
      2. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} \cdot 2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]
      3. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} \cdot 2 + \color{blue}{-1} \]
      4. associate-*l/N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{x}^{2} \cdot 2}{{y}^{2}}} + -1 \]
      5. associate-*r/N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{2}{{y}^{2}}} + -1 \]
      6. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto {x}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{2 \cdot 1}}{{y}^{2}} + -1 \]
      7. associate-*r/N/A

        \[\leadsto {x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}\right)} + -1 \]
      8. lower-fma.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right)} \]
      9. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      10. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      11. associate-*r/N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 1}{{y}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
      12. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{\color{blue}{2}}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      13. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\frac{2}{{y}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
      14. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{y \cdot y}}, -1\right) \]
      15. lower-*.f6449.3

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{y \cdot y}}, -1\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites49.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{2}{y \cdot y}, -1\right)} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites76.0%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{y}, \color{blue}{\frac{x}{y \cdot 0.5}}, -1\right) \]
    7. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
    8. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 2: 92.3% accurate, 0.3× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\ t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{y}, \frac{x}{y \cdot 0.5}, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -0.5:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 2:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (x y)
     :precision binary64
     (let* ((t_0 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
            (t_1 (fma (/ x y) (/ x (* y 0.5)) -1.0)))
       (if (<= t_0 -0.5) t_1 (if (<= t_0 2.0) 1.0 t_1))))
    double code(double x, double y) {
    	double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
    	double t_1 = fma((x / y), (x / (y * 0.5)), -1.0);
    	double tmp;
    	if (t_0 <= -0.5) {
    		tmp = t_1;
    	} else if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
    		tmp = 1.0;
    	} else {
    		tmp = t_1;
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    function code(x, y)
    	t_0 = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y)))
    	t_1 = fma(Float64(x / y), Float64(x / Float64(y * 0.5)), -1.0)
    	tmp = 0.0
    	if (t_0 <= -0.5)
    		tmp = t_1;
    	elseif (t_0 <= 2.0)
    		tmp = 1.0;
    	else
    		tmp = t_1;
    	end
    	return tmp
    end
    
    code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / N[(y * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, -0.5], t$95$1, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 2.0], 1.0, t$95$1]]]]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    t_0 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
    t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{y}, \frac{x}{y \cdot 0.5}, -1\right)\\
    \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -0.5:\\
    \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
    
    \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 2:\\
    \;\;\;\;1\\
    
    \mathbf{else}:\\
    \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
    
    
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Split input into 2 regimes
    2. if (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y))) < -0.5 or 2 < (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y)))

      1. Initial program 64.1%

        \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} - 1} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. sub-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]
        2. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} \cdot 2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]
        3. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{{x}^{2}}{{y}^{2}} \cdot 2 + \color{blue}{-1} \]
        4. associate-*l/N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{x}^{2} \cdot 2}{{y}^{2}}} + -1 \]
        5. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{2}{{y}^{2}}} + -1 \]
        6. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto {x}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{2 \cdot 1}}{{y}^{2}} + -1 \]
        7. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto {x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}\right)} + -1 \]
        8. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right)} \]
        9. unpow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
        10. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
        11. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 1}{{y}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
        12. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{\color{blue}{2}}{{y}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
        13. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\frac{2}{{y}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
        14. unpow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{y \cdot y}}, -1\right) \]
        15. lower-*.f6480.8

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{y \cdot y}}, -1\right) \]
      5. Applied rewrites80.8%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{2}{y \cdot y}, -1\right)} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites91.4%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{x}{y}, \color{blue}{\frac{x}{y \cdot 0.5}}, -1\right) \]

        if -0.5 < (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y))) < 2

        1. Initial program 100.0%

          \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites100.0%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
        5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        6. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 3: 91.6% accurate, 0.4× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -0.5:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 2:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (let* ((t_0 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y)))))
           (if (<= t_0 -0.5) -1.0 (if (<= t_0 2.0) 1.0 -1.0))))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
        	double tmp;
        	if (t_0 <= -0.5) {
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	} else if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
        		tmp = 1.0;
        	} else {
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        real(8) function code(x, y)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            real(8) :: t_0
            real(8) :: tmp
            t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
            if (t_0 <= (-0.5d0)) then
                tmp = -1.0d0
            else if (t_0 <= 2.0d0) then
                tmp = 1.0d0
            else
                tmp = -1.0d0
            end if
            code = tmp
        end function
        
        public static double code(double x, double y) {
        	double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
        	double tmp;
        	if (t_0 <= -0.5) {
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	} else if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
        		tmp = 1.0;
        	} else {
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        def code(x, y):
        	t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
        	tmp = 0
        	if t_0 <= -0.5:
        		tmp = -1.0
        	elif t_0 <= 2.0:
        		tmp = 1.0
        	else:
        		tmp = -1.0
        	return tmp
        
        function code(x, y)
        	t_0 = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y)))
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (t_0 <= -0.5)
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	elseif (t_0 <= 2.0)
        		tmp = 1.0;
        	else
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
        	t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if (t_0 <= -0.5)
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	elseif (t_0 <= 2.0)
        		tmp = 1.0;
        	else
        		tmp = -1.0;
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, -0.5], -1.0, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 2.0], 1.0, -1.0]]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        t_0 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
        \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq -0.5:\\
        \;\;\;\;-1\\
        
        \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 2:\\
        \;\;\;\;1\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;-1\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y))) < -0.5 or 2 < (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y)))

          1. Initial program 64.1%

            \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites90.1%

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]

            if -0.5 < (/.f64 (*.f64 (-.f64 x y) (+.f64 x y)) (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) (*.f64 y y))) < 2

            1. Initial program 100.0%

              \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
            2. Add Preprocessing
            3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
            4. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites100.0%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
            5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
            6. Add Preprocessing

            Alternative 4: 66.3% accurate, 36.0× speedup?

            \[\begin{array}{l} \\ -1 \end{array} \]
            (FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 -1.0)
            double code(double x, double y) {
            	return -1.0;
            }
            
            real(8) function code(x, y)
                real(8), intent (in) :: x
                real(8), intent (in) :: y
                code = -1.0d0
            end function
            
            public static double code(double x, double y) {
            	return -1.0;
            }
            
            def code(x, y):
            	return -1.0
            
            function code(x, y)
            	return -1.0
            end
            
            function tmp = code(x, y)
            	tmp = -1.0;
            end
            
            code[x_, y_] := -1.0
            
            \begin{array}{l}
            
            \\
            -1
            \end{array}
            
            Derivation
            1. Initial program 72.3%

              \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]
            2. Add Preprocessing
            3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
            4. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites70.1%

                \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
              2. Add Preprocessing

              Developer Target 1: 99.8% accurate, 0.4× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left|\frac{x}{y}\right|\\ \mathbf{if}\;0.5 < t\_0 \land t\_0 < 2:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{2}{1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              (FPCore (x y)
               :precision binary64
               (let* ((t_0 (fabs (/ x y))))
                 (if (and (< 0.5 t_0) (< t_0 2.0))
                   (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y)))
                   (- 1.0 (/ 2.0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))))
              double code(double x, double y) {
              	double t_0 = fabs((x / y));
              	double tmp;
              	if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) {
              		tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
              	} else {
              		tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              real(8) function code(x, y)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                  real(8) :: t_0
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  t_0 = abs((x / y))
                  if ((0.5d0 < t_0) .and. (t_0 < 2.0d0)) then
                      tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
                  else
                      tmp = 1.0d0 - (2.0d0 / (1.0d0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))))
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              public static double code(double x, double y) {
              	double t_0 = Math.abs((x / y));
              	double tmp;
              	if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) {
              		tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
              	} else {
              		tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              def code(x, y):
              	t_0 = math.fabs((x / y))
              	tmp = 0
              	if (0.5 < t_0) and (t_0 < 2.0):
              		tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
              	else:
              		tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))))
              	return tmp
              
              function code(x, y)
              	t_0 = abs(Float64(x / y))
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0))
              		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y)));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(1.0 - Float64(2.0 / Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x / y) * Float64(x / y)))));
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
              	t_0 = abs((x / y));
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0))
              		tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
              	else
              		tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Abs[N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[And[Less[0.5, t$95$0], Less[t$95$0, 2.0]], N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 - N[(2.0 / N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              t_0 := \left|\frac{x}{y}\right|\\
              \mathbf{if}\;0.5 < t\_0 \land t\_0 < 2:\\
              \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{2}{1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}}\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              

              Reproduce

              ?
              herbie shell --seed 2024233 
              (FPCore (x y)
                :name "Kahan p9 Example"
                :precision binary64
                :pre (and (and (< 0.0 x) (< x 1.0)) (< y 1.0))
              
                :alt
                (! :herbie-platform default (if (< 1/2 (fabs (/ x y)) 2) (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))) (- 1 (/ 2 (+ 1 (* (/ x y) (/ x y)))))))
              
                (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))