Logistic regression 2

Percentage Accurate: 99.4% → 99.4%
Time: 8.8s
Alternatives: 11
Speedup: 1.6×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y)))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = log((1.0d0 + exp(x))) - (x * y)
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(x))) - (x * y);
}
def code(x, y):
	return math.log((1.0 + math.exp(x))) - (x * y)
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y))
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 11 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y)))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    code = log((1.0d0 + exp(x))) - (x * y)
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(x))) - (x * y);
}
def code(x, y):
	return math.log((1.0 + math.exp(x))) - (x * y)
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y))
end
function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ y \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{x}\right)}{y} - x\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (* y (- (/ (log1p (exp x)) y) x)))
double code(double x, double y) {
	return y * ((log1p(exp(x)) / y) - x);
}
public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return y * ((Math.log1p(Math.exp(x)) / y) - x);
}
def code(x, y):
	return y * ((math.log1p(math.exp(x)) / y) - x)
function code(x, y)
	return Float64(y * Float64(Float64(log1p(exp(x)) / y) - x))
end
code[x_, y_] := N[(y * N[(N[(N[Log[1 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / y), $MachinePrecision] - x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
y \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{x}\right)}{y} - x\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.6%

    \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{2} - x \cdot y \]
  4. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Applied rewrites87.7%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{2} - x \cdot y \]
    2. Taylor expanded in y around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{y \cdot \left(\frac{\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right)}{y} - x\right)} \]
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{y \cdot \left(\frac{\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right)}{y} - x\right)} \]
      2. lower--.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto y \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right)}{y} - x\right)} \]
      3. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto y \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right)}{y}} - x\right) \]
      4. lower-log1p.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto y \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{x}\right)}}{y} - x\right) \]
      5. lower-exp.f6499.9

        \[\leadsto y \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{e^{x}}\right)}{y} - x\right) \]
    4. Applied rewrites99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{y \cdot \left(\frac{\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{x}\right)}{y} - x\right)} \]
    5. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 2: 97.6% accurate, 0.4× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\ t_1 := -x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5, \log 2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (x y)
     :precision binary64
     (let* ((t_0 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y))) (t_1 (- (* x y))))
       (if (<= t_0 5e-7) t_1 (if (<= t_0 1.0) (fma x 0.5 (log 2.0)) t_1))))
    double code(double x, double y) {
    	double t_0 = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
    	double t_1 = -(x * y);
    	double tmp;
    	if (t_0 <= 5e-7) {
    		tmp = t_1;
    	} else if (t_0 <= 1.0) {
    		tmp = fma(x, 0.5, log(2.0));
    	} else {
    		tmp = t_1;
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    function code(x, y)
    	t_0 = Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y))
    	t_1 = Float64(-Float64(x * y))
    	tmp = 0.0
    	if (t_0 <= 5e-7)
    		tmp = t_1;
    	elseif (t_0 <= 1.0)
    		tmp = fma(x, 0.5, log(2.0));
    	else
    		tmp = t_1;
    	end
    	return tmp
    end
    
    code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision])}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 5e-7], t$95$1, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1.0], N[(x * 0.5 + N[Log[2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], t$95$1]]]]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    t_0 := \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\
    t_1 := -x \cdot y\\
    \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\
    \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
    
    \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 1:\\
    \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5, \log 2\right)\\
    
    \mathbf{else}:\\
    \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
    
    
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Split input into 2 regimes
    2. if (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y)) < 4.99999999999999977e-7 or 1 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y))

      1. Initial program 99.2%

        \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. mul-1-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
        2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
        3. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
        4. lower-neg.f6498.4

          \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
      5. Applied rewrites98.4%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

      if 4.99999999999999977e-7 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y)) < 1

      1. Initial program 100.0%

        \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right)} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right) + \log 2} \]
        2. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{2} - y, \log 2\right)} \]
        3. lower--.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - y}, \log 2\right) \]
        4. lower-log.f6498.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \color{blue}{\log 2}\right) \]
      5. Applied rewrites98.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \log 2\right)} \]
      6. Taylor expanded in y around 0

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{2}, \log 2\right) \]
      7. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites98.4%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5, \log 2\right) \]
      8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      9. Final simplification98.4%

        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5, \log 2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \end{array} \]
      10. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 3: 97.6% accurate, 0.4× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\ t_1 := -x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{log1p}\left(1 + x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (x y)
       :precision binary64
       (let* ((t_0 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y))) (t_1 (- (* x y))))
         (if (<= t_0 5e-7) t_1 (if (<= t_0 1.0) (log1p (+ 1.0 x)) t_1))))
      double code(double x, double y) {
      	double t_0 = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
      	double t_1 = -(x * y);
      	double tmp;
      	if (t_0 <= 5e-7) {
      		tmp = t_1;
      	} else if (t_0 <= 1.0) {
      		tmp = log1p((1.0 + x));
      	} else {
      		tmp = t_1;
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      public static double code(double x, double y) {
      	double t_0 = Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(x))) - (x * y);
      	double t_1 = -(x * y);
      	double tmp;
      	if (t_0 <= 5e-7) {
      		tmp = t_1;
      	} else if (t_0 <= 1.0) {
      		tmp = Math.log1p((1.0 + x));
      	} else {
      		tmp = t_1;
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      def code(x, y):
      	t_0 = math.log((1.0 + math.exp(x))) - (x * y)
      	t_1 = -(x * y)
      	tmp = 0
      	if t_0 <= 5e-7:
      		tmp = t_1
      	elif t_0 <= 1.0:
      		tmp = math.log1p((1.0 + x))
      	else:
      		tmp = t_1
      	return tmp
      
      function code(x, y)
      	t_0 = Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y))
      	t_1 = Float64(-Float64(x * y))
      	tmp = 0.0
      	if (t_0 <= 5e-7)
      		tmp = t_1;
      	elseif (t_0 <= 1.0)
      		tmp = log1p(Float64(1.0 + x));
      	else
      		tmp = t_1;
      	end
      	return tmp
      end
      
      code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision])}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 5e-7], t$95$1, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1.0], N[Log[1 + N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], t$95$1]]]]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \begin{array}{l}
      t_0 := \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\
      t_1 := -x \cdot y\\
      \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\
      \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
      
      \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 1:\\
      \;\;\;\;\mathsf{log1p}\left(1 + x\right)\\
      
      \mathbf{else}:\\
      \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
      
      
      \end{array}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Split input into 2 regimes
      2. if (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y)) < 4.99999999999999977e-7 or 1 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y))

        1. Initial program 99.2%

          \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. mul-1-negN/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
          3. lower-*.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
          4. lower-neg.f6498.4

            \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
        5. Applied rewrites98.4%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

        if 4.99999999999999977e-7 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y)) < 1

        1. Initial program 100.0%

          \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Taylor expanded in y around 0

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right)} \]
        4. Step-by-step derivation
          1. lower-log1p.f64N/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{x}\right)} \]
          2. lower-exp.f6499.5

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{e^{x}}\right) \]
        5. Applied rewrites99.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{x}\right)} \]
        6. Taylor expanded in x around 0

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(1 + x\right) \]
        7. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites98.4%

            \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(x + 1\right) \]
        8. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        9. Final simplification98.4%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{log1p}\left(1 + x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \end{array} \]
        10. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 4: 97.3% accurate, 0.4× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\ t_1 := -x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;\log 2\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (let* ((t_0 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y))) (t_1 (- (* x y))))
           (if (<= t_0 5e-7) t_1 (if (<= t_0 1.0) (log 2.0) t_1))))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double t_0 = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
        	double t_1 = -(x * y);
        	double tmp;
        	if (t_0 <= 5e-7) {
        		tmp = t_1;
        	} else if (t_0 <= 1.0) {
        		tmp = log(2.0);
        	} else {
        		tmp = t_1;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        real(8) function code(x, y)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            real(8) :: t_0
            real(8) :: t_1
            real(8) :: tmp
            t_0 = log((1.0d0 + exp(x))) - (x * y)
            t_1 = -(x * y)
            if (t_0 <= 5d-7) then
                tmp = t_1
            else if (t_0 <= 1.0d0) then
                tmp = log(2.0d0)
            else
                tmp = t_1
            end if
            code = tmp
        end function
        
        public static double code(double x, double y) {
        	double t_0 = Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(x))) - (x * y);
        	double t_1 = -(x * y);
        	double tmp;
        	if (t_0 <= 5e-7) {
        		tmp = t_1;
        	} else if (t_0 <= 1.0) {
        		tmp = Math.log(2.0);
        	} else {
        		tmp = t_1;
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        def code(x, y):
        	t_0 = math.log((1.0 + math.exp(x))) - (x * y)
        	t_1 = -(x * y)
        	tmp = 0
        	if t_0 <= 5e-7:
        		tmp = t_1
        	elif t_0 <= 1.0:
        		tmp = math.log(2.0)
        	else:
        		tmp = t_1
        	return tmp
        
        function code(x, y)
        	t_0 = Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y))
        	t_1 = Float64(-Float64(x * y))
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (t_0 <= 5e-7)
        		tmp = t_1;
        	elseif (t_0 <= 1.0)
        		tmp = log(2.0);
        	else
        		tmp = t_1;
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
        	t_0 = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
        	t_1 = -(x * y);
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if (t_0 <= 5e-7)
        		tmp = t_1;
        	elseif (t_0 <= 1.0)
        		tmp = log(2.0);
        	else
        		tmp = t_1;
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision])}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 5e-7], t$95$1, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1.0], N[Log[2.0], $MachinePrecision], t$95$1]]]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        t_0 := \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\
        t_1 := -x \cdot y\\
        \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\
        \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
        
        \mathbf{elif}\;t\_0 \leq 1:\\
        \;\;\;\;\log 2\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;t\_1\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y)) < 4.99999999999999977e-7 or 1 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y))

          1. Initial program 99.2%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
            2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            4. lower-neg.f6498.4

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites98.4%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

          if 4.99999999999999977e-7 < (-.f64 (log.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (exp.f64 x))) (*.f64 x y)) < 1

          1. Initial program 100.0%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. lower-log.f6498.0

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2} \]
          5. Applied rewrites98.0%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2} \]
        3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        4. Final simplification98.2%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;\log 2\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \end{array} \]
        5. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 5: 99.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y)))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	return log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
        }
        
        real(8) function code(x, y)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            code = log((1.0d0 + exp(x))) - (x * y)
        end function
        
        public static double code(double x, double y) {
        	return Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(x))) - (x * y);
        }
        
        def code(x, y):
        	return math.log((1.0 + math.exp(x))) - (x * y)
        
        function code(x, y)
        	return Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y))
        end
        
        function tmp = code(x, y)
        	tmp = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Initial program 99.6%

          \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
        2. Add Preprocessing
        3. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 6: 99.4% accurate, 1.6× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.6:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005208333333333333, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= x -2.6)
           (- (* x y))
           (fma
            x
            (- (fma x (fma -0.005208333333333333 (* x x) 0.125) 0.5) y)
            (log 2.0))))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (x <= -2.6) {
        		tmp = -(x * y);
        	} else {
        		tmp = fma(x, (fma(x, fma(-0.005208333333333333, (x * x), 0.125), 0.5) - y), log(2.0));
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        function code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (x <= -2.6)
        		tmp = Float64(-Float64(x * y));
        	else
        		tmp = fma(x, Float64(fma(x, fma(-0.005208333333333333, Float64(x * x), 0.125), 0.5) - y), log(2.0));
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[x, -2.6], (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), N[(x * N[(N[(x * N[(-0.005208333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.125), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] - y), $MachinePrecision] + N[Log[2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.6:\\
        \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005208333333333333, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if x < -2.60000000000000009

          1. Initial program 98.9%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
            2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            4. lower-neg.f6498.9

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites98.9%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

          if -2.60000000000000009 < x

          1. Initial program 100.0%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2 + x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) - y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) - y\right) + \log 2} \]
            2. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \left(\frac{1}{2} + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) - y, \log 2\right)} \]
            3. lower--.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) - y}, \log 2\right) \]
            4. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{8} + \frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right)} - y, \log 2\right) \]
            5. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{8} + \frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} - y, \log 2\right) \]
            6. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{192} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{8}}, \frac{1}{2}\right) - y, \log 2\right) \]
            7. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{192}, {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{8}\right)}, \frac{1}{2}\right) - y, \log 2\right) \]
            8. unpow2N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{192}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{8}\right), \frac{1}{2}\right) - y, \log 2\right) \]
            9. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-1}{192}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{8}\right), \frac{1}{2}\right) - y, \log 2\right) \]
            10. lower-log.f6499.9

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005208333333333333, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), 0.5\right) - y, \color{blue}{\log 2}\right) \]
          5. Applied rewrites99.9%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005208333333333333, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)} \]
        3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        4. Final simplification99.6%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.6:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(-0.005208333333333333, x \cdot x, 0.125\right), 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
        5. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 7: 99.2% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -260000:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.125, 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= x -260000.0) (- (* x y)) (fma x (- (fma x 0.125 0.5) y) (log 2.0))))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (x <= -260000.0) {
        		tmp = -(x * y);
        	} else {
        		tmp = fma(x, (fma(x, 0.125, 0.5) - y), log(2.0));
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        function code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (x <= -260000.0)
        		tmp = Float64(-Float64(x * y));
        	else
        		tmp = fma(x, Float64(fma(x, 0.125, 0.5) - y), log(2.0));
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[x, -260000.0], (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), N[(x * N[(N[(x * 0.125 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] - y), $MachinePrecision] + N[Log[2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -260000:\\
        \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.125, 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if x < -2.6e5

          1. Initial program 100.0%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
            2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            4. lower-neg.f64100.0

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites100.0%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

          if -2.6e5 < x

          1. Initial program 99.4%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2 + x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot x\right) - y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot x\right) - y\right) + \log 2} \]
            2. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot x\right) - y, \log 2\right)} \]
            3. lower--.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} \cdot x\right) - y}, \log 2\right) \]
            4. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{8} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right)} - y, \log 2\right) \]
            5. *-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{8}} + \frac{1}{2}\right) - y, \log 2\right) \]
            6. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{2}\right)} - y, \log 2\right) \]
            7. lower-log.f6499.1

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.125, 0.5\right) - y, \color{blue}{\log 2}\right) \]
          5. Applied rewrites99.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.125, 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)} \]
        3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        4. Final simplification99.4%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -260000:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.125, 0.5\right) - y, \log 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
        5. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 8: 99.2% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.36:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \log 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= x -1.36) (- (* x y)) (fma x (- 0.5 y) (log 2.0))))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (x <= -1.36) {
        		tmp = -(x * y);
        	} else {
        		tmp = fma(x, (0.5 - y), log(2.0));
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        function code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (x <= -1.36)
        		tmp = Float64(-Float64(x * y));
        	else
        		tmp = fma(x, Float64(0.5 - y), log(2.0));
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.36], (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), N[(x * N[(0.5 - y), $MachinePrecision] + N[Log[2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.36:\\
        \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \log 2\right)\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if x < -1.3600000000000001

          1. Initial program 98.9%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
            2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            4. lower-neg.f6498.9

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites98.9%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

          if -1.3600000000000001 < x

          1. Initial program 100.0%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right) + \log 2} \]
            2. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{2} - y, \log 2\right)} \]
            3. lower--.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - y}, \log 2\right) \]
            4. lower-log.f6499.1

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \color{blue}{\log 2}\right) \]
          5. Applied rewrites99.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \log 2\right)} \]
        3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
        4. Final simplification99.0%

          \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.36:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \log 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
        5. Add Preprocessing

        Alternative 9: 98.7% accurate, 1.8× speedup?

        \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -260000:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log 2 - x \cdot y\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
        (FPCore (x y)
         :precision binary64
         (if (<= x -260000.0) (- (* x y)) (- (log 2.0) (* x y))))
        double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (x <= -260000.0) {
        		tmp = -(x * y);
        	} else {
        		tmp = log(2.0) - (x * y);
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        real(8) function code(x, y)
            real(8), intent (in) :: x
            real(8), intent (in) :: y
            real(8) :: tmp
            if (x <= (-260000.0d0)) then
                tmp = -(x * y)
            else
                tmp = log(2.0d0) - (x * y)
            end if
            code = tmp
        end function
        
        public static double code(double x, double y) {
        	double tmp;
        	if (x <= -260000.0) {
        		tmp = -(x * y);
        	} else {
        		tmp = Math.log(2.0) - (x * y);
        	}
        	return tmp;
        }
        
        def code(x, y):
        	tmp = 0
        	if x <= -260000.0:
        		tmp = -(x * y)
        	else:
        		tmp = math.log(2.0) - (x * y)
        	return tmp
        
        function code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0
        	if (x <= -260000.0)
        		tmp = Float64(-Float64(x * y));
        	else
        		tmp = Float64(log(2.0) - Float64(x * y));
        	end
        	return tmp
        end
        
        function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
        	tmp = 0.0;
        	if (x <= -260000.0)
        		tmp = -(x * y);
        	else
        		tmp = log(2.0) - (x * y);
        	end
        	tmp_2 = tmp;
        end
        
        code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[x, -260000.0], (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), N[(N[Log[2.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
        
        \begin{array}{l}
        
        \\
        \begin{array}{l}
        \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -260000:\\
        \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\
        
        \mathbf{else}:\\
        \;\;\;\;\log 2 - x \cdot y\\
        
        
        \end{array}
        \end{array}
        
        Derivation
        1. Split input into 2 regimes
        2. if x < -2.6e5

          1. Initial program 100.0%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
            2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            4. lower-neg.f64100.0

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites100.0%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]

          if -2.6e5 < x

          1. Initial program 99.4%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{2} - x \cdot y \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites98.3%

              \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{2} - x \cdot y \]
          5. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
          6. Final simplification98.8%

            \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -260000:\\ \;\;\;\;-x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log 2 - x \cdot y\\ \end{array} \]
          7. Add Preprocessing

          Alternative 10: 51.7% accurate, 26.5× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ -x \cdot y \end{array} \]
          (FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (- (* x y)))
          double code(double x, double y) {
          	return -(x * y);
          }
          
          real(8) function code(x, y)
              real(8), intent (in) :: x
              real(8), intent (in) :: y
              code = -(x * y)
          end function
          
          public static double code(double x, double y) {
          	return -(x * y);
          }
          
          def code(x, y):
          	return -(x * y)
          
          function code(x, y)
          	return Float64(-Float64(x * y))
          end
          
          function tmp = code(x, y)
          	tmp = -(x * y);
          end
          
          code[x_, y_] := (-N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision])
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          
          \\
          -x \cdot y
          \end{array}
          
          Derivation
          1. Initial program 99.6%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. mul-1-negN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(x \cdot y\right)} \]
            2. distribute-rgt-neg-inN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            3. lower-*.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(y\right)\right)} \]
            4. lower-neg.f6448.1

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-y\right)} \]
          5. Applied rewrites48.1%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(-y\right)} \]
          6. Final simplification48.1%

            \[\leadsto -x \cdot y \]
          7. Add Preprocessing

          Alternative 11: 3.4% accurate, 35.3× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot 0.5 \end{array} \]
          (FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (* x 0.5))
          double code(double x, double y) {
          	return x * 0.5;
          }
          
          real(8) function code(x, y)
              real(8), intent (in) :: x
              real(8), intent (in) :: y
              code = x * 0.5d0
          end function
          
          public static double code(double x, double y) {
          	return x * 0.5;
          }
          
          def code(x, y):
          	return x * 0.5
          
          function code(x, y)
          	return Float64(x * 0.5)
          end
          
          function tmp = code(x, y)
          	tmp = x * 0.5;
          end
          
          code[x_, y_] := N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          
          \\
          x \cdot 0.5
          \end{array}
          
          Derivation
          1. Initial program 99.6%

            \[\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y \]
          2. Add Preprocessing
          3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log 2 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right)} \]
          4. Step-by-step derivation
            1. +-commutativeN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right) + \log 2} \]
            2. lower-fma.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{2} - y, \log 2\right)} \]
            3. lower--.f64N/A

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} - y}, \log 2\right) \]
            4. lower-log.f6480.0

              \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \color{blue}{\log 2}\right) \]
          5. Applied rewrites80.0%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 0.5 - y, \log 2\right)} \]
          6. Taylor expanded in x around inf

            \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} - y\right)} \]
          7. Step-by-step derivation
            1. Applied rewrites29.2%

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0.5 - y\right)} \]
            2. Taylor expanded in y around 0

              \[\leadsto x \cdot \frac{1}{2} \]
            3. Step-by-step derivation
              1. Applied rewrites3.5%

                \[\leadsto x \cdot 0.5 \]
              2. Add Preprocessing

              Developer Target 1: 99.9% accurate, 0.9× speedup?

              \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + e^{-x}\right) - \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(1 - y\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
              (FPCore (x y)
               :precision binary64
               (if (<= x 0.0)
                 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y))
                 (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp (- x)))) (* (- x) (- 1.0 y)))))
              double code(double x, double y) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (x <= 0.0) {
              		tmp = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
              	} else {
              		tmp = log((1.0 + exp(-x))) - (-x * (1.0 - y));
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              real(8) function code(x, y)
                  real(8), intent (in) :: x
                  real(8), intent (in) :: y
                  real(8) :: tmp
                  if (x <= 0.0d0) then
                      tmp = log((1.0d0 + exp(x))) - (x * y)
                  else
                      tmp = log((1.0d0 + exp(-x))) - (-x * (1.0d0 - y))
                  end if
                  code = tmp
              end function
              
              public static double code(double x, double y) {
              	double tmp;
              	if (x <= 0.0) {
              		tmp = Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(x))) - (x * y);
              	} else {
              		tmp = Math.log((1.0 + Math.exp(-x))) - (-x * (1.0 - y));
              	}
              	return tmp;
              }
              
              def code(x, y):
              	tmp = 0
              	if x <= 0.0:
              		tmp = math.log((1.0 + math.exp(x))) - (x * y)
              	else:
              		tmp = math.log((1.0 + math.exp(-x))) - (-x * (1.0 - y))
              	return tmp
              
              function code(x, y)
              	tmp = 0.0
              	if (x <= 0.0)
              		tmp = Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(x))) - Float64(x * y));
              	else
              		tmp = Float64(log(Float64(1.0 + exp(Float64(-x)))) - Float64(Float64(-x) * Float64(1.0 - y)));
              	end
              	return tmp
              end
              
              function tmp_2 = code(x, y)
              	tmp = 0.0;
              	if (x <= 0.0)
              		tmp = log((1.0 + exp(x))) - (x * y);
              	else
              		tmp = log((1.0 + exp(-x))) - (-x * (1.0 - y));
              	end
              	tmp_2 = tmp;
              end
              
              code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[x, 0.0], N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[(x * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 + N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[((-x) * N[(1.0 - y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
              
              \begin{array}{l}
              
              \\
              \begin{array}{l}
              \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 0:\\
              \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + e^{x}\right) - x \cdot y\\
              
              \mathbf{else}:\\
              \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + e^{-x}\right) - \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(1 - y\right)\\
              
              
              \end{array}
              \end{array}
              

              Reproduce

              ?
              herbie shell --seed 2024232 
              (FPCore (x y)
                :name "Logistic regression 2"
                :precision binary64
              
                :alt
                (! :herbie-platform default (if (<= x 0) (- (log (+ 1 (exp x))) (* x y)) (- (log (+ 1 (exp (- x)))) (* (- x) (- 1 y)))))
              
                (- (log (+ 1.0 (exp x))) (* x y)))