Maksimov and Kolovsky, Equation (3)

Percentage Accurate: 72.3% → 99.0%
Time: 13.9s
Alternatives: 16
Speedup: 0.7×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\ \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0}\right)}^{2}} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (J K U)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (/ K 2.0))))
   (* (* (* -2.0 J) t_0) (sqrt (+ 1.0 (pow (/ U (* (* 2.0 J) t_0)) 2.0))))))
double code(double J, double K, double U) {
	double t_0 = cos((K / 2.0));
	return ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0 + pow((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)), 2.0)));
}
real(8) function code(j, k, u)
    real(8), intent (in) :: j
    real(8), intent (in) :: k
    real(8), intent (in) :: u
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = cos((k / 2.0d0))
    code = (((-2.0d0) * j) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0d0 + ((u / ((2.0d0 * j) * t_0)) ** 2.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double J, double K, double U) {
	double t_0 = Math.cos((K / 2.0));
	return ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * Math.sqrt((1.0 + Math.pow((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)), 2.0)));
}
def code(J, K, U):
	t_0 = math.cos((K / 2.0))
	return ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * math.sqrt((1.0 + math.pow((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)), 2.0)))
function code(J, K, U)
	t_0 = cos(Float64(K / 2.0))
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(-2.0 * J) * t_0) * sqrt(Float64(1.0 + (Float64(U / Float64(Float64(2.0 * J) * t_0)) ^ 2.0))))
end
function tmp = code(J, K, U)
	t_0 = cos((K / 2.0));
	tmp = ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0 + ((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)) ^ 2.0)));
end
code[J_, K_, U_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Cos[N[(K / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[(-2.0 * J), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[Power[N[(U / N[(N[(2.0 * J), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\
\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0}\right)}^{2}}
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 16 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 72.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\ \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0}\right)}^{2}} \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (J K U)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (/ K 2.0))))
   (* (* (* -2.0 J) t_0) (sqrt (+ 1.0 (pow (/ U (* (* 2.0 J) t_0)) 2.0))))))
double code(double J, double K, double U) {
	double t_0 = cos((K / 2.0));
	return ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0 + pow((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)), 2.0)));
}
real(8) function code(j, k, u)
    real(8), intent (in) :: j
    real(8), intent (in) :: k
    real(8), intent (in) :: u
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = cos((k / 2.0d0))
    code = (((-2.0d0) * j) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0d0 + ((u / ((2.0d0 * j) * t_0)) ** 2.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double J, double K, double U) {
	double t_0 = Math.cos((K / 2.0));
	return ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * Math.sqrt((1.0 + Math.pow((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)), 2.0)));
}
def code(J, K, U):
	t_0 = math.cos((K / 2.0))
	return ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * math.sqrt((1.0 + math.pow((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)), 2.0)))
function code(J, K, U)
	t_0 = cos(Float64(K / 2.0))
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(-2.0 * J) * t_0) * sqrt(Float64(1.0 + (Float64(U / Float64(Float64(2.0 * J) * t_0)) ^ 2.0))))
end
function tmp = code(J, K, U)
	t_0 = cos((K / 2.0));
	tmp = ((-2.0 * J) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0 + ((U / ((2.0 * J) * t_0)) ^ 2.0)));
end
code[J_, K_, U_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Cos[N[(K / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(N[(-2.0 * J), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[Power[N[(U / N[(N[(2.0 * J), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\
\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot t\_0}\right)}^{2}}
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 0.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} U_m = \left|U\right| \\ J\_m = \left|J\right| \\ J\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, J\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\ t_1 := \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\_m\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U\_m}{t\_0 \cdot \left(J\_m \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}}\\ J\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \leq -\infty:\\ \;\;\;\;-U\_m\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_1 \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+286}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-U\_m\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{J\_m \cdot J\_m}{U\_m \cdot U\_m}, -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]
U_m = (fabs.f64 U)
J\_m = (fabs.f64 J)
J\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) J)
(FPCore (J_s J_m K U_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (/ K 2.0)))
        (t_1
         (*
          (* (* -2.0 J_m) t_0)
          (sqrt (+ 1.0 (pow (/ U_m (* t_0 (* J_m 2.0))) 2.0))))))
   (*
    J_s
    (if (<= t_1 (- INFINITY))
      (- U_m)
      (if (<= t_1 2e+286)
        t_1
        (*
         (- U_m)
         (fma
          -2.0
          (* (pow (cos (* K 0.5)) 2.0) (/ (* J_m J_m) (* U_m U_m)))
          -1.0)))))))
U_m = fabs(U);
J\_m = fabs(J);
J\_s = copysign(1.0, J);
double code(double J_s, double J_m, double K, double U_m) {
	double t_0 = cos((K / 2.0));
	double t_1 = ((-2.0 * J_m) * t_0) * sqrt((1.0 + pow((U_m / (t_0 * (J_m * 2.0))), 2.0)));
	double tmp;
	if (t_1 <= -((double) INFINITY)) {
		tmp = -U_m;
	} else if (t_1 <= 2e+286) {
		tmp = t_1;
	} else {
		tmp = -U_m * fma(-2.0, (pow(cos((K * 0.5)), 2.0) * ((J_m * J_m) / (U_m * U_m))), -1.0);
	}
	return J_s * tmp;
}
U_m = abs(U)
J\_m = abs(J)
J\_s = copysign(1.0, J)
function code(J_s, J_m, K, U_m)
	t_0 = cos(Float64(K / 2.0))
	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(-2.0 * J_m) * t_0) * sqrt(Float64(1.0 + (Float64(U_m / Float64(t_0 * Float64(J_m * 2.0))) ^ 2.0))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_1 <= Float64(-Inf))
		tmp = Float64(-U_m);
	elseif (t_1 <= 2e+286)
		tmp = t_1;
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(-U_m) * fma(-2.0, Float64((cos(Float64(K * 0.5)) ^ 2.0) * Float64(Float64(J_m * J_m) / Float64(U_m * U_m))), -1.0));
	end
	return Float64(J_s * tmp)
end
U_m = N[Abs[U], $MachinePrecision]
J\_m = N[Abs[J], $MachinePrecision]
J\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[J]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
code[J$95$s_, J$95$m_, K_, U$95$m_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Cos[N[(K / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(-2.0 * J$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[Power[N[(U$95$m / N[(t$95$0 * N[(J$95$m * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(J$95$s * If[LessEqual[t$95$1, (-Infinity)], (-U$95$m), If[LessEqual[t$95$1, 2e+286], t$95$1, N[((-U$95$m) * N[(-2.0 * N[(N[Power[N[Cos[N[(K * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(J$95$m * J$95$m), $MachinePrecision] / N[(U$95$m * U$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
U_m = \left|U\right|
\\
J\_m = \left|J\right|
\\
J\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, J\right)

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\
t_1 := \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\_m\right) \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U\_m}{t\_0 \cdot \left(J\_m \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}}\\
J\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;t\_1 \leq -\infty:\\
\;\;\;\;-U\_m\\

\mathbf{elif}\;t\_1 \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+286}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_1\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(-U\_m\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{J\_m \cdot J\_m}{U\_m \cdot U\_m}, -1\right)\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < -inf.0

    1. Initial program 5.5%

      \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in J around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot U} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)} \]
      2. lower-neg.f64100.0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-U} \]
    5. Applied rewrites100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-U} \]

    if -inf.0 < (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 2.00000000000000007e286

    1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing

    if 2.00000000000000007e286 < (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

    1. Initial program 4.9%

      \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in U around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(U \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} - 1\right)\right)} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot U\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} - 1\right)} \]
      2. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot U\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} - 1\right)} \]
      3. mul-1-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
      4. lower-neg.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} - 1\right) \]
      5. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]
      6. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
      7. lower-fma.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \frac{{J}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right)} \]
      8. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \frac{\color{blue}{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot {J}^{2}}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      9. associate-/l*N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \color{blue}{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{{J}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
      10. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \color{blue}{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{{J}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
      11. lower-pow.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \color{blue}{{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{J}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      12. lower-cos.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}}^{2} \cdot \frac{{J}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      13. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}}^{2} \cdot \frac{{J}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      14. lower-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{J}^{2}}{{U}^{2}}}, -1\right) \]
      15. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{J \cdot J}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      16. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{J \cdot J}}{{U}^{2}}, -1\right) \]
      17. unpow2N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{J \cdot J}{\color{blue}{U \cdot U}}, -1\right) \]
      18. lower-*.f64100.0

        \[\leadsto \left(-U\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(0.5 \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{J \cdot J}{\color{blue}{U \cdot U}}, -1\right) \]
    5. Applied rewrites100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-U\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(0.5 \cdot K\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{J \cdot J}{U \cdot U}, -1\right)} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification99.9%

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}} \leq -\infty:\\ \;\;\;\;-U\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+286}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-U\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, {\cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{J \cdot J}{U \cdot U}, -1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 90.6% accurate, 0.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} U_m = \left|U\right| \\ J\_m = \left|J\right| \\ J\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, J\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\\ t_1 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\ t_2 := \left(-2 \cdot J\_m\right) \cdot t\_1\\ t_3 := t\_2 \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U\_m}{t\_1 \cdot \left(J\_m \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}}\\ J\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_3 \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+295}:\\ \;\;\;\;-U\_m\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_3 \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-63}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_2 \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U\_m}{\left(J\_m \cdot 2\right) \cdot 1}\right)}^{2}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t\_3 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+265}:\\ \;\;\;\;J\_m \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U\_m, \frac{U\_m}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\left(J\_m \cdot J\_m\right) \cdot 4\right)}, 1\right)}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-U\_m\right) \cdot t\_0}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos K, 0.5, 0.5\right)}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]
U_m = (fabs.f64 U)
J\_m = (fabs.f64 J)
J\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) J)
(FPCore (J_s J_m K U_m)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (* K 0.5)))
        (t_1 (cos (/ K 2.0)))
        (t_2 (* (* -2.0 J_m) t_1))
        (t_3 (* t_2 (sqrt (+ 1.0 (pow (/ U_m (* t_1 (* J_m 2.0))) 2.0))))))
   (*
    J_s
    (if (<= t_3 -2e+295)
      (- U_m)
      (if (<= t_3 2e-63)
        (* t_2 (sqrt (+ 1.0 (pow (/ U_m (* (* J_m 2.0) 1.0)) 2.0))))
        (if (<= t_3 5e+265)
          (*
           J_m
           (*
            (* -2.0 t_0)
            (sqrt
             (fma
              U_m
              (/ U_m (* (fma 0.5 (cos K) 0.5) (* (* J_m J_m) 4.0)))
              1.0))))
          (/ (* (- U_m) t_0) (sqrt (fma (cos K) 0.5 0.5)))))))))
U_m = fabs(U);
J\_m = fabs(J);
J\_s = copysign(1.0, J);
double code(double J_s, double J_m, double K, double U_m) {
	double t_0 = cos((K * 0.5));
	double t_1 = cos((K / 2.0));
	double t_2 = (-2.0 * J_m) * t_1;
	double t_3 = t_2 * sqrt((1.0 + pow((U_m / (t_1 * (J_m * 2.0))), 2.0)));
	double tmp;
	if (t_3 <= -2e+295) {
		tmp = -U_m;
	} else if (t_3 <= 2e-63) {
		tmp = t_2 * sqrt((1.0 + pow((U_m / ((J_m * 2.0) * 1.0)), 2.0)));
	} else if (t_3 <= 5e+265) {
		tmp = J_m * ((-2.0 * t_0) * sqrt(fma(U_m, (U_m / (fma(0.5, cos(K), 0.5) * ((J_m * J_m) * 4.0))), 1.0)));
	} else {
		tmp = (-U_m * t_0) / sqrt(fma(cos(K), 0.5, 0.5));
	}
	return J_s * tmp;
}
U_m = abs(U)
J\_m = abs(J)
J\_s = copysign(1.0, J)
function code(J_s, J_m, K, U_m)
	t_0 = cos(Float64(K * 0.5))
	t_1 = cos(Float64(K / 2.0))
	t_2 = Float64(Float64(-2.0 * J_m) * t_1)
	t_3 = Float64(t_2 * sqrt(Float64(1.0 + (Float64(U_m / Float64(t_1 * Float64(J_m * 2.0))) ^ 2.0))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (t_3 <= -2e+295)
		tmp = Float64(-U_m);
	elseif (t_3 <= 2e-63)
		tmp = Float64(t_2 * sqrt(Float64(1.0 + (Float64(U_m / Float64(Float64(J_m * 2.0) * 1.0)) ^ 2.0))));
	elseif (t_3 <= 5e+265)
		tmp = Float64(J_m * Float64(Float64(-2.0 * t_0) * sqrt(fma(U_m, Float64(U_m / Float64(fma(0.5, cos(K), 0.5) * Float64(Float64(J_m * J_m) * 4.0))), 1.0))));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(-U_m) * t_0) / sqrt(fma(cos(K), 0.5, 0.5)));
	end
	return Float64(J_s * tmp)
end
U_m = N[Abs[U], $MachinePrecision]
J\_m = N[Abs[J], $MachinePrecision]
J\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[J]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
code[J$95$s_, J$95$m_, K_, U$95$m_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Cos[N[(K * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[Cos[N[(K / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(N[(-2.0 * J$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[(t$95$2 * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[Power[N[(U$95$m / N[(t$95$1 * N[(J$95$m * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(J$95$s * If[LessEqual[t$95$3, -2e+295], (-U$95$m), If[LessEqual[t$95$3, 2e-63], N[(t$95$2 * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[Power[N[(U$95$m / N[(N[(J$95$m * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[t$95$3, 5e+265], N[(J$95$m * N[(N[(-2.0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(U$95$m * N[(U$95$m / N[(N[(0.5 * N[Cos[K], $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(J$95$m * J$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[((-U$95$m) * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[N[(N[Cos[K], $MachinePrecision] * 0.5 + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]), $MachinePrecision]]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
U_m = \left|U\right|
\\
J\_m = \left|J\right|
\\
J\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, J\right)

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\\
t_1 := \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\\
t_2 := \left(-2 \cdot J\_m\right) \cdot t\_1\\
t_3 := t\_2 \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U\_m}{t\_1 \cdot \left(J\_m \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}}\\
J\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;t\_3 \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+295}:\\
\;\;\;\;-U\_m\\

\mathbf{elif}\;t\_3 \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-63}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_2 \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U\_m}{\left(J\_m \cdot 2\right) \cdot 1}\right)}^{2}}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;t\_3 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+265}:\\
\;\;\;\;J\_m \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot t\_0\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U\_m, \frac{U\_m}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\left(J\_m \cdot J\_m\right) \cdot 4\right)}, 1\right)}\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-U\_m\right) \cdot t\_0}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos K, 0.5, 0.5\right)}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 4 regimes
  2. if (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < -2e295

    1. Initial program 13.7%

      \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in J around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot U} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(U\right)} \]
      2. lower-neg.f6493.4

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-U} \]
    5. Applied rewrites93.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-U} \]

    if -2e295 < (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 2.00000000000000013e-63

    1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in K around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1}}\right)}^{2}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites89.4%

        \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1}}\right)}^{2}} \]

      if 2.00000000000000013e-63 < (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 5.0000000000000002e265

      1. Initial program 99.7%

        \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Applied rewrites94.5%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(J \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\right) \cdot J} \]
      4. Taylor expanded in K around inf

        \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{4 \cdot \left({J}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K\right)\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\left({J}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K\right)\right) \cdot 4}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        2. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K\right) \cdot {J}^{2}\right)} \cdot 4}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        3. associate-*l*N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K\right) \cdot \left({J}^{2} \cdot 4\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        4. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {J}^{2}\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        5. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K\right) \cdot \left(4 \cdot {J}^{2}\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        6. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K + \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \left(4 \cdot {J}^{2}\right)}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        7. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \left(4 \cdot {J}^{2}\right)}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        8. lower-cos.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\cos K}, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(4 \cdot {J}^{2}\right)}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        9. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({J}^{2} \cdot 4\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        10. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({J}^{2} \cdot 4\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        11. unpow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(J \cdot J\right)} \cdot 4\right)}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
        12. lower-*.f6494.5

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(J \cdot J\right)} \cdot 4\right)}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]
      6. Applied rewrites94.5%

        \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\left(J \cdot J\right) \cdot 4\right)}}, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\right) \cdot J \]

      if 5.0000000000000002e265 < (*.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal -2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64)))) (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 U (*.f64 (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) J) (cos.f64 (/.f64 K #s(literal 2 binary64))))) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

      1. Initial program 23.7%

        \[\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. lift-pow.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}\right)}^{2}}} \]
        2. unpow2N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)} \cdot \frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}} \]
        3. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \cdot \frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \]
        4. lift-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \frac{U}{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \cdot \frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \]
        5. associate-/r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{U}{2 \cdot J}}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \cdot \frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \]
        6. associate-*l/N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{U}{2 \cdot J} \cdot \frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}} \]
        7. lift-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \frac{\frac{U}{2 \cdot J} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \]
        8. associate-*r/N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{U}{2 \cdot J} \cdot U}{\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}} \]
        9. associate-/r*N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{U}{2 \cdot J} \cdot U}{\left(\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}} \]
        10. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{U}{2 \cdot J} \cdot U}{\left(\left(2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)}}} \]
      4. Applied rewrites19.8%

        \[\leadsto \left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{U \cdot \frac{U}{J \cdot 2}}{\left(J \cdot 2\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + 0.5 \cdot \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\right)}}} \]
      5. Taylor expanded in J around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}}\right)} \]
      6. Step-by-step derivation
        1. mul-1-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}}\right)} \]
        2. lower-neg.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}}\right)} \]
        3. *-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)}\right) \]
        4. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)}\right) \]
        5. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)\right) \]
        6. lower-/.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K}}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)\right) \]
        7. +-commutativeN/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \cos K + \frac{1}{2}}}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)\right) \]
        8. lower-fma.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right)}}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)\right) \]
        9. lower-cos.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{\cos K}, \frac{1}{2}\right)}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)\right) \]
        10. lower-*.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right)}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(U \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)\right)}\right) \]
        11. lower-cos.f64N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \cos K, \frac{1}{2}\right)}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot K\right)}\right)\right) \]
        12. lower-*.f6485.3

          \[\leadsto -\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right)}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot K\right)}\right) \]
      7. Applied rewrites85.3%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right)}} \cdot \left(U \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot K\right)\right)} \]
      8. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites85.5%

          \[\leadsto -\frac{U \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos K, 0.5, 0.5\right)}} \]
      9. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.
      10. Final simplification90.6%

        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}} \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+295}:\\ \;\;\;\;-U\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-63}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\left(J \cdot 2\right) \cdot 1}\right)}^{2}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\left(\left(-2 \cdot J\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 + {\left(\frac{U}{\cos \left(\frac{K}{2}\right) \cdot \left(J \cdot 2\right)}\right)}^{2}} \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+265}:\\ \;\;\;\;J \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(U, \frac{U}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.5, \cos K, 0.5\right) \cdot \left(\left(J \cdot J\right) \cdot 4\right)}, 1\right)}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-U\right) \cdot \cos \left(K \cdot 0.5\right)}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos K, 0.5, 0.5\right)}}\\ \end{array} \]
      11. Add Preprocessing

      Reproduce

      ?
      herbie shell --seed 2024223 
      (FPCore (J K U)
        :name "Maksimov and Kolovsky, Equation (3)"
        :precision binary64
        (* (* (* -2.0 J) (cos (/ K 2.0))) (sqrt (+ 1.0 (pow (/ U (* (* 2.0 J) (cos (/ K 2.0)))) 2.0)))))