Toniolo and Linder, Equation (2)

Percentage Accurate: 83.6% → 98.9%

Time: 15.0s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 1.8×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (t l Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (asin
  (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t l) 2.0)))))))

C

double code(double t, double l, double Om, double Omc) {
	return asin(sqrt(((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t / l), 2.0))))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(t, l, om, omc)
    real(8), intent (in) :: t
    real(8), intent (in) :: l
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: omc
    code = asin(sqrt(((1.0d0 - ((om / omc) ** 2.0d0)) / (1.0d0 + (2.0d0 * ((t / l) ** 2.0d0))))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double t, double l, double Om, double Omc) {
	return Math.asin(Math.sqrt(((1.0 - Math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * Math.pow((t / l), 2.0))))));
}

Python

def code(t, l, Om, Omc):
	return math.asin(math.sqrt(((1.0 - math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * math.pow((t / l), 2.0))))))

Julia

function code(t, l, Om, Omc)
	return asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t / l) ^ 2.0))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(t, l, Om, Omc)
	tmp = asin(sqrt(((1.0 - ((Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * ((t / l) ^ 2.0))))));
end

Wolfram

code[t_, l_, Om_, Omc_] := N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t / l), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 83.6% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (t l Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (asin
  (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t l) 2.0)))))))

C

double code(double t, double l, double Om, double Omc) {
	return asin(sqrt(((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t / l), 2.0))))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(t, l, om, omc)
    real(8), intent (in) :: t
    real(8), intent (in) :: l
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: omc
    code = asin(sqrt(((1.0d0 - ((om / omc) ** 2.0d0)) / (1.0d0 + (2.0d0 * ((t / l) ** 2.0d0))))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double t, double l, double Om, double Omc) {
	return Math.asin(Math.sqrt(((1.0 - Math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * Math.pow((t / l), 2.0))))));
}

Python

def code(t, l, Om, Omc):
	return math.asin(math.sqrt(((1.0 - math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * math.pow((t / l), 2.0))))))

Julia

function code(t, l, Om, Omc)
	return asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t / l) ^ 2.0))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(t, l, Om, Omc)
	tmp = asin(sqrt(((1.0 - ((Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * ((t / l) ^ 2.0))))));
end

Wolfram

code[t_, l_, Om_, Omc_] := N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t / l), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 98.9% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{t\_m}{l\_m} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+146}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \frac{Om \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}{Omc}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}, \frac{t\_m}{l\_m} \cdot 2, 1\right)}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \frac{l\_m}{t\_m}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (/ t_m l_m) 2e+146)
   (asin
    (sqrt
     (/
      (- 1.0 (/ (* Om (/ Om Omc)) Omc))
      (fma (/ t_m l_m) (* (/ t_m l_m) 2.0) 1.0))))
   (asin (* (sqrt 0.5) (/ l_m t_m)))))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if ((t_m / l_m) <= 2e+146) {
		tmp = asin(sqrt(((1.0 - ((Om * (Om / Omc)) / Omc)) / fma((t_m / l_m), ((t_m / l_m) * 2.0), 1.0))));
	} else {
		tmp = asin((sqrt(0.5) * (l_m / t_m)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(t_m / l_m) <= 2e+146)
		tmp = asin(sqrt(Float64(Float64(1.0 - Float64(Float64(Om * Float64(Om / Omc)) / Omc)) / fma(Float64(t_m / l_m), Float64(Float64(t_m / l_m) * 2.0), 1.0))));
	else
		tmp = asin(Float64(sqrt(0.5) * Float64(l_m / t_m)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := If[LessEqual[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2e+146], N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(1.0 - N[(N[(Om * N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / Omc), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[N[(N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision] * N[(l$95$m / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 t l) < 1.99999999999999987e146

   1. Initial program 91.1%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\color{blue}{\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}}^{2}}}\right) \]

      2. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      3. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + \color{blue}{2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      4. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot 1}}}\right) \]

      5. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + \color{blue}{2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      6. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2} + 1}}}\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2} \cdot 2} + 1}}\right) \]

      9. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}} \cdot 2 + 1}}\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}\right)} \cdot 2 + 1}}\right) \]

      11. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \left(\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      12. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

      13. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      14. lower-*.f64 91.1

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   4. Applied rewrites 91.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\color{blue}{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}}^{2}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      4. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot Om}{Omc}}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot Om}{Omc}}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f64 91.1

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot Om}}{Omc}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   6. Applied rewrites 91.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot Om}{Omc}}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   if 1.99999999999999987e146 < (/.f64 t l)

   1. Initial program 51.5%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f64 92.0

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 92.0%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lift--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)}\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 97.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}, -Om, 1\right)} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 97.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{t} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}, -Om, 1\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

       \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{t}}\right) \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-/.f64 99.8

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{t}}\right) \]

   12. Applied rewrites 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{t}}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 92.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{t}{\ell} \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+146}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - \frac{Om \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}{Omc}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2, 1\right)}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \frac{\ell}{t}\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 97.7% accurate, 0.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} t_1 := \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}\right)}^{2}} \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(t\_1 \cdot \frac{l\_m \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t\_m}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} t\_1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_1 (sqrt (fma (/ Om (- Omc)) (/ Om Omc) 1.0))))
   (if (<=
        (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t_m l_m) 2.0))))
        0.001)
     (asin (* t_1 (/ (* l_m (sqrt 0.5)) t_m)))
     (asin t_1))))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double t_1 = sqrt(fma((Om / -Omc), (Om / Omc), 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = asin((t_1 * ((l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m)));
	} else {
		tmp = asin(t_1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	t_1 = sqrt(fma(Float64(Om / Float64(-Omc)), Float64(Om / Omc), 1.0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin(Float64(t_1 * Float64(Float64(l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m)));
	else
		tmp = asin(t_1);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := Block[{t$95$1 = N[Sqrt[N[(N[(Om / (-Omc)), $MachinePrecision] * N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[ArcSin[N[(t$95$1 * N[(N[(l$95$m * N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[t$95$1], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 71.8%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f64 55.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 55.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. times-frac N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      2. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}\right)\right) + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}} + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      11. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. distribute-frac-neg2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      13. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{Om}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      14. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      15. lower-fma.f64 64.5

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 64.5%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right) \]

   if 1e-3 < (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

   1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f64 83.8

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 83.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. times-frac N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}}\right) \]

      2. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}}\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]

      6. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}}\right) \]

      8. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) + 1}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}\right)\right) + 1}\right) \]

      10. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}} + 1}\right) \]

      11. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      12. distribute-frac-neg2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      13. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{Om}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      14. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      15. lower-fma.f64 97.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.0% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}\right)}^{2}} \leq 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \frac{l\_m}{t\_m}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}, \frac{t\_m}{l\_m} \cdot 2, 1\right)}}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t_m l_m) 2.0))))
      0.0)
   (asin (* (sqrt 0.5) (/ l_m t_m)))
   (asin (sqrt (/ 1.0 (fma (/ t_m l_m) (* (/ t_m l_m) 2.0) 1.0))))))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.0) {
		tmp = asin((sqrt(0.5) * (l_m / t_m)));
	} else {
		tmp = asin(sqrt((1.0 / fma((t_m / l_m), ((t_m / l_m) * 2.0), 1.0))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.0)
		tmp = asin(Float64(sqrt(0.5) * Float64(l_m / t_m)));
	else
		tmp = asin(sqrt(Float64(1.0 / fma(Float64(t_m / l_m), Float64(Float64(t_m / l_m) * 2.0), 1.0))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.0], N[ArcSin[N[(N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision] * N[(l$95$m / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 / N[(N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 0.0

   1. Initial program 44.0%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f64 66.1

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 66.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lift--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. lift-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)}\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 69.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}, -Om, 1\right)} \cdot \ell\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   9. Applied rewrites 69.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{t} \cdot \left(\ell \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}, -Om, 1\right)}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

       \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{t}}\right) \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. lower-/.f64 72.5

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{t}}\right) \]

   12. Applied rewrites 72.5%

       \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell}{t}}\right) \]

   if 0.0 < (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

   1. Initial program 99.0%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}}}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}} + 1}}\right) \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{{t}^{2} \cdot 2}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{{t}^{2} \cdot \frac{2}{{\ell}^{2}}} + 1}}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{{t}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{2 \cdot 1}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{{t}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({t}^{2}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      11. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 1}{{\ell}^{2}}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{\color{blue}{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      13. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \color{blue}{\frac{2}{{\ell}^{2}}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      14. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      15. lower-*.f64 72.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 72.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot t\right)} \cdot \frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      4. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot 2}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      6. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot t\right)} \cdot 2}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      7. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(t \cdot 2\right)}}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot t\right)}}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      9. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t \cdot \left(2 \cdot t\right)}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      10. frac-times N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot t}{\ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      11. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell}} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot t}{\ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      12. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      13. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell}}\right) + 1}}\right) \]

      14. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      15. lift-fma.f64 97.5

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

      16. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      17. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      18. lower-*.f64 97.5

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 97.5%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2, 1\right)}}}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 97.3% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}\right)}^{2}} \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\frac{l\_m \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t\_m}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t_m l_m) 2.0))))
      0.001)
   (asin (/ (* l_m (sqrt 0.5)) t_m))
   (asin (sqrt (fma (/ Om (- Omc)) (/ Om Omc) 1.0)))))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = asin(((l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	} else {
		tmp = asin(sqrt(fma((Om / -Omc), (Om / Omc), 1.0)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin(Float64(Float64(l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	else
		tmp = asin(sqrt(fma(Float64(Om / Float64(-Omc)), Float64(Om / Omc), 1.0)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[ArcSin[N[(N[(l$95$m * N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(N[(Om / (-Omc)), $MachinePrecision] * N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 71.8%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f64 55.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 55.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 64.1

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 64.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   if 1e-3 < (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

   1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f64 83.8

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 83.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. times-frac N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}}\right) \]

      2. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}}\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]

      6. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}}\right) \]

      8. lift-pow.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) + 1}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}}\right)\right) + 1}\right) \]

      10. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc}} + 1}\right) \]

      11. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{Omc}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      12. distribute-frac-neg2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      13. lift-neg.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{Om}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      14. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{Om}{\mathsf{neg}\left(Omc\right)}} \cdot \frac{Om}{Omc} + 1}\right) \]

      15. lower-fma.f64 97.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{Om}{-Omc}, \frac{Om}{Omc}, 1\right)}}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 97.0% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}\right)}^{2}} \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\frac{l\_m \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t\_m}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-t\_m}{l\_m}, \frac{t\_m}{l\_m}, 1\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t_m l_m) 2.0))))
      0.001)
   (asin (/ (* l_m (sqrt 0.5)) t_m))
   (asin (fma (/ (- t_m) l_m) (/ t_m l_m) 1.0))))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = asin(((l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	} else {
		tmp = asin(fma((-t_m / l_m), (t_m / l_m), 1.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin(Float64(Float64(l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	else
		tmp = asin(fma(Float64(Float64(-t_m) / l_m), Float64(t_m / l_m), 1.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[ArcSin[N[(N[(l$95$m * N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[N[(N[((-t$95$m) / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 71.8%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f64 55.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 55.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 64.1

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 64.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   if 1e-3 < (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

   1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}}}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}} + 1}}\right) \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{{t}^{2} \cdot 2}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{{t}^{2} \cdot \frac{2}{{\ell}^{2}}} + 1}}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{{t}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{2 \cdot 1}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{{t}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({t}^{2}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      11. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 1}{{\ell}^{2}}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{\color{blue}{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      13. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \color{blue}{\frac{2}{{\ell}^{2}}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      14. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      15. lower-*.f64 83.1

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 83.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in t around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      2. unsub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)} \]

      3. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)} \]

      4. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot t}}{{\ell}^{2}}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot t}}{{\ell}^{2}}\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \frac{t \cdot t}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}\right) \]

      8. lower-*.f64 85.5

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \frac{t \cdot t}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 85.5%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{t \cdot t}{\ell \cdot \ell}\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot t}}{\ell \cdot \ell}\right) \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \frac{t \cdot t}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(1 - \color{blue}{\frac{t \cdot t}{\ell \cdot \ell}}\right) \]

      4. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{t \cdot t}{\ell \cdot \ell}\right)\right)\right)} \]

      5. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{t \cdot t}{\ell \cdot \ell}\right)\right) + 1\right)} \]

      6. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{t \cdot t}{\ell \cdot \ell}}\right)\right) + 1\right) \]

      7. distribute-neg-frac N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(t \cdot t\right)}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1\right) \]

      8. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}\right)}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1\right) \]

      9. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(t\right)\right) \cdot t}}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1\right) \]

      10. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(t\right)\right) \cdot t}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1\right) \]

      11. times-frac N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(t\right)}{\ell} \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}} + 1\right) \]

      12. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(t\right)}{\ell} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell}} + 1\right) \]

      13. lower-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(t\right)}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)\right)} \]

      14. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(t\right)}{\ell}}, \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)\right) \]

      15. lower-neg.f64 96.6

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{-t}}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 96.6%

       \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{-t}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 96.8% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}\right)}^{2}} \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(\frac{l\_m \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t\_m}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} 1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t_m l_m) 2.0))))
      0.001)
   (asin (/ (* l_m (sqrt 0.5)) t_m))
   (asin 1.0)))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = asin(((l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	} else {
		tmp = asin(1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
real(8) function code(t_m, l_m, om, omc)
    real(8), intent (in) :: t_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: l_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: omc
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (((1.0d0 - ((om / omc) ** 2.0d0)) / (1.0d0 + (2.0d0 * ((t_m / l_m) ** 2.0d0)))) <= 0.001d0) then
        tmp = asin(((l_m * sqrt(0.5d0)) / t_m))
    else
        tmp = asin(1.0d0)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

l_m = Math.abs(l);
t_m = Math.abs(t);
public static double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - Math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * Math.pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = Math.asin(((l_m * Math.sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.asin(1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

l_m = math.fabs(l)
t_m = math.fabs(t)
def code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc):
	tmp = 0
	if ((1.0 - math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * math.pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001:
		tmp = math.asin(((l_m * math.sqrt(0.5)) / t_m))
	else:
		tmp = math.asin(1.0)
	return tmp

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin(Float64(Float64(l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	else
		tmp = asin(1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

l_m = abs(l);
t_m = abs(t);
function tmp_2 = code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (((1.0 - ((Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * ((t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin(((l_m * sqrt(0.5)) / t_m));
	else
		tmp = asin(1.0);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[ArcSin[N[(N[(l$95$m * N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[1.0], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 71.8%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      5. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      7. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      9. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right) \]

      10. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      11. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f64 55.9

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 55.9%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}} \cdot \frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}}{t}\right) \]

      3. lower-sqrt.f64 64.1

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   8. Applied rewrites 64.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   if 1e-3 < (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

   1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f64 83.8

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 83.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 96.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{1} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 96.8% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t\_m}{l\_m}\right)}^{2}} \leq 0.001:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} \left(l\_m \cdot \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t\_m}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin^{-1} 1\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t_m l_m) 2.0))))
      0.001)
   (asin (* l_m (/ (sqrt 0.5) t_m)))
   (asin 1.0)))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = asin((l_m * (sqrt(0.5) / t_m)));
	} else {
		tmp = asin(1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
real(8) function code(t_m, l_m, om, omc)
    real(8), intent (in) :: t_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: l_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: omc
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (((1.0d0 - ((om / omc) ** 2.0d0)) / (1.0d0 + (2.0d0 * ((t_m / l_m) ** 2.0d0)))) <= 0.001d0) then
        tmp = asin((l_m * (sqrt(0.5d0) / t_m)))
    else
        tmp = asin(1.0d0)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

l_m = Math.abs(l);
t_m = Math.abs(t);
public static double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 - Math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * Math.pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001) {
		tmp = Math.asin((l_m * (Math.sqrt(0.5) / t_m)));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.asin(1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

l_m = math.fabs(l)
t_m = math.fabs(t)
def code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc):
	tmp = 0
	if ((1.0 - math.pow((Om / Omc), 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * math.pow((t_m / l_m), 2.0)))) <= 0.001:
		tmp = math.asin((l_m * (math.sqrt(0.5) / t_m)))
	else:
		tmp = math.asin(1.0)
	return tmp

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 - (Float64(Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * (Float64(t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin(Float64(l_m * Float64(sqrt(0.5) / t_m)));
	else
		tmp = asin(1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

l_m = abs(l);
t_m = abs(t);
function tmp_2 = code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (((1.0 - ((Om / Omc) ^ 2.0)) / (1.0 + (2.0 * ((t_m / l_m) ^ 2.0)))) <= 0.001)
		tmp = asin((l_m * (sqrt(0.5) / t_m)));
	else
		tmp = asin(1.0);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 - N[Power[N[(Om / Omc), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[Power[N[(t$95$m / l$95$m), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.001], N[ArcSin[N[(l$95$m * N[(N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision] / t$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[ArcSin[1.0], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64))))) < 1e-3

   1. Initial program 71.8%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}}}}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{{t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot {t}^{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}} + 1}}\right) \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{{t}^{2} \cdot 2}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{{t}^{2} \cdot \frac{2}{{\ell}^{2}}} + 1}}\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{{t}^{2} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{2 \cdot 1}}{{\ell}^{2}} + 1}}\right) \]

      7. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{{t}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      8. lower-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({t}^{2}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{t \cdot t}, 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      11. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 1}{{\ell}^{2}}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{\color{blue}{2}}{{\ell}^{2}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      13. lower-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \color{blue}{\frac{2}{{\ell}^{2}}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      14. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      15. lower-*.f64 48.4

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 48.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(t \cdot t, \frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot t\right)} \cdot \frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      2. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      3. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      4. lift-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{2}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(t \cdot t\right) \cdot 2}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      6. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(t \cdot t\right)} \cdot 2}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      7. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(t \cdot 2\right)}}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot t\right)}}{\ell \cdot \ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      9. lift-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t \cdot \left(2 \cdot t\right)}{\color{blue}{\ell \cdot \ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      10. frac-times N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot t}{\ell}} + 1}}\right) \]

      11. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell}} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot t}{\ell} + 1}}\right) \]

      12. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      13. lift-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell}}\right) + 1}}\right) \]

      14. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}\right)} + 1}}\right) \]

      15. lift-fma.f64 71.4

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, 2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

      16. lift-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{t}{\ell}}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      17. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

      18. lower-*.f64 71.4

          \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \color{blue}{\frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2}, 1\right)}}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 71.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{t}{\ell}, \frac{t}{\ell} \cdot 2, 1\right)}}}\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in t around inf

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\ell \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      2. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}\right)} \]

      3. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\ell \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}}{t}}\right) \]

      4. lower-sqrt.f64 64.0

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\ell \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{0.5}}}{t}\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 64.0%

       \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{\left(\ell \cdot \frac{\sqrt{0.5}}{t}\right)} \]

   if 1e-3 < (/.f64 (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 Om Omc) #s(literal 2 binary64))) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 2 binary64) (pow.f64 (/.f64 t l) #s(literal 2 binary64)))))

   1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in t around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      2. lower-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      4. lower-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

      6. lower-*.f64 83.8

         \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   5. Applied rewrites 83.8%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Applied rewrites 96.1%

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{1} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 50.1% accurate, 3.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} l_m = \left|\ell\right| \\ t_m = \left|t\right| \\ \sin^{-1} 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

l_m = (fabs.f64 l)
t_m = (fabs.f64 t)
(FPCore (t_m l_m Om Omc) :precision binary64 (asin 1.0))

C

l_m = fabs(l);
t_m = fabs(t);
double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	return asin(1.0);
}

Fortran

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
real(8) function code(t_m, l_m, om, omc)
    real(8), intent (in) :: t_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: l_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: om
    real(8), intent (in) :: omc
    code = asin(1.0d0)
end function

Java

l_m = Math.abs(l);
t_m = Math.abs(t);
public static double code(double t_m, double l_m, double Om, double Omc) {
	return Math.asin(1.0);
}

Python

l_m = math.fabs(l)
t_m = math.fabs(t)
def code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc):
	return math.asin(1.0)

Julia

l_m = abs(l)
t_m = abs(t)
function code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	return asin(1.0)
end

MATLAB

l_m = abs(l);
t_m = abs(t);
function tmp = code(t_m, l_m, Om, Omc)
	tmp = asin(1.0);
end

Wolfram

l_m = N[Abs[l], $MachinePrecision]
t_m = N[Abs[t], $MachinePrecision]
code[t$95$m_, l$95$m_, Om_, Omc_] := N[ArcSin[1.0], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 85.0%

   \[\sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 - {\left(\frac{Om}{Omc}\right)}^{2}}{1 + 2 \cdot {\left(\frac{t}{\ell}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in t around 0

   \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

   2. lower-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{{Om}^{2}}{{Omc}^{2}}}}\right) \]

   3. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

   4. lower-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{Om \cdot Om}}{{Omc}^{2}}}\right) \]

   5. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

   6. lower-*.f64 43.4

      \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{\color{blue}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

5. Applied rewrites 43.4%

   \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - \frac{Om \cdot Om}{Omc \cdot Omc}}}\right) \]

6. Taylor expanded in Om around 0

   \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Applied rewrites 50.0%

   \[\leadsto \sin^{-1} \color{blue}{1} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024220 
(FPCore (t l Om Omc)
  :name "Toniolo and Linder, Equation (2)"
  :precision binary64
  (asin (sqrt (/ (- 1.0 (pow (/ Om Omc) 2.0)) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 (pow (/ t l) 2.0)))))))