UniformSampleCone, x

Percentage Accurate: 57.4% → 99.0%

Time: 15.8s

Alternatives: 15

Speedup: 9.8×

Specification

\[\left(\left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq ux \land ux \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq uy \land uy \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(0 \leq maxCos \land maxCos \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Initial Program: 57.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t\_0 \cdot t\_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt
   (fma
    (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
    ux
    (* 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   11. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   12. associate-+l- N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   14. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   19. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   20. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   21. unsub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   22. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

   5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

   6. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   11. lower-*.f32 99.0

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 97.3% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.9998000264167786:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 - ux} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.9998000264167786)
     (* t_0 (* (sqrt (- 2.0 ux)) (sqrt ux)))
     (*
      (sqrt
       (fma
        (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
        ux
        (* 2.0 ux)))
      (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI)));
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.9998000264167786f) {
		tmp = t_0 * (sqrtf((2.0f - ux)) * sqrtf(ux));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux))) * fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(0.9998000264167786))
		tmp = Float32(t_0 * Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux)) * sqrt(ux)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))) * fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32))) < 0.999800026

   1. Initial program 65.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right) \cdot ux}} \]

      7. sqrt-prod N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right)} \]

      8. pow1/2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]

      9. pow1/2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left({\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{{ux}^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right) \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot {ux}^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)} \]

      11. pow1/2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \cdot {ux}^{\frac{1}{2}}\right) \]

      12. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \cdot {ux}^{\frac{1}{2}}\right) \]

      13. pow1/2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux}}\right) \]

      14. lower-sqrt.f32 97.9

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux}}\right) \]

   7. Applied rewrites 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{2 + -1 \cdot ux}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{2 + -1 \cdot ux}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]

      3. unsub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{2 - ux}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]

      4. lower--.f32 89.1

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{2 - ux}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]

   10. Applied rewrites 89.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{2 - ux}} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right) \]

   if 0.999800026 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32)))

   1. Initial program 58.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

      6. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f32 99.5

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      2. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      8. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-PI.f32 99.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. Applied rewrites 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 96.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \leq 0.9998000264167786:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{2 - ux} \cdot \sqrt{ux}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.4% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.9996200203895569:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0 \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))))
   (if (<= t_0 0.9996200203895569)
     (* t_0 (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 ux))))
     (*
      (sqrt
       (fma
        (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
        ux
        (* 2.0 ux)))
      (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI)));
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.9996200203895569f) {
		tmp = t_0 * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - ux)));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux))) * fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(0.9996200203895569))
		tmp = Float32(t_0 * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))) * fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32))) < 0.99962002

   1. Initial program 65.1%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - ux}, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)} \]

      8. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      9. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      10. lower--.f32 59.9

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 59.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      2. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      3. unsub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

      4. lower--.f32 88.4

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

   8. Applied rewrites 88.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

   if 0.99962002 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32)))

   1. Initial program 59.2%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

      6. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f32 99.5

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      2. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      8. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-PI.f32 99.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. Applied rewrites 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 96.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \leq 0.9996200203895569:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 86.7% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \leq 0.9999995231628418:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, t\_0 \cdot \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right), t\_0\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 ux)))))
   (if (<= (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) 0.9999995231628418)
     (fma -2.0 (* t_0 (* (* uy uy) (* PI PI))) t_0)
     (sqrt
      (fma
       (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
       ux
       (* 2.0 ux))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - ux)));
	float tmp;
	if (cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) <= 0.9999995231628418f) {
		tmp = fmaf(-2.0f, (t_0 * ((uy * uy) * (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)))), t_0);
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux)))
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) <= Float32(0.9999995231628418))
		tmp = fma(Float32(-2.0), Float32(t_0 * Float32(Float32(uy * uy) * Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)))), t_0);
	else
		tmp = sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32))) < 0.999999523

   1. Initial program 60.9%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 98.2%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   8. Applied rewrites 69.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right), \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)} + -2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

       2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right), \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right)} \]

       3. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \color{blue}{\left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       4. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \color{blue}{\left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       5. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \color{blue}{\left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       6. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       7. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       8. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       9. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       10. lower-PI.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       11. lower-PI.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       12. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       13. lower-*.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       14. mul-1-neg N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)}\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       15. unsub-neg N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       16. lower--.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}\right) \]

       17. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}, \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}}\right) \]

   11. Applied rewrites 67.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\right)} \]

   if 0.999999523 < (cos.f32 (*.f32 (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) (PI.f32)))

   1. Initial program 60.5%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

      6. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f32 99.6

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.6%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 86.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \leq 0.9999995231628418:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(uy \cdot uy\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \pi\right)\right), \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt
   (* ux (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (fma maxCos -2.0 2.0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((ux * fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), fmaf(maxCos, -2.0f, 2.0f))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), fma(maxCos, Float32(-2.0), Float32(2.0))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   11. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   12. associate-+l- N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   14. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   19. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   20. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   21. unsub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   22. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.2% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, -2\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI))
  (sqrt (fma ux (- 2.0 ux) (* maxCos (* ux (fma ux 2.0 -2.0)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf(fmaf(ux, (2.0f - ux), (maxCos * (ux * fmaf(ux, 2.0f, -2.0f)))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux), Float32(maxCos * Float32(ux * fma(ux, Float32(2.0), Float32(-2.0)))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   11. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   12. associate-+l- N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   14. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   19. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   20. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   21. unsub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   22. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right) + maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}} \]

   2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 + -1 \cdot ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)}, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. unsub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{2 - ux}, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{2 - ux}, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]

   7. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)}\right)} \]

   8. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot ux + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot 2 + \color{blue}{-2}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   11. lower-fma.f32 98.2

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, -2\right)}\right)\right)} \]

8. Applied rewrites 98.2%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2 - ux, maxCos \cdot \left(ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 2, -2\right)\right)\right)}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 93.8% accurate, 1.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \cdot 2 \leq 0.06199999898672104:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= (* uy 2.0) 0.06199999898672104)
   (*
    (sqrt
     (fma
      (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
      ux
      (* 2.0 ux)))
    (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if ((uy * 2.0f) <= 0.06199999898672104f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux))) * fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f);
	} else {
		tmp = cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) <= Float32(0.06199999898672104))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))) * fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) < 0.061999999

   1. Initial program 60.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

      6. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f32 99.4

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      2. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      4. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      6. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      8. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-PI.f32 97.9

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. Applied rewrites 97.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   if 0.061999999 < (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32))

   1. Initial program 62.1%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - ux}, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)} \]

      8. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      9. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      10. lower--.f32 58.2

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 58.2%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 71.1

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

   8. Applied rewrites 71.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 93.5%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \cdot 2 \leq 0.06199999898672104:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 88.3% accurate, 2.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt
   (fma
    (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
    ux
    (* 2.0 ux)))
  (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux))) * fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f);
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))) * fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   11. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   12. associate-+l- N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   14. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   19. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   20. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   21. unsub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   22. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lift-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

   5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

   6. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   11. lower-*.f32 99.0

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

7. Applied rewrites 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   2. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   5. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   7. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. lower-PI.f32 87.4

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

10. Applied rewrites 87.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

11. Final simplification 87.4%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 88.3% accurate, 2.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt
   (* ux (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (fma maxCos -2.0 2.0))))
  (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), fmaf(maxCos, -2.0f, 2.0f)))) * fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f);
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(ux * fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), fma(maxCos, Float32(-2.0), Float32(2.0))))) * fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   11. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   12. associate-+l- N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   14. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   19. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   20. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   21. unsub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   22. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   2. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   4. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   5. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   6. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   7. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

   10. lower-PI.f32 87.3

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

8. Applied rewrites 87.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \]

9. Final simplification 87.3%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 83.1% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \cdot 2 \leq 0.0012000000569969416:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= (* uy 2.0) 0.0012000000569969416)
   (sqrt
    (fma
     (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (* maxCos -2.0))
     ux
     (* 2.0 ux)))
   (* (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0) (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if ((uy * 2.0f) <= 0.0012000000569969416f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), (maxCos * -2.0f)), ux, (2.0f * ux)));
	} else {
		tmp = fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f) * sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) <= Float32(0.0012000000569969416))
		tmp = sqrt(fma(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0))), ux, Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) < 0.00120000006

   1. Initial program 60.6%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      6. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      11. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      12. associate-+l- N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      14. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      15. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      16. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      17. sub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      18. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      19. lower-+.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      20. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      21. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      22. lower--.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      2. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      3. lift-*.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)} + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)\right)} \]

      4. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}\right)} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos \cdot -2 + 2\right)}\right)} \]

      6. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + 2\right)}} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2\right) \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux}} \]

      8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + maxCos \cdot -2, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right)}, ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      10. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2}\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

      11. lower-*.f32 99.5

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, \color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}\right)} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

   10. Applied rewrites 98.0%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)} \]

   if 0.00120000006 < (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32))

   1. Initial program 60.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - ux}, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)} \]

      8. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      9. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      10. lower--.f32 57.0

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 57.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 71.9

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

   8. Applied rewrites 71.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       2. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       4. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       5. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       7. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       8. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       10. lower-PI.f32 53.3

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 53.3%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 82.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \cdot 2 \leq 0.0012000000569969416:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), maxCos \cdot -2\right), ux, 2 \cdot ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 83.1% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \cdot 2 \leq 0.0012000000569969416:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, ux\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= (* uy 2.0) 0.0012000000569969416)
   (sqrt
    (fma
     (fma ux maxCos (- 1.0 ux))
     (fma maxCos (- ux) ux)
     (fma ux (- maxCos) ux)))
   (* (fma (* -2.0 (* uy uy)) (* PI PI) 1.0) (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if ((uy * 2.0f) <= 0.0012000000569969416f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, maxCos, (1.0f - ux)), fmaf(maxCos, -ux, ux), fmaf(ux, -maxCos, ux)));
	} else {
		tmp = fmaf((-2.0f * (uy * uy)), (((float) M_PI) * ((float) M_PI)), 1.0f) * sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) <= Float32(0.0012000000569969416))
		tmp = sqrt(fma(fma(ux, maxCos, Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux)), fma(maxCos, Float32(-ux), ux), fma(ux, Float32(-maxCos), ux)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(fma(Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(uy * uy)), Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(pi)), Float32(1.0)) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32)) < 0.00120000006

   1. Initial program 60.6%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

      2. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

      5. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)\right), 1\right)}} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 60.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-ux, maxCos + -1, -1\right), 1\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. lift--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

      2. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

      3. lift-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

      4. lift-+.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} + -1\right) + 1} \]

      5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), maxCos + -1, -1\right)} + 1} \]

      6. lift-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right)} + 1} \]

      7. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot -1\right)} + 1} \]

      8. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot -1 + 1\right)}} \]

      9. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} + 1\right)} \]

      10. neg-mul-1 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1\right)} \]

      11. lift-neg.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1\right)} \]

      12. lower-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right) + 1\right)}} \]

   7. Applied rewrites 66.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, -1 + ux\right) + 1\right)}} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux}\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos + 1\right)} \cdot ux\right)} \]

      3. distribute-lft1-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + ux}\right)} \]

      4. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)} + ux\right)} \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)} + ux\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right)\right) + ux\right)} \]

      7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + ux\right)} \]

      8. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos\right)} + ux\right)} \]

      9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -1 \cdot maxCos, ux\right)}\right)} \]

      10. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)}, ux\right)\right)} \]

      11. lower-neg.f32 97.9

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{-maxCos}, ux\right)\right)} \]

   10. Applied rewrites 97.9%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, ux\right)}\right)} \]

   if 0.00120000006 < (*.f32 uy #s(literal 2 binary32))

   1. Initial program 60.8%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

      7. lower--.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - ux}, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)} \]

      8. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      9. lower-neg.f32 N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      10. lower--.f32 57.0

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   5. Applied rewrites 57.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

      2. lower-*.f32 71.9

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

   8. Applied rewrites 71.9%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \left({uy}^{2} \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       2. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}\right) \cdot {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}} + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       3. lower-fma.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       4. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot {uy}^{2}}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       5. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       6. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot uy\right)}, {\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}^{2}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       7. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       8. lower-*.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       9. lower-PI.f32 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{PI}\left(\right)} \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right), 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

       10. lower-PI.f32 53.3

           \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \color{blue}{\pi}, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]

   11. Applied rewrites 53.3%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 82.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \cdot 2 \leq 0.0012000000569969416:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, ux\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(-2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot uy\right), \pi \cdot \pi, 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 79.9% accurate, 3.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, ux\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (fma
   (fma ux maxCos (- 1.0 ux))
   (fma maxCos (- ux) ux)
   (fma ux (- maxCos) ux))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(ux, maxCos, (1.0f - ux)), fmaf(maxCos, -ux, ux), fmaf(ux, -maxCos, ux)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(fma(fma(ux, maxCos, Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux)), fma(maxCos, Float32(-ux), ux), fma(ux, Float32(-maxCos), ux)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   2. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)\right), 1\right)}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 50.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-ux, maxCos + -1, -1\right), 1\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

   2. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

   3. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

   4. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} + -1\right) + 1} \]

   5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), maxCos + -1, -1\right)} + 1} \]

   6. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right)} + 1} \]

   7. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot -1\right)} + 1} \]

   8. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot -1 + 1\right)}} \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} + 1\right)} \]

   10. neg-mul-1 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1\right)} \]

   11. lift-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1\right)} \]

   12. lower-fma.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right) + 1\right)}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 56.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, -1 + ux\right) + 1\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux}\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos + 1\right)} \cdot ux\right)} \]

   3. distribute-lft1-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + ux}\right)} \]

   4. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)} + ux\right)} \]

   5. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right)} + ux\right)} \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos}\right)\right) + ux\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + ux\right)} \]

   8. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos\right)} + ux\right)} \]

   9. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -1 \cdot maxCos, ux\right)}\right)} \]

   10. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, \mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)}, ux\right)\right)} \]

   11. lower-neg.f32 78.6

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{-maxCos}, ux\right)\right)} \]

10. Applied rewrites 78.6%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, ux\right)}\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 79.8% accurate, 4.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, 2\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (* ux (fma ux (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (- 1.0 maxCos)) (fma -2.0 maxCos 2.0)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * fmaf(ux, ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (1.0f - maxCos)), fmaf(-2.0f, maxCos, 2.0f))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(ux * fma(ux, Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)), fma(Float32(-2.0), maxCos, Float32(2.0)))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(2\right)\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + 2\right) + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   6. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} + \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   8. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left({\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   10. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   11. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   12. associate-+l- N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   14. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot maxCos} + 1\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   15. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   16. lower-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   19. lower-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   20. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)}\right), 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   21. unsub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   22. lower--.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}, 2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   2. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + \color{blue}{-2 \cdot -1}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)} + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right)} + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   8. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   9. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right) + 1\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(maxCos\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(-1\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   11. distribute-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. metadata-eval N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   13. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   14. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)\right)}\right)} \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{{\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   16. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)} \]

   17. mul-1-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(ux \cdot {\left(maxCos - 1\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]

8. Applied rewrites 78.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, 2\right)\right)}} \]

9. Final simplification 78.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, maxCos, 2\right)\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 14: 75.6% accurate, 7.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 1 - ux, ux\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (fma ux (- 1.0 ux) ux)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf(fmaf(ux, (1.0f - ux), ux));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(fma(ux, Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux), ux))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lower-sqrt.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]

   2. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux, \mathsf{neg}\left(\left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)\right), 1\right)}} \]

5. Applied rewrites 50.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(-ux, maxCos + -1, -1\right), 1\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. lift--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

   2. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

   3. lift-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right) + 1} \]

   4. lift-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right)} + -1\right) + 1} \]

   5. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right), maxCos + -1, -1\right)} + 1} \]

   6. lift-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + -1\right)} + 1} \]

   7. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot -1\right)} + 1} \]

   8. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot -1 + 1\right)}} \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)} + 1\right)} \]

   10. neg-mul-1 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1\right)} \]

   11. lift-neg.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1\right)} \]

   12. lower-fma.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right)\right)\right) + 1\right)}} \]

7. Applied rewrites 56.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1 - ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -ux, ux\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, -maxCos, -1 + ux\right) + 1\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux + ux \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(1 - ux\right) + ux}} \]

   2. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 1 - ux, ux\right)}} \]

   3. lower--.f32 74.5

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, \color{blue}{1 - ux}, ux\right)} \]

10. Applied rewrites 74.5%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, 1 - ux, ux\right)}} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 15: 62.3% accurate, 9.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((2.0e0 * ux))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(2.0) * ux));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 60.7%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({\left(1 - ux\right)}^{2}\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   3. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)}\right)\right) + 1} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(1 - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   6. lower-fma.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

   7. lower--.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{1 - ux}, -1 \cdot \left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   9. lower-neg.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, \color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. lower--.f32 57.6

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\color{blue}{\left(1 - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

5. Applied rewrites 57.6%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - ux, -\left(1 - ux\right), 1\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in ux around 0

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \mathsf{PI}\left(\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

   2. lower-*.f32 72.2

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

8. Applied rewrites 72.2%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

9. Taylor expanded in uy around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

11. Applied rewrites 60.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot 2} \]
12. Step-by-step derivation

    1. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

    2. lift-sqrt.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot 2}} \]

    3. *-lft-identity 60.6

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot 2}} \]

    4. lift-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2}} \]

    5. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]

    6. lower-*.f32 60.6

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]

13. Applied rewrites 60.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{2 \cdot ux}} \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024220 
(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
  :name "UniformSampleCone, x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 ux) (<= ux 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 uy) (<= uy 1.0))) (and (<= 0.0 maxCos) (<= maxCos 1.0)))
  (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)) (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)))))))