HairBSDF, Mp, lower

Percentage Accurate: 99.7% → 99.8%
Time: 14.7s
Alternatives: 10
Speedup: 1.2×

Specification

?
\[\left(\left(\left(\left(-1 \leq cosTheta\_i \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(-1 \leq cosTheta\_O \land cosTheta\_O \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(-1 \leq sinTheta\_i \land sinTheta\_i \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(-1 \leq sinTheta\_O \land sinTheta\_O \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(-1.5707964 \leq v \land v \leq 0.1\right)\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ e^{\left(\left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} - \frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right) + 0.6931\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{2 \cdot v}\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (exp
  (+
   (+
    (-
     (- (/ (* cosTheta_i cosTheta_O) v) (/ (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_O) v))
     (/ 1.0 v))
    0.6931)
   (log (/ 1.0 (* 2.0 v))))))
float code(float cosTheta_i, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return expf(((((((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v) - ((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) - (1.0f / v)) + 0.6931f) + logf((1.0f / (2.0f * v)))));
}
real(4) function code(costheta_i, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = exp(((((((costheta_i * costheta_o) / v) - ((sintheta_i * sintheta_o) / v)) - (1.0e0 / v)) + 0.6931e0) + log((1.0e0 / (2.0e0 * v)))))
end function
function code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return exp(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v) - Float32(Float32(sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) - Float32(Float32(1.0) / v)) + Float32(0.6931)) + log(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(2.0) * v)))))
end
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = exp(((((((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v) - ((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) - (single(1.0) / v)) + single(0.6931)) + log((single(1.0) / (single(2.0) * v)))));
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
e^{\left(\left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} - \frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right) + 0.6931\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{2 \cdot v}\right)}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary32 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 10 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ e^{\left(\left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} - \frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right) + 0.6931\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{2 \cdot v}\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (exp
  (+
   (+
    (-
     (- (/ (* cosTheta_i cosTheta_O) v) (/ (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_O) v))
     (/ 1.0 v))
    0.6931)
   (log (/ 1.0 (* 2.0 v))))))
float code(float cosTheta_i, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return expf(((((((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v) - ((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) - (1.0f / v)) + 0.6931f) + logf((1.0f / (2.0f * v)))));
}
real(4) function code(costheta_i, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
    real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
    real(4), intent (in) :: v
    code = exp(((((((costheta_i * costheta_o) / v) - ((sintheta_i * sintheta_o) / v)) - (1.0e0 / v)) + 0.6931e0) + log((1.0e0 / (2.0e0 * v)))))
end function
function code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return exp(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v) - Float32(Float32(sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) - Float32(Float32(1.0) / v)) + Float32(0.6931)) + log(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(2.0) * v)))))
end
function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	tmp = exp(((((((cosTheta_i * cosTheta_O) / v) - ((sinTheta_i * sinTheta_O) / v)) - (single(1.0) / v)) + single(0.6931)) + log((single(1.0) / (single(2.0) * v)))));
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
e^{\left(\left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} - \frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right) + 0.6931\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{2 \cdot v}\right)}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.8% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(2 \cdot v\right) - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_O, cosTheta\_i, -1\right)}{v}, -0.5, 0.34655\right)\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
 :precision binary32
 (pow
  (exp 2.0)
  (fma
   (- (log (* 2.0 v)) (/ (fma cosTheta_O cosTheta_i -1.0) v))
   -0.5
   0.34655)))
float code(float cosTheta_i, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
	return powf(expf(2.0f), fmaf((logf((2.0f * v)) - (fmaf(cosTheta_O, cosTheta_i, -1.0f) / v)), -0.5f, 0.34655f));
}
function code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
	return exp(Float32(2.0)) ^ fma(Float32(log(Float32(Float32(2.0) * v)) - Float32(fma(cosTheta_O, cosTheta_i, Float32(-1.0)) / v)), Float32(-0.5), Float32(0.34655))
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
{\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(2 \cdot v\right) - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_O, cosTheta\_i, -1\right)}{v}, -0.5, 0.34655\right)\right)}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.6%

    \[e^{\left(\left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} - \frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right) + 0.6931\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{2 \cdot v}\right)} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Applied egg-rr99.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_i, cosTheta\_O, sinTheta\_i \cdot \left(-sinTheta\_O\right)\right) + -1}{v} + 0.6931\right)}}} \]
  4. Applied egg-rr99.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(e^{\left(\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_i, -sinTheta\_O, \mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_i, cosTheta\_O, -1\right)\right)}{v}\right) + -0.6931\right) \cdot -0.5}\right)}^{2}} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Applied egg-rr99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_i, -sinTheta\_O, \mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_i, cosTheta\_O, -1\right)\right)}{v}, -0.5, 0.34655\right)\right)}} \]
    2. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_i around 0

      \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i - 1}{v}}, \frac{-1}{2}, \frac{6931}{20000}\right)\right)} \]
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i - 1}{v}}, \frac{-1}{2}, \frac{6931}{20000}\right)\right)} \]
      2. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}}{v}, \frac{-1}{2}, \frac{6931}{20000}\right)\right)} \]
      3. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \frac{cosTheta\_O \cdot cosTheta\_i + \color{blue}{-1}}{v}, \frac{-1}{2}, \frac{6931}{20000}\right)\right)} \]
      4. lower-fma.f3299.7

        \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_O, cosTheta\_i, -1\right)}}{v}, -0.5, 0.34655\right)\right)} \]
    4. Simplified99.7%

      \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_O, cosTheta\_i, -1\right)}{v}}, -0.5, 0.34655\right)\right)} \]
    5. Final simplification99.7%

      \[\leadsto {\left(e^{2}\right)}^{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\log \left(2 \cdot v\right) - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_O, cosTheta\_i, -1\right)}{v}, -0.5, 0.34655\right)\right)} \]
    6. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 2: 99.7% accurate, 1.2× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(2 \cdot v\right) - \left(0.6931 + \frac{-1}{v}\right)}} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
     :precision binary32
     (/ 1.0 (exp (- (log (* 2.0 v)) (+ 0.6931 (/ -1.0 v))))))
    float code(float cosTheta_i, float cosTheta_O, float sinTheta_i, float sinTheta_O, float v) {
    	return 1.0f / expf((logf((2.0f * v)) - (0.6931f + (-1.0f / v))));
    }
    
    real(4) function code(costheta_i, costheta_o, sintheta_i, sintheta_o, v)
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_i
        real(4), intent (in) :: costheta_o
        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_i
        real(4), intent (in) :: sintheta_o
        real(4), intent (in) :: v
        code = 1.0e0 / exp((log((2.0e0 * v)) - (0.6931e0 + ((-1.0e0) / v))))
    end function
    
    function code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / exp(Float32(log(Float32(Float32(2.0) * v)) - Float32(Float32(0.6931) + Float32(Float32(-1.0) / v)))))
    end
    
    function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, cosTheta_O, sinTheta_i, sinTheta_O, v)
    	tmp = single(1.0) / exp((log((single(2.0) * v)) - (single(0.6931) + (single(-1.0) / v))));
    end
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(2 \cdot v\right) - \left(0.6931 + \frac{-1}{v}\right)}}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 99.7%

      \[e^{\left(\left(\left(\frac{cosTheta\_i \cdot cosTheta\_O}{v} - \frac{sinTheta\_i \cdot sinTheta\_O}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right) + 0.6931\right) + \log \left(\frac{1}{2 \cdot v}\right)} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Applied egg-rr99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(cosTheta\_i, cosTheta\_O, sinTheta\_i \cdot \left(-sinTheta\_O\right)\right) + -1}{v} + 0.6931\right)}}} \]
    4. Taylor expanded in cosTheta_i around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{6931}{10000} + -1 \cdot \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}\right) - \frac{1}{v}\right)}}} \]
    5. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate--l+N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \left(-1 \cdot \frac{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v} - \frac{1}{v}\right)\right)}}} \]
      2. associate-*r/N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)}{v}} - \frac{1}{v}\right)\right)}} \]
      3. div-subN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) - 1}{v}}\right)}} \]
      4. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \frac{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}}{v}\right)}} \]
      5. mul-1-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}{v}\right)}} \]
      6. distribute-neg-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{neg}\left(\left(sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i + 1\right)\right)}}{v}\right)}} \]
      7. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i\right)}\right)}{v}\right)}} \]
      8. distribute-frac-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1 + sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)\right)}\right)}} \]
      9. unsub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6931}{10000} - \frac{1 + sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}} \]
      10. lower--.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6931}{10000} - \frac{1 + sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}\right)}}} \]
      11. lower-/.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} - \color{blue}{\frac{1 + sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i}{v}}\right)}} \]
      12. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} - \frac{\color{blue}{sinTheta\_O \cdot sinTheta\_i + 1}}{v}\right)}} \]
      13. lower-fma.f3299.7

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(0.6931 - \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_O, sinTheta\_i, 1\right)}}{v}\right)}} \]
    6. Simplified99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(0.6931 - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(sinTheta\_O, sinTheta\_i, 1\right)}{v}\right)}}} \]
    7. Taylor expanded in sinTheta_O around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6931}{10000} - \frac{1}{v}\right)}}} \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{v}\right)\right)\right)}}} \]
      2. distribute-neg-fracN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)}{v}}\right)}} \]
      3. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \frac{\color{blue}{-1}}{v}\right)}} \]
      4. lower-+.f32N/A

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(\frac{6931}{10000} + \frac{-1}{v}\right)}}} \]
      5. lower-/.f3299.7

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \left(0.6931 + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{v}}\right)}} \]
    9. Simplified99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(v \cdot 2\right) - \color{blue}{\left(0.6931 + \frac{-1}{v}\right)}}} \]
    10. Final simplification99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{e^{\log \left(2 \cdot v\right) - \left(0.6931 + \frac{-1}{v}\right)}} \]
    11. Add Preprocessing

    Reproduce

    ?
    herbie shell --seed 2024218 
    (FPCore (cosTheta_i cosTheta_O sinTheta_i sinTheta_O v)
      :name "HairBSDF, Mp, lower"
      :precision binary32
      :pre (and (and (and (and (and (<= -1.0 cosTheta_i) (<= cosTheta_i 1.0)) (and (<= -1.0 cosTheta_O) (<= cosTheta_O 1.0))) (and (<= -1.0 sinTheta_i) (<= sinTheta_i 1.0))) (and (<= -1.0 sinTheta_O) (<= sinTheta_O 1.0))) (and (<= -1.5707964 v) (<= v 0.1)))
      (exp (+ (+ (- (- (/ (* cosTheta_i cosTheta_O) v) (/ (* sinTheta_i sinTheta_O) v)) (/ 1.0 v)) 0.6931) (log (/ 1.0 (* 2.0 v))))))