Codec.Picture.Jpg.FastDct:referenceDct from JuicyPixels-3.2.6.1

Percentage Accurate: 27.2% → 31.6%
Time: 16.2s
Alternatives: 2
Speedup: 269.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y z t a b)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (* x (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* y 2.0) 1.0) z) t) 16.0)))
  (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* a 2.0) 1.0) b) t) 16.0))))
double code(double x, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
	return (x * cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0));
}
real(8) function code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    real(8), intent (in) :: z
    real(8), intent (in) :: t
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = (x * cos((((((y * 2.0d0) + 1.0d0) * z) * t) / 16.0d0))) * cos((((((a * 2.0d0) + 1.0d0) * b) * t) / 16.0d0))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
	return (x * Math.cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * Math.cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0));
}
def code(x, y, z, t, a, b):
	return (x * math.cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * math.cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0))
function code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
	return Float64(Float64(x * cos(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * cos(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0)))
end
function tmp = code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
	tmp = (x * cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0));
end
code[x_, y_, z_, t_, a_, b_] := N[(N[(x * N[Cos[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(y * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * z), $MachinePrecision] * t), $MachinePrecision] / 16.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(a * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * t), $MachinePrecision] / 16.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 2 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 27.2% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x y z t a b)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (* x (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* y 2.0) 1.0) z) t) 16.0)))
  (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* a 2.0) 1.0) b) t) 16.0))))
double code(double x, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
	return (x * cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0));
}
real(8) function code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    real(8), intent (in) :: z
    real(8), intent (in) :: t
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = (x * cos((((((y * 2.0d0) + 1.0d0) * z) * t) / 16.0d0))) * cos((((((a * 2.0d0) + 1.0d0) * b) * t) / 16.0d0))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
	return (x * Math.cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * Math.cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0));
}
def code(x, y, z, t, a, b):
	return (x * math.cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * math.cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0))
function code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
	return Float64(Float64(x * cos(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * cos(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0)))
end
function tmp = code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
	tmp = (x * cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))) * cos((((((a * 2.0) + 1.0) * b) * t) / 16.0));
end
code[x_, y_, z_, t_, a_, b_] := N[(N[(x * N[Cos[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(y * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * z), $MachinePrecision] * t), $MachinePrecision] / 16.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(a * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * t), $MachinePrecision] / 16.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 31.6% accurate, 0.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} x\_m = \left|x\right| \\ x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right) \\ \begin{array}{l} t_1 := \left(\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot 0.0625\right)\\ t_2 := x\_m \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\\ t_3 := t \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.0625\right)\\ x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;t\_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t \cdot \left(\left(1 + 2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right)}{16}\right) \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+206}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_2 \cdot \left(\cos t\_1 \cdot \cos t\_3 - \sin t\_1 \cdot \sin t\_3\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\_m\\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{array} \]
x\_m = (fabs.f64 x)
x\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x)
(FPCore (x_s x_m y z t a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_1 (* (* (* 2.0 a) b) (* t 0.0625)))
        (t_2 (* x_m (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* y 2.0) 1.0) z) t) 16.0))))
        (t_3 (* t (* b 0.0625))))
   (*
    x_s
    (if (<= (* t_2 (cos (/ (* t (* (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 a)) b)) 16.0))) 5e+206)
      (* t_2 (- (* (cos t_1) (cos t_3)) (* (sin t_1) (sin t_3))))
      x_m))))
x\_m = fabs(x);
x\_s = copysign(1.0, x);
double code(double x_s, double x_m, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
	double t_1 = ((2.0 * a) * b) * (t * 0.0625);
	double t_2 = x_m * cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0));
	double t_3 = t * (b * 0.0625);
	double tmp;
	if ((t_2 * cos(((t * ((1.0 + (2.0 * a)) * b)) / 16.0))) <= 5e+206) {
		tmp = t_2 * ((cos(t_1) * cos(t_3)) - (sin(t_1) * sin(t_3)));
	} else {
		tmp = x_m;
	}
	return x_s * tmp;
}
x\_m = abs(x)
x\_s = copysign(1.0d0, x)
real(8) function code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x_s
    real(8), intent (in) :: x_m
    real(8), intent (in) :: y
    real(8), intent (in) :: z
    real(8), intent (in) :: t
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: t_1
    real(8) :: t_2
    real(8) :: t_3
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_1 = ((2.0d0 * a) * b) * (t * 0.0625d0)
    t_2 = x_m * cos((((((y * 2.0d0) + 1.0d0) * z) * t) / 16.0d0))
    t_3 = t * (b * 0.0625d0)
    if ((t_2 * cos(((t * ((1.0d0 + (2.0d0 * a)) * b)) / 16.0d0))) <= 5d+206) then
        tmp = t_2 * ((cos(t_1) * cos(t_3)) - (sin(t_1) * sin(t_3)))
    else
        tmp = x_m
    end if
    code = x_s * tmp
end function
x\_m = Math.abs(x);
x\_s = Math.copySign(1.0, x);
public static double code(double x_s, double x_m, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
	double t_1 = ((2.0 * a) * b) * (t * 0.0625);
	double t_2 = x_m * Math.cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0));
	double t_3 = t * (b * 0.0625);
	double tmp;
	if ((t_2 * Math.cos(((t * ((1.0 + (2.0 * a)) * b)) / 16.0))) <= 5e+206) {
		tmp = t_2 * ((Math.cos(t_1) * Math.cos(t_3)) - (Math.sin(t_1) * Math.sin(t_3)));
	} else {
		tmp = x_m;
	}
	return x_s * tmp;
}
x\_m = math.fabs(x)
x\_s = math.copysign(1.0, x)
def code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b):
	t_1 = ((2.0 * a) * b) * (t * 0.0625)
	t_2 = x_m * math.cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0))
	t_3 = t * (b * 0.0625)
	tmp = 0
	if (t_2 * math.cos(((t * ((1.0 + (2.0 * a)) * b)) / 16.0))) <= 5e+206:
		tmp = t_2 * ((math.cos(t_1) * math.cos(t_3)) - (math.sin(t_1) * math.sin(t_3)))
	else:
		tmp = x_m
	return x_s * tmp
x\_m = abs(x)
x\_s = copysign(1.0, x)
function code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b)
	t_1 = Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * a) * b) * Float64(t * 0.0625))
	t_2 = Float64(x_m * cos(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0)))
	t_3 = Float64(t * Float64(b * 0.0625))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(t_2 * cos(Float64(Float64(t * Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(2.0 * a)) * b)) / 16.0))) <= 5e+206)
		tmp = Float64(t_2 * Float64(Float64(cos(t_1) * cos(t_3)) - Float64(sin(t_1) * sin(t_3))));
	else
		tmp = x_m;
	end
	return Float64(x_s * tmp)
end
x\_m = abs(x);
x\_s = sign(x) * abs(1.0);
function tmp_2 = code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b)
	t_1 = ((2.0 * a) * b) * (t * 0.0625);
	t_2 = x_m * cos((((((y * 2.0) + 1.0) * z) * t) / 16.0));
	t_3 = t * (b * 0.0625);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((t_2 * cos(((t * ((1.0 + (2.0 * a)) * b)) / 16.0))) <= 5e+206)
		tmp = t_2 * ((cos(t_1) * cos(t_3)) - (sin(t_1) * sin(t_3)));
	else
		tmp = x_m;
	end
	tmp_2 = x_s * tmp;
end
x\_m = N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision]
x\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
code[x$95$s_, x$95$m_, y_, z_, t_, a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(N[(2.0 * a), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t * 0.0625), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(x$95$m * N[Cos[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(y * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * z), $MachinePrecision] * t), $MachinePrecision] / 16.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$3 = N[(t * N[(b * 0.0625), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(x$95$s * If[LessEqual[N[(t$95$2 * N[Cos[N[(N[(t * N[(N[(1.0 + N[(2.0 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 16.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 5e+206], N[(t$95$2 * N[(N[(N[Cos[t$95$1], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[t$95$3], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[Sin[t$95$1], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[t$95$3], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], x$95$m]), $MachinePrecision]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
x\_m = \left|x\right|
\\
x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right)

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_1 := \left(\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot 0.0625\right)\\
t_2 := x\_m \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\\
t_3 := t \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.0625\right)\\
x\_s \cdot \begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;t\_2 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t \cdot \left(\left(1 + 2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right)}{16}\right) \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+206}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_2 \cdot \left(\cos t\_1 \cdot \cos t\_3 - \sin t\_1 \cdot \sin t\_3\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x\_m\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (*.f64 (*.f64 x (cos.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 y #s(literal 2 binary64)) #s(literal 1 binary64)) z) t) #s(literal 16 binary64)))) (cos.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a #s(literal 2 binary64)) #s(literal 1 binary64)) b) t) #s(literal 16 binary64)))) < 5.0000000000000002e206

    1. Initial program 38.7%

      \[\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot 2} + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \]
      2. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right)} \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \]
      3. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right)} \cdot t}{16}\right) \]
      4. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{t \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right)}}{16}\right) \]
      5. associate-*l/N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{t}{16} \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right)\right)} \]
      6. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t}{16} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right)}\right) \]
      7. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t}{16} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right)\right)}\right) \]
      8. lift-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t}{16} \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right)}\right)\right) \]
      9. distribute-rgt-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t}{16} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b + 1 \cdot b\right)}\right) \]
      10. *-lft-identityN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t}{16} \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{b}\right)\right) \]
      11. distribute-rgt-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{t}{16} + b \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right)} \]
      12. cos-sumN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right) \cdot \cos \left(b \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right) - \sin \left(\left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right) \cdot \sin \left(b \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right)\right)} \]
      13. lower--.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right) \cdot \cos \left(b \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right) - \sin \left(\left(\left(a \cdot 2\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right) \cdot \sin \left(b \cdot \frac{t}{16}\right)\right)} \]
    4. Applied rewrites39.6%

      \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(\left(\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot 0.0625\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(t \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.0625\right)\right) - \sin \left(\left(\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot 0.0625\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(t \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.0625\right)\right)\right)} \]

    if 5.0000000000000002e206 < (*.f64 (*.f64 x (cos.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 y #s(literal 2 binary64)) #s(literal 1 binary64)) z) t) #s(literal 16 binary64)))) (cos.f64 (/.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a #s(literal 2 binary64)) #s(literal 1 binary64)) b) t) #s(literal 16 binary64))))

    1. Initial program 2.7%

      \[\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites7.0%

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
      2. Taylor expanded in z around 0

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot 1 \]
      3. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites13.1%

          \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot 1 \]
        2. Step-by-step derivation
          1. *-rgt-identityN/A

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \cdot 1 \]
          2. *-rgt-identity13.1

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
        3. Applied rewrites13.1%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
      4. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      5. Final simplification26.0%

        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{t \cdot \left(\left(1 + 2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right)}{16}\right) \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+206}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(\left(\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot 0.0625\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(t \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.0625\right)\right) - \sin \left(\left(\left(2 \cdot a\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(t \cdot 0.0625\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(t \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.0625\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \end{array} \]
      6. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 2: 30.5% accurate, 269.0× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} x\_m = \left|x\right| \\ x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right) \\ x\_s \cdot x\_m \end{array} \]
      x\_m = (fabs.f64 x)
      x\_s = (copysign.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) x)
      (FPCore (x_s x_m y z t a b) :precision binary64 (* x_s x_m))
      x\_m = fabs(x);
      x\_s = copysign(1.0, x);
      double code(double x_s, double x_m, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
      	return x_s * x_m;
      }
      
      x\_m = abs(x)
      x\_s = copysign(1.0d0, x)
      real(8) function code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b)
          real(8), intent (in) :: x_s
          real(8), intent (in) :: x_m
          real(8), intent (in) :: y
          real(8), intent (in) :: z
          real(8), intent (in) :: t
          real(8), intent (in) :: a
          real(8), intent (in) :: b
          code = x_s * x_m
      end function
      
      x\_m = Math.abs(x);
      x\_s = Math.copySign(1.0, x);
      public static double code(double x_s, double x_m, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
      	return x_s * x_m;
      }
      
      x\_m = math.fabs(x)
      x\_s = math.copysign(1.0, x)
      def code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b):
      	return x_s * x_m
      
      x\_m = abs(x)
      x\_s = copysign(1.0, x)
      function code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b)
      	return Float64(x_s * x_m)
      end
      
      x\_m = abs(x);
      x\_s = sign(x) * abs(1.0);
      function tmp = code(x_s, x_m, y, z, t, a, b)
      	tmp = x_s * x_m;
      end
      
      x\_m = N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision]
      x\_s = N[With[{TMP1 = Abs[1.0], TMP2 = Sign[x]}, TMP1 * If[TMP2 == 0, 1, TMP2]], $MachinePrecision]
      code[x$95$s_, x$95$m_, y_, z_, t_, a_, b_] := N[(x$95$s * x$95$m), $MachinePrecision]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      x\_m = \left|x\right|
      \\
      x\_s = \mathsf{copysign}\left(1, x\right)
      
      \\
      x\_s \cdot x\_m
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 20.3%

        \[\left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(a \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot t}{16}\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

        \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Applied rewrites22.1%

          \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(\left(y \cdot 2 + 1\right) \cdot z\right) \cdot t}{16}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]
        2. Taylor expanded in z around 0

          \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot 1 \]
        3. Step-by-step derivation
          1. Applied rewrites24.4%

            \[\leadsto \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{1}\right) \cdot 1 \]
          2. Step-by-step derivation
            1. *-rgt-identityN/A

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \cdot 1 \]
            2. *-rgt-identity24.4

              \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
          3. Applied rewrites24.4%

            \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
          4. Add Preprocessing

          Developer Target 1: 30.2% accurate, 1.1× speedup?

          \[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{b}{16} \cdot \frac{t}{\left(1 - a \cdot 2\right) + {\left(a \cdot 2\right)}^{2}}\right) \end{array} \]
          (FPCore (x y z t a b)
           :precision binary64
           (* x (cos (* (/ b 16.0) (/ t (+ (- 1.0 (* a 2.0)) (pow (* a 2.0) 2.0)))))))
          double code(double x, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
          	return x * cos(((b / 16.0) * (t / ((1.0 - (a * 2.0)) + pow((a * 2.0), 2.0)))));
          }
          
          real(8) function code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
              real(8), intent (in) :: x
              real(8), intent (in) :: y
              real(8), intent (in) :: z
              real(8), intent (in) :: t
              real(8), intent (in) :: a
              real(8), intent (in) :: b
              code = x * cos(((b / 16.0d0) * (t / ((1.0d0 - (a * 2.0d0)) + ((a * 2.0d0) ** 2.0d0)))))
          end function
          
          public static double code(double x, double y, double z, double t, double a, double b) {
          	return x * Math.cos(((b / 16.0) * (t / ((1.0 - (a * 2.0)) + Math.pow((a * 2.0), 2.0)))));
          }
          
          def code(x, y, z, t, a, b):
          	return x * math.cos(((b / 16.0) * (t / ((1.0 - (a * 2.0)) + math.pow((a * 2.0), 2.0)))))
          
          function code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
          	return Float64(x * cos(Float64(Float64(b / 16.0) * Float64(t / Float64(Float64(1.0 - Float64(a * 2.0)) + (Float64(a * 2.0) ^ 2.0))))))
          end
          
          function tmp = code(x, y, z, t, a, b)
          	tmp = x * cos(((b / 16.0) * (t / ((1.0 - (a * 2.0)) + ((a * 2.0) ^ 2.0)))));
          end
          
          code[x_, y_, z_, t_, a_, b_] := N[(x * N[Cos[N[(N[(b / 16.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t / N[(N[(1.0 - N[(a * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(a * 2.0), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
          
          \begin{array}{l}
          
          \\
          x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{b}{16} \cdot \frac{t}{\left(1 - a \cdot 2\right) + {\left(a \cdot 2\right)}^{2}}\right)
          \end{array}
          

          Reproduce

          ?
          herbie shell --seed 2024216 
          (FPCore (x y z t a b)
            :name "Codec.Picture.Jpg.FastDct:referenceDct from JuicyPixels-3.2.6.1"
            :precision binary64
          
            :alt
            (! :herbie-platform default (* x (cos (* (/ b 16) (/ t (+ (- 1 (* a 2)) (pow (* a 2) 2)))))))
          
            (* (* x (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* y 2.0) 1.0) z) t) 16.0))) (cos (/ (* (* (+ (* a 2.0) 1.0) b) t) 16.0))))